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118-697: Cochin University of Science and Technology ( CUSAT ) is a state government-owned autonomous university in Kochi , Kerala , India . It was founded in 1971 and has three campuses: two in Kochi ( Kalamassery and Ernakulam ) and one in Kuttanad , Alappuzha , 66 km (41 mi) inland. The university was founded in 1971 as the University of Cochin through an act of the Kerala Legislature , which

236-434: A population inversion . The use of statistical mechanics is fundamental to the concepts of quantum optics: light is described in terms of field operators for creation and annihilation of photons—i.e. in the language of quantum electrodynamics . A frequently encountered state of the light field is the coherent state , as introduced by E.C. George Sudarshan in 1960. This state, which can be used to approximately describe

354-725: A "University with Potential for Excellence in the Field of Lasers and Optoelectronics Sciences" in March 2002, and provided a grant of Rs. 5 crore that was used to establish a Centre of Excellence in Lasers and Optoelectronics Sciences (CELOS). The Centre later merged with the International School of Photonics. The department offers postgraduate programmes leading to the degrees of MTech (Opto Electronics and Laser Technology) and PhD. The Department of Computer Applications (DCA)

472-483: A "free decision". It is of intrinsic value and the morality of autonomy is not only accepted but obligatory. When an attempt at social interchange occurs, it is reciprocal, ideal and natural for there to be autonomy regardless of why the collaboration with others has taken place. For Piaget, the term autonomous can be used to explain the idea that rules are self-chosen. By choosing which rules to follow or not, we are in turn determining our own behaviour . Piaget studied

590-558: A BTech programme in Marine Engineering. This is a full-time compulsory residential programme. Students wear Merchant navy Cadets' Uniform for classes. Physical training is compulsory for the cadets. The intake for BTech Marine Engineering is 80 per year. In 2014, a full-time two-year MTech programme in Marine Engineering (80 students) was added. The School also provides short term courses in an Engine Room Simulator for students preparing for competitive examinations conducted by

708-889: A Centre for higher learning dedicated to environmental protection and sustainable development, was established in 1983. The School is funded by grants from the Department of Science and Technology and the University Grants Commission . The National Centre for Aquatic Animal Health (NCAAH), attached to the School of Environmental Studies conducts a two-year MTech programme sponsored by the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India under its network programme in human resource development in biotechnology. The MSc in Environmental Technology

826-605: A centre of excellence, well known within India and abroad for its contributions to teaching and research in both experimental and theoretical physics. Areas of interest include nanoscience and technology , optoelectronic devices, quantum computing , semiconductor devices, solar cells, holographic materials, high density storage batteries, astrobiology and quantum optics . Research is sponsored by agencies including UGC , AICTE, IUCAA , DST , DRDO , CSIR , IUAC, DAE , and KSCSTE . The department has extensive instrumentation, which

944-411: A certain degree of internal self-governance. Since every autonomous church had its own historical path to ecclesiastical autonomy, there are significant differences between various autonomous churches in respect of their particular degrees of self-governance. For example, churches that are autonomous can have their highest-ranking bishops, such as an archbishop or metropolitan , appointed or confirmed by

1062-503: A constraining effect of illness on a patient's autonomy. Since the 1960s, there have been attempts to increase patient autonomy including the requirement that physician's take bioethics courses during their time in medical school. Despite large-scale commitment to promoting patient autonomy, public mistrust of medicine in developed countries has remained. Onora O'Neill has ascribed this lack of trust to medical institutions and professionals introducing measures that benefit themselves, not

1180-570: A degree of autonomy albeit nested within—and relative to—formal bureaucratic and administrative regimes. Community partners can therefore assume a hybridity of capture and autonomy—or a mutuality—that is rather nuanced. The term semi-autonomy (coined with prefix semi- / "half") designates partial or limited autonomy. As a relative term, it is usually applied to various semi-autonomous entities or processes that are substantially or functionally limited, in comparison to other fully autonomous entities or processes. Quantum optics Quantum optics

1298-614: A high emotional autonomy was a significant predictor of celebrity interest, as well as high attachment to peers with a low attachment to parents. Patterns of intense personal interest in celebrities was found to be conjunction with low levels of closeness and security. Furthermore, the results suggested that adults with a secondary group of pseudo-friends during development from parental attachment, usually focus solely on one particular celebrity, which could be due to difficulties in making this transition. Autonomy can be limited. For instance, by disabilities, civil society organizations may achieve

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1416-451: A human need but in turn break this given rule or command. The most popular moral dilemma asked involved the wife of a man approaching death due to a special type of cancer. Because the drug was too expensive to obtain on his own, and because the pharmacist who discovered and sold the drug had no compassion for him and only wanted profits, he stole it. Kohlberg asks these adolescent and teenage boys (10-, 13- and 16-year-olds) if they think that

1534-503: A legislator's point of view, to increase institutional autonomy, conditions of self-management and institutional self-governance must be put in place. An increase in leadership and a redistribution of decision-making responsibilities would be beneficial to the research of resources. Institutional autonomy was often seen as a synonym for self-determination , and many governments feared that it would lead institutions to an irredentist or secessionist region. But autonomy should be seen as

1652-413: A more educative health care system. In opposition to this view, technological advancements can sometimes be viewed as an unfavorable way of promoting patient autonomy. For example, self-testing medical procedures which have become increasingly common are argued by Greaney et al. to increase patient autonomy, however, may not be promoting what is best for the patient. In this argument, contrary to deBronkart,

