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73-752: The Cochrane River was named after Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald who served in the Chilean Navy during the war of independence . 47°15′S 72°30′W  /  47.25°S 72.50°W  / -47.25; -72.50 This Aysén Region location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a river in Chile is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald Admiral Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald GCB (14 December 1775 – 31 October 1860), styled Lord Cochrane between 1778 and 1831,

146-408: A Spanish warship disguised as a merchant ship almost captured him. He escaped by flying a Danish flag and fending off a boarding by claiming that his ship was plague -ridden. On another occasion, he was being chased by an enemy frigate and knew that it would follow him in the night by any glimmer of light from Speedy , so he placed a lantern on a barrel and let it float away. The enemy frigate followed

219-