1770-447: A patient is respected. Just like in any other life situation, a patient would not like to be under the control of another person. The move to emphasize respect for patient's autonomy rose from the vulnerabilities that were pointed out in regards to autonomy. However, autonomy does not only apply in a research context. Users of the health care system have the right to be treated with respect for their autonomy, instead of being dominated by

1888-420: A person living with a psychotic disorder with antipsychotic medication ). While controversial, the principle of supported autonomy aligns with the role of government to protect the life and liberty of its citizens. Terrence F. Ackerman has highlighted problems with these situations, he claims that by undertaking this course of action physician or governments run the risk of misinterpreting a conflict of values as

2006-425: A personal desire or interest in doing so. It remains an open question whether they will, however. The Kantian concept of autonomy is often misconstrued, leaving out the important point about the autonomous agent's self-subjection to the moral law. It is thought that autonomy is fully explained as the ability to obey a categorical command independently of a personal desire or interest in doing so—or worse, that autonomy

2124-593: A political prisoner who is forced to make a statement in favor of his opponents in order to ensure that his loved ones are not harmed. As Audi points out, the prisoner lacks freedom but still has autonomy since his statement, though not reflecting his political ideals, is still an expression of his commitment to his loved ones. Autonomy is often equated with self-legislation in the Kantian tradition. Self-legislation may be interpreted as laying down laws or principles that are to be followed. Audi agrees with this school in

2242-575: A requirement for legal recognition of the gender identity of transgender. If eventually accepted by the international community in a treaty , this would make these ideas human rights in the law. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities also defines autonomy as principles of rights of a person with disability including "the freedom to make one's own choices, and independence of persons". A study conducted by David C. Giles and John Maltby conveyed that after age-affecting factors were removed,

2360-457: A restricted volume of space has its energy and momentum quantized according to an integer number of particles known as photons . Quantum optics studies the nature and effects of light as quantized photons. The first major development leading to that understanding was the correct modeling of the blackbody radiation spectrum by Max Planck in 1899 under the hypothesis of light being emitted in discrete units of energy. The photoelectric effect

2478-519: A solution to self-determination struggles. Self-determination is a movement toward independence , whereas autonomy is a way to accommodate the distinct regions/groups within a country. Institutional autonomy can diffuse conflicts regarding minorities and ethnic groups in a society. Allowing more autonomy to groups and institutions helps create diplomatic relationships between them and the central government. In governmental parlance, autonomy refers to self-governance. An example of an autonomous jurisdiction

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2596-456: A standard age at which children should become more autonomous. Those who are unable to make the decisions prompt a challenge to medical practitioners since it becomes difficult to determine the ability of a patient to make a decision. To some extent, it has been said that emphasis of autonomy in health care has undermined the practice of health care practitioners to improve the health of their patient as necessary. The scenario has led to tension in

2714-475: Is "obeying" a categorical command independently of a natural desire or interest; and that heteronomy , its opposite, is acting instead on personal motives of the kind referenced in hypothetical imperatives. In his Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals , Kant applied the concept of autonomy also to define the concept of personhood and human dignity . Autonomy, along with rationality , are seen by Kant as

2832-449: Is a branch of atomic, molecular, and optical physics dealing with how individual quanta of light, known as photons , interact with atoms and molecules. It includes the study of the particle-like properties of photons. Photons have been used to test many of the counter-intuitive predictions of quantum mechanics , such as entanglement and teleportation , and are a useful resource for quantum information processing . Light propagating in

2950-423: Is a key concept that has a broad impact on different fields of philosophy . In metaphysical philosophy , the concept of autonomy is referenced in discussions about free will , fatalism , determinism , and agency . In moral philosophy , autonomy refers to subjecting oneself to objective moral law. Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) defined autonomy by three themes regarding contemporary ethics . Firstly, autonomy as

3068-479: Is a pioneer in the areas of education and research in polymer science and engineering. Its BTech programme began in 1972, in collaboration with the Rubber Research Institute of India. It is funded by agencies including Nuffic (MHO, The Netherlands ), Volkswagen Foundation (Germany), MHRD , AICTE, DRDO , DST , and UGC . The Department of Ship Technology was founded in 1974 and is one of

3186-412: Is associated with a photon in the other beam. Atoms are considered as quantum mechanical oscillators with a discrete energy spectrum , with the transitions between the energy eigenstates being driven by the absorption or emission of light according to Einstein's theory. For solid state matter, one uses the energy band models of solid state physics . This is important for understanding how light

3304-587: Is at Pulinkunnu , Kuttanad , Alappuzha about 65 km south of Kochi in the state of Kerala . The main campus is 1.5 km (0.93 mi) off the National Highway 47 in South Kalamassery . The 180-acre (0.73 km) campus includes the School of Engineering (SOE Campus), Kunjali Marakkar School of Marine Engineering , School of Management Studies, various Science departments, and

3422-408: Is by Dave deBronkart, who believes that in the technological advancement age, patients are capable of doing a lot of their research on medical issues from their home. According to deBronkart, this helps to promote better discussions between patients and physicians during hospital visits, ultimately easing up the workload of physicians. deBronkart argues that this leads to greater patient empowerment and

3540-416: Is categorical if it issues a valid command independent of personal desires or interests that would provide a reason for obeying the command. It is hypothetical if the validity of its command, if the reason why one can be expected to obey it, is the fact that one desires or is interested in something further that obedience to the command would entail. "Don't speed on the freeway if you don't want to be stopped by

3658-497: Is detected by solid-state devices, commonly used in experiments. Quantum electronics is a term that was used mainly between the 1950s and 1970s to denote the area of physics dealing with the effects of quantum mechanics on the behavior of electrons in matter, together with their interactions with photons . Today, it is rarely considered a sub-field in its own right, and it has been absorbed by other fields. Solid state physics regularly takes quantum mechanics into account, and

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3776-617: Is home to the Cochin University College of Engineering, Kuttanad ( CUCEK ) and the Cochin University College of Computer Applications (CUCCA). CUSAT is structured into nine faculties: The Department of Physics of the Cochin University of Science and Technology was founded as the Department of Physics of the Ernakulam Centre of the University of Kerala in 1963 by Prof. K. Venkateswarlu. It is now

3894-420: Is influenced by his views on autonomy. Brainwashing or drugging criminals into being law-abiding citizens would be immoral as it would not be respecting their autonomy. Rehabilitation must be sought in a way that respects their autonomy and dignity as human beings. Friedrich Nietzsche wrote about autonomy and the moral fight. Autonomy in this sense is referred to as the free self and entails several aspects of

4012-554: Is made available to outside users at a nominal charge. The department offers postgraduate programmes leading to the degrees of MSc (Physics), M.Phil. (Physics) and PhD. The Department of Physics conducts a science awareness programme in physics and the National Space Olympiad in association with the IUCAA Resource Centre, CUSAT and Edumithra Intellectual Services. The Department of Electronics

4130-417: Is not sufficient for autonomy since laws that do not have any practical impact do not constitute autonomy. Some form of motivational force or executive power is necessary in order to get from mere self-legislation to self-government. This motivation may be inherent in the corresponding practical judgment itself, a position known as motivational internalism , or may come to the practical judgment externally in

4248-479: Is offered with specializations in two disciplines: Stream I: Environmental engineering Stream 2: Environmental biotechnology . Doctoral programmes are offered in the areas of: environmental biology, environmental chemistry, environmental photocatalysis & sonophotocatalysis, environmental microbiology , Environmental Management , environmental toxicology , environmental biotechnology , environmental engineering and remote sensing . Autonomous In

4366-466: Is plagued by flaws such as misconceptions of treatment and cultural differences, and that health care systems should be shifting to greater paternalism on the part of the physician given their expertise.  On the other hand, other approaches suggest that there simply needs to be an increase in relational understanding between patients and health practitioners to improve patient autonomy. One argument in favor of greater patient autonomy and its benefits

4484-481: Is that children must learn to be autonomous, and failure to do so may lead to the child doubting their own abilities and feel ashamed. When a child becomes autonomous it allows them to explore and acquire new skills. Autonomy has two vital aspects wherein there is an emotional component where one relies more on themselves rather than their parents and a behavioural component where one makes decisions independently by using their judgement. The styles of child rearing affect

4602-519: Is to develop a healthy sense of autonomy. In Christianity , autonomy is manifested as a partial self-governance on various levels of church administration. During the history of Christianity, there were two basic types of autonomy. Some important parishes and monasteries have been given special autonomous rights and privileges, and the best known example of monastic autonomy is the famous Eastern Orthodox monastic community on Mount Athos in Greece . On

4720-625: Is to prepare the students with both theoretical and practical foundation in soft computing. The curriculum includes exposure to the current technologies like Machine Learning, Natural Language Processing, AI, Big Data Analytics etc. The Department of Computer Science (DCS) focuses on academic programs in Information Systems, but also includes research on high-speed computing, human-computer interactions, information security , networked embedded systems, natural language processing, software engineering , and very-large-scale integration . It

4838-493: Is what the husband should have done or not. Therefore, depending on their decisions, they provided answers to Kohlberg about deeper rationales and thoughts and determined what they value as important. This value then determined the "structure" of their moral reasoning. Kohlberg established three stages of morality, each of which is subdivided into two levels. They are read in progressive sense, that is, higher levels indicate greater autonomy. Robert Audi characterizes autonomy as

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4956-730: The Church of Rome . As of 2019 , the Catholic Church comprises 24 autonomous ( sui iuris ) Churches in communion with the Holy See . Various denominations of Protestant churches usually have more decentralized power, and churches may be autonomous, thus having their own rules or laws of government, at the national, local, or even individual level. Sartre brings the concept of the Cartesian god being totally free and autonomous. He states that existence precedes essence with god being

5074-573: The Common Admission Test (CAT). Departmental Admission Tests (DAT) are conducted for some postgraduate courses. As of 2019, the university has 29 Departments of study and research, offering graduate and post-graduate programmes across a wide spectrum of disciplines in Engineering , Science , Technology , Humanities , Law & Management . The university has academic links and exchange programmes with several institutions across

5192-721: The Directorate General of Shipping . The Cochin University College of Engineering, Kuttanad was established in 1999 and is owned by the Cochin University of Science and Technology. It is situated in a 42-acre campus in Pulincunnoo , Kuttanad , about 75 km away from the main campus at Thrikkakara. It is the only campus of CUSAT that is outside the Ernakulam District. BTech programmes are offered in: The School of Environmental Studies,

5310-810: The Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo ) under the former Yugoslav government of Marshal Tito and Puntland Autonomous Region within Federal Republic of Somalia . Although often being territorially defined as self-governments, autonomous self-governing institutions may take a non-territorial form. Such non-territorial solutions are, for example, cultural autonomy in Estonia and Hungary , national minority councils in Serbia or Sámi parliaments in Nordic countries . Autonomy

5428-476: The electromagnetic fields describing the waves in the classical picture. In 1977, Kimble et al. demonstrated a single atom emitting one photon at a time, further compelling evidence that light consists of photons. Previously unknown quantum states of light with characteristics unlike classical states, such as squeezed light were subsequently discovered. Development of short and ultrashort laser pulses—created by Q switching and modelocking techniques—opened

5546-500: The patriarch of the mother church from which it was granted its autonomy, but generally they remain self-governing in many other respects. In the history of Western Christianity the question of ecclesiastical autonomy was also one of the most important questions, especially during the first centuries of Christianity, since various archbishops and metropolitans in Western Europe have often opposed centralizing tendencies of

5664-440: The physician . This is referred to as paternalism . While paternalism is meant to be overall good for the patient, this can very easily interfere with autonomy. Through the therapeutic relationship , a thoughtful dialogue between the client and the physician may lead to better outcomes for the client, as he or she is more of a participant in decision-making . There are many different definitions of autonomy, many of which place

5782-505: The sociology of knowledge , a controversy over the boundaries of autonomy inhibited analysis of any concept beyond relative autonomy, until a typology of autonomy was created and developed within science and technology studies . According to it, the institution of science's existing autonomy is " reflexive autonomy ": actors and structures within the scientific field are able to translate or to reflect diverse themes presented by social and political fields, as well as influence them regarding

5900-453: The speed of light in vacuum. These particles should not be considered to be classical billiard balls , but as quantum mechanical particles described by a wavefunction spread over a finite region. Each particle carries one quantum of energy, equal to hf , where h is the Planck constant and f is the frequency of the light. That energy possessed by a single photon corresponds exactly to

6018-548: The 27th article of the United Nations International covenant on Civil and Political rights or the ICCPR does so by allowing these individuals to be able to enjoy their own culture or use their language. Minorities in that manner are people from ethnic religious or linguistic groups according to the document. The European Court of Human rights , is an international court that has been created on behalf of

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6136-590: The American government has removed the church from their "sphere of authority" due to the churches' historical impact on politics and their authority on the public. This was the beginning of the disestablishment process. The Protestant churches in the United States had a significant impact on American culture in the nineteenth century, when they organized the establishment of schools, hospitals, orphanages, colleges, magazines, and so forth. This has brought up

6254-1098: The BTech course for the M.O.T. Certificate Examination, and the Indian Navy has recognised this department as a centre for the higher education of their officers . The Society of Naval Architecture Students in the department publishes an annual Technical Magazine, SHIPSTECHNIC. The International School of Photonics (ISP) was founded in 1995. Research activities include the design and fabrication of various laser systems and laser components, investigations of non-linear phenomena in different materials using photothermal , photoacoustic and related techniques, time- and space-resolved studies on laser-induced plasmas, design and characterization of fibre-optic sensors, fabrication and characterisation of polymer fibres , preparation and investigation of photonic materials and studies on photonics theory , sponsored by funding agencies including DST , AICTE and UGC . The University Grants Commission designated Cochin University of Science and Technology as

6372-510: The Department of Marine Geology and Geophysics. The School of Marine Sciences library is one of the largest marine science libraries in Asia. The school also has a research vessel for coastal water studies, and has academic interactions with other universities and research institutes within and outside India. The Pulincunnu campus in Kuttanad , Alappuzha District is 65 km from the Main campus. It

6490-546: The European Conventions of Human rights. However, when it comes to autonomy they did not explicitly state it when it comes to the rights that individuals have. The current article 8 has remedied to that when the case of Pretty v the United Kingdom , a case in 2002 involving assisted suicide , where autonomy was used as a legal right in law. It was where Autonomy was distinguished and its reach into law

6608-495: The Protestant churches. This was the beginning of the second disestablishment when churches had become popular again but held no legislative power. One of the reasons why the churches gained attendance and popularity was due to the baby boom , when soldiers came back from the second world war and started their families. The large influx of newborns gave the churches a new wave of followers. However, these followers did not hold

6726-648: The Rights of Indigenous Peoples article 3 also through international law provides Human rights for Indigenous individuals by giving them a right to self-determination, meaning they have all the liberties to choose their political status, and are capable to go and improve their economic, social, and cultural statuses in society, by developing it. Another example of this, is article 4 of the same document which gives them autonomous rights when it comes to their internal or local affairs and how they can fund themselves in order to be able to self govern themselves. Minorities in countries are also protected as well by international law;

6844-413: The Rights of Indigenous Peoples reconfirm international law in the aspect of human rights because those laws were already there, but it is also responsible for making sure that the laws highlighted when it comes to autonomy, cultural and integrity; and land rights are made within an indigenous context by taking special attention to their historical and contemporary events The United Nations Declaration on

6962-487: The School of Legal Studies. The Lakeside campus, about 12 km (7.5 mi) from the main campus, is set on Fine Arts Avenue in Cochin city on the waterfront of the estuary . It includes the School of Marine Sciences , School of Industrial Fisheries, Department of Physical Oceanography, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Chemical Oceanography, Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, and

7080-567: The Second World War, there was a push for international human rights that came in many waves. Autonomy as a basic human right started the building block in the beginning of these layers alongside liberty . The Universal declarations of Human rights of 1948 has made mention of autonomy or the legal protected right to individual self-determination in article 22. Documents such as the United Nations Declaration on

7198-580: The University Science Instrumentation Centre (USIC), which offers instrumentation services including design and fabrication, glass blowing, and carpentry to science and technology departments of the university and external organizations. As an academic department, it now has research programmes in the areas of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, sponsored by external funding agencies including DST , DAE , UGC , AICTE , KSCSTE and TWAS . It also offers consultancy for

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7316-423: The acting physician is faced with deciding which concept he/she will implement into their clinical practice. It is often references as one of the four pillars of medicine, alongside beneficence, justice and nonmaleficence Autonomy varies and some patients find it overwhelming especially the minors when faced with emergency situations. Issues arise in emergency room situations where there may not be time to consider

7434-424: The cognitive development of children by analyzing them during their games and through interviews, establishing (among other principles) that the children's moral maturation process occurred in two phases, the first of heteronomy and the second of autonomy: The American psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg (1927–1987) continues the studies of Piaget. His studies collected information from different latitudes to eliminate

7552-532: The creator of the essences, eternal truths and divine will. This pure freedom of god relates to human freedom and autonomy; where a human is not subjected to pre-existing ideas and values. According to the first amendment , In the United States of America , the federal government is restricted in building a national church. This is due to the first amendment's recognizing people's freedom's to worship their faith according to their own belief's. For example,

7670-461: The cultural variability, and focused on the moral reasoning, and not so much in the behavior or its consequences. Through interviews with adolescent and teenage boys, who were to try and solve "moral dilemmas", Kohlberg went on to further develop the stages of moral development . The answers they provided could be one of two things. Either they choose to obey a given law, authority figure or rule of some sort or they chose to take actions that would serve

7788-407: The current perceptions of patient autonomy are excessively over-selling the benefits of individual autonomy, and is not the most suitable way to go about treating patients. Instead, a more inclusive form of autonomy should be implemented, relational autonomy, which factors into consideration those close to the patient as well as the physician. These different concepts of autonomy can be troublesome as

7906-598: The degrees of MSc (Electronics) and MTech (Electronics) with specializations in Microwave & Radar Electronics and Digital Electronics, and PhD. The department conducts two national symposia as biennial events: the National Symposium on Antennas & Propagation (APSYM), and the Symposium on Ocean Electronics (SYMPOL). The Department of Instrumentation was established in the year 1995 as an outgrowth of

8024-697: The design and fabrication of experimental systems for teaching, research, calibration and industrial applications. The department offers a four-year BTech (Bachelors) course in Instrumentation Technology, two-year MTech course in Instrumentation Technology and two-year MSc course in Instrumentation. K N Madhusoodanan, professor of Department of Instrumentation was appointed vice-chancellor (VC) of CUSAT on 25 April 2019 by Governor P Sathasivam . The Department of Polymer Science and Rubber Technology (P.S. & R.T.), established in 1971,

8142-412: The development of a child's autonomy. Autonomy in adolescence is closely related to their quest for identity. In adolescence parents and peers act as agents of influence. Peer influence in early adolescence may help the process of an adolescent to gradually become more autonomous by being less susceptible to parental or peer influence as they get older. In adolescence the most important developmental task

8260-401: The electromagnetic field in the 1950s and 1960s to gain a more detailed understanding of photodetection and the statistics of light (see degree of coherence ). This led to the introduction of the coherent state as a concept that addressed variations between laser light, thermal light, exotic squeezed states , etc. as it became understood that light cannot be fully described just referring to

8378-494: The events that unfold within one's everyday life. The context in which Kant addresses autonomy is in regards to moral theory , asking both foundational and abstract questions. He believed that in order for there to be morality , there must be autonomy. "Autonomous" is derived from the Greek word autonomos where 'auto' means self and 'nomos' means to govern ( nomos : as can be seen in its usage in nomárchēs which means chief of

8496-399: The exercise of the capacity to form higher-order values about desires when acting intentionally. What this means is that patients may understand their situation and choices but would not be autonomous unless the patient is able to form value judgements about their reasons for choosing treatment options they would not be acting autonomously. In certain unique circumstances, government may have

8614-400: The famous, however, misinterpreted term of the separation of church and state . These churches lost the legislative and financial support from the state. The first disestablishment began with the introduction of the bill of rights . In the twentieth century, due to the great depression of the 1930s and the completion of the second world war, the American churches were revived. Specifically

8732-490: The form of some desire independent of the judgment, as motivational externalism holds. In the Humean tradition, intrinsic desires are the reasons the autonomous agent should respond to. This theory is called instrumentalism . Audi rejects instrumentalism and suggests that we should adopt a position known as axiological objectivism . The central idea of this outlook is that objective values, and not subjective desires, are

8850-479: The globe. A new species of amphipod collected from the Cochin backwaters was named Victoriopisa cusatensis after the university in 2018. The motto of the university is Tejasvinavadhithamastu , which is taken from the Vedas and conveys "May the wisdom accrued deify us both – the teacher and the taught - and percolate to the universe in its totality". The university has three campuses: two are in Kochi , and one

8968-433: The health care services that they receive. Notably, autonomy has several aspects as well as challenges that affect health care operations. The manner in which a patient is handled may undermine or support the autonomy of a patient and for this reason, the way a patient is communicated to becomes very crucial. A good relationship between a patient and a health care practitioner needs to be well defined to ensure that autonomy of

9086-427: The individual in a social context. Relational autonomy, which suggests that a person is defined through their relationships with others, is increasingly considered in medicine and particularly in critical and end-of-life care. Supported autonomy suggests instead that in specific circumstances it may be necessary to temporarily compromise the autonomy of the person in the short term in order to preserve their autonomy in

9204-489: The interaction between light and matter following these developments was crucial for the development of quantum mechanics as a whole. However, the subfields of quantum mechanics dealing with matter-light interaction were principally regarded as research into matter rather than into light; hence one rather spoke of atom physics and quantum electronics in 1960. Laser science —i.e., research into principles, design and application of these devices—became an important field, and

9322-407: The lack of structural restraints giving them added freedom of choice. This concept is known as "new voluntarism" where individuals have free choice on how to be religious and the free choice whether to be religious or not. In a medical context, respect for a patient's personal autonomy is considered one of many fundamental ethical principles in medicine. Autonomy can be defined as the ability of

9440-426: The long-term. Other definitions of the autonomy imagine the person as a contained and self-sufficient being whose rights should not be compromised under any circumstance. There are also differing views with regard to whether modern health care systems should be shifting to greater patient autonomy or a more paternalistic approach. For example, there are such arguments that suggest the current patient autonomy practiced

9558-419: The other hand, administrative autonomy of entire ecclesiastical provinces has throughout history included various degrees of internal self-governance. In ecclesiology of Eastern Orthodox Churches , there is a clear distinction between autonomy and autocephaly , since autocephalous churches have full self-governance and independence, while every autonomous church is subject to some autocephalous church, having

9676-602: The output of a single-frequency laser well above the laser threshold, exhibits Poissonian photon number statistics. Via certain nonlinear interactions, a coherent state can be transformed into a squeezed coherent state , by applying a squeezing operator that can exhibit super - or sub-Poissonian photon statistics. Such light is called squeezed light . Other important quantum aspects are related to correlations of photon statistics between different beams. For example, spontaneous parametric down-conversion can generate so-called 'twin beams', where (ideally) each photon of one beam

9794-426: The patient is capable of making an autonomous decision, these situations are generally less ethically strenuous as the decision is typically respected. Not every patient is capable of making an autonomous decision. For example, a commonly proposed question is at what age children should be partaking in treatment decisions. This question arises as children develop differently, therefore making it difficult to establish

9912-435: The patient through logic and reason to entertain a certain treatment plan. This would promote both autonomy and beneficence, while keeping the physician's integrity intact. Furthermore, Humphreys asserts that nurses should have professional autonomy within their scope of practice (35–37). Humphreys argues that if nurses exercise their professional autonomy more, then there will be an increase in patient autonomy (35–37). After

10030-545: The patient. O'Neill claims that this focus on autonomy promotion has been at the expense of issues like distribution of healthcare resources and public health. One proposal to increase patient autonomy is through the use of support staff. The use of support staff including medical assistants, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, nurses, and other staff that can promote patient interests and better patient care. Nurses especially can learn about patient beliefs and values in order to increase informed consent and possibly persuade

10148-496: The patients have complained of not being adequately informed. The seven elements of informed consent (as defined by Beauchamp and Childress) include threshold elements (competence and voluntariness), information elements (disclosure, recommendation, and understanding) and consent elements (decision and authorization). Some philosophers such as Harry Frankfurt consider Beauchamp and Childress criteria insufficient. They claim that an action can only be considered autonomous if it involves

10266-576: The person to make his or her own decisions. This faith in autonomy is the central premise of the concept of informed consent and shared decision making . This idea, while considered essential to today's practice of medicine, was developed in the last 50 years. According to Tom Beauchamp and James Childress (in Principles of Biomedical Ethics ), the Nuremberg trials detailed accounts of horrifyingly exploitative medical "experiments" which violated

10384-647: The pioneers in the field of Naval Architecture education in India. Its BTech programme in Naval Architecture and Ship Building began in 1975. The Naval Architecture programme is run in collaboration with the University of Rostock , Germany, and its graduates are in demand for positions in the shipbuilding industry, ship classification societies , R&D organisations, and the Indian Navy . The Ministry of Shipping (Government of India) approved

10502-423: The police" is a hypothetical imperative. "It is wrong to break the law, so don't speed on the freeway" is a categorical imperative. The hypothetical command not to speed on the freeway is not valid for you if you do not care whether you are stopped by the police. The categorical command is valid for you either way. Autonomous moral agents can be expected to obey the command of a categorical imperative even if they lack

10620-478: The principle of patient autonomy. Various ethical challenges are faced in these situations when time is critical, and patient consciousness may be limited. However, in such settings where informed consent may be compromised, the working physician evaluates each individual case to make the most professional and ethically sound decision. For example, it is believed that neurosurgeons in such situations, should generally do everything they can to respect patient autonomy. In

10738-559: The province). Kantian autonomy also provides a sense of rational autonomy, simply meaning one rationally possesses the motivation to govern their own life. Rational autonomy entails making your own decisions but it cannot be done solely in isolation . Cooperative rational interactions are required to both develop and exercise our ability to live in a world with others. Kant argued that morality presupposes this autonomy ( German : Autonomie ) in moral agents, since moral requirements are expressed in categorical imperatives . An imperative

10856-481: The quantum mechanics underlying the laser's principles was studied now with more emphasis on the properties of light , and the name quantum optics became customary. As laser science needed good theoretical foundations, and also because research into these soon proved very fruitful, interest in quantum optics rose. Following the work of Dirac in quantum field theory , John R. Klauder , George Sudarshan , Roy J. Glauber , and Leonard Mandel applied quantum theory to

10974-450: The relationship between a patient and a health care practitioner. This is because as much as a physician wants to prevent a patient from suffering, they still have to respect autonomy. Beneficence is a principle allowing physicians to act responsibly in their practice and in the best interests of their patients, which may involve overlooking autonomy. However, the gap between a patient and a physician has led to problems because in other cases,

11092-444: The right for one to make their own decisions excluding any interference from others. Secondly, autonomy as the capacity to make such decisions through one's own independence of mind and after personal reflection. Thirdly, as an ideal way of living life autonomously. In summary, autonomy is the moral right one possesses, or the capacity we have in order to think and make decisions for oneself providing some degree of control or power over

11210-410: The right to temporarily override the right to bodily integrity in order to preserve the life and well-being of the person. Such action can be described using the principle of "supported autonomy", a concept that was developed to describe unique situations in mental health (examples include the forced feeding of a person dying from the eating disorder anorexia nervosa , or the temporary treatment of

11328-404: The same beliefs as their parents and brought about the political, and religious revolutions of the 1960s. During the 1960s, the collapse of religious and cultural middle brought upon the third disestablishment. Religion became more important to the individual and less so to the community. The changes brought from these revolutions significantly increased the personal autonomy of individuals due to

11446-709: The school are accredited by the National Board of Accreditation (NBA) under the Tier-I system. The National Board of Accreditation (NBA) is a permanent signatory to the Washington Accord that sets standards for engineering undergraduate degrees in a number of countries. Undergraduate BTech courses (student intake in parentheses) Postgraduate MTech courses Full Time Part Time PhD programmes are available in all areas mentioned above. The Kunjali Marakkar School of Marine Engineering offers

11564-626: The self, including self-respect and even self-love. This can be interpreted as influenced by Kant ( self-respect ) and Aristotle ( self-love ). For Nietzsche, valuing ethical autonomy can dissolve the conflict between love (self-love) and law (self-respect) which can then translate into reality through experiences of being self-responsible. Because Nietzsche defines having a sense of freedom with being responsible for one's own life, freedom and self-responsibility can be very much linked to autonomy. The Swiss philosopher Jean Piaget (1896–1980) believed that autonomy comes from within and results from

11682-407: The self-governing power to bring reasons to bear in directing one's conduct and influencing one's propositional attitudes. Traditionally, autonomy is only concerned with practical matters. But, as Audi's definition suggests, autonomy may be applied to responding to reasons at large, not just to practical reasons. Autonomy is closely related to freedom but the two can come apart. An example would be

11800-522: The sense that we should bring reasons to bear in a principled way. Responding to reasons by mere whim may still be considered free but not autonomous. A commitment to principles and projects, on the other hand, provides autonomous agents with an identity over time and gives them a sense of the kind of persons they want to be. But autonomy is neutral as to which principles or projects the agent endorses. So different autonomous agents may follow very different principles. But, as Audi points out, self-legislation

11918-415: The situation in which a patient is unable to make an autonomous decision, the neurosurgeon should discuss with the surrogate decision maker in order to aid in the decision-making process. Performing surgery on a patient without informed consent is in general thought to only be ethically justified when the neurosurgeon and his/her team render the patient to not have the capacity to make autonomous decisions. If

12036-431: The sources of normativity and therefore determine what autonomous agents should do. Autonomy in childhood and adolescence is when one strives to gain a sense of oneself as a separate, self-governing individual. Between ages 1–3, during the second stage of Erikson's and Freud's stages of development, the psychosocial crisis that occurs is autonomy versus shame and doubt. The significant event that occurs during this stage

12154-597: The subjects' physical integrity and personal autonomy. These incidences prompted calls for safeguards in medical research , such as the Nuremberg Code which stressed the importance of voluntary participation in medical research. It is believed that the Nuremberg Code served as the premise for many current documents regarding research ethics. Respect for autonomy became incorporated in health care and patients could be allowed to make personal decisions about

12272-410: The term of quantum optics, especially as applied to engineering and technological innovation, often go under the modern term photonics . Several Nobel prizes have been awarded for work in quantum optics. These were awarded: According to quantum theory , light may be considered not only to be as an electro-magnetic wave but also as a "stream" of particles called photons , which travel with c ,

12390-472: The thematic choices on research projects. Institutional autonomy is having the capacity as a legislator to be able to implant and pursue official goals. Autonomous institutions are responsible for finding sufficient resources or modifying their plans, programs, courses, responsibilities, and services accordingly. But in doing so, they must contend with any obstacles that can occur, such as social pressure against cut-backs or socioeconomic difficulties. From

12508-414: The transition between discrete energy levels in an atom (or other system) that emitted the photon; material absorption of a photon is the reverse process. Einstein's explanation of spontaneous emission also predicted the existence of stimulated emission , the principle upon which the laser rests. However, the actual invention of the maser (and laser) many years later was dependent on a method to produce

12626-507: The two criteria for a meaningful life. Kant would consider a life lived without these not worth living; it would be a life of value equal to that of a plant or insect. According to Kant autonomy is part of the reason that we hold others morally accountable for their actions. Human actions are morally praise- or blame-worthy in virtue of our autonomy. Non- autonomous beings such as plants or animals are not blameworthy due to their actions being non-autonomous. Kant's position on crime and punishment

12744-409: The way to the study of what became known as ultrafast processes. Applications for solid state research (e.g. Raman spectroscopy ) were found, and mechanical forces of light on matter were studied. The latter led to levitating and positioning clouds of atoms or even small biological samples in an optical trap or optical tweezers by laser beam. This, along with Doppler cooling and Sisyphus cooling ,

12862-597: Was added in 1996 and Electrical & Electronics Engineering in 2003. In 1981 the School added PhD programmes. As of 2019, the School had produced 53 PhDs and over 250 candidates were registered as research students. External funding for research activities is provided by agencies including DST , the Central Water Commission, ISRO , AICTE , Coir Board , and the Kerala State Coir Corporation. The BTech programmes offered by

12980-703: Was established in 1975. Research areas include microwave electronics, microprocessors , underwater acoustics , ocean electronics, microwave propagation antennas, microwave image processing , pattern recognition , microprocessor applications in signal processing and display devices. Research is sponsored by external agencies including the DST , ISRO , AICTE , DOE, DRDO , MOD and the state government. The department has international collaborations with Delft University (Netherlands), PolarizOne Corporation (Malaysia), University of Kent (UK) and University of Surrey (UK). The department offers postgraduate programmes leading to

13098-493: Was established in 1979 to offer part-time MTech programmes in the major disciplines of engineering (Civil, Mechanical, Electrical and Chemical Engineering) for practising engineers in and around Cochin . In 1995 the School introduced BTech programmes in Civil engineering , Mechanical engineering , Electronics and Communication engineering , Computer Science & Engineering and Information technology . Safety and Fire Engineering

13216-640: Was established in 1994. It offers a Masters in Computer Applications programme with the financial support of UGC and the Department of Electronics , Government of India . Research areas include information security , simulation and modelling, cryptography and coding theory , language computing, algorithms , pattern recognition , Web mining , applications of graph theory, image processing , data mining , networking and software engineering . The department also provide MSc Computer Science with Specialization in soft Computing from 2016. The aim

13334-463: Was further evidence of this quantization as explained by Albert Einstein in a 1905 paper, a discovery for which he was to be awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921. Niels Bohr showed that the hypothesis of optical radiation being quantized corresponded to his theory of the quantized energy levels of atoms , and the spectrum of discharge emission from hydrogen in particular. The understanding of

13452-901: Was instrumental in establishing the university computer centre and the CUSAT Intranet. The department offers postgraduate programmes leading to the degrees of MTech (Computer & Information Science), MTech (Software Engineering) and MTech (Computer Science with Specialization in Data Science & Artificial Intelligence), MSc Computer Science ( Artificial Intelligence & Data Science) and PhD (Computer Science / Computer Engineering or Information Science). Research laboratories include: 1. Artificial Intelligence & Computer Vision Laboratory (AICV) 2. Bioinformatics Laboratory (BI) 3. Cyber Physical Systems Laboratory (CPS) 4. Natural Language Processing Laboratory (NLP) 5. Software Engineering Laboratory (SEL) The School of Engineering

13570-544: Was marked as well making it the foundations for legal precedent in making case law originating from the European Court of Human rights. The Yogyakarta Principles , a document with no binding effect in international human rights law , contend that "self-determination" used as meaning of autonomy on one's own matters including informed consent or sexual and reproductive rights , is integral for one's self-defined or gender identity and refused any medical procedures as

13688-809: Was the crucial technology needed to achieve the celebrated Bose–Einstein condensation . Other remarkable results are the demonstration of quantum entanglement , quantum teleportation , and quantum logic gates . The latter are of much interest in quantum information theory , a subject that partly emerged from quantum optics, partly from theoretical computer science . Today's fields of interest among quantum optics researchers include parametric down-conversion , parametric oscillation , even shorter (attosecond) light pulses, use of quantum optics for quantum information , manipulation of single atoms, Bose–Einstein condensates , their application, and how to manipulate them (a sub-field often called atom optics ), coherent perfect absorbers , and much more. Topics classified under

13806-525: Was the former United States governance of the Philippine Islands . The Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916 provided the framework for the creation of an autonomous government under which the Filipino people had broader domestic autonomy than previously, although it reserved certain privileges to the United States to protect its sovereign rights and interests. Other examples include Kosovo (as

13924-460: Was the result of a campaign for postgraduate education in the state. It was renamed as Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT) in February 1986. Its goals are to promote undergraduate and postgraduate studies and advanced research in applied science , technology, industry, commerce, management and social sciences . Admissions to both undergraduate and postgraduate courses are based on

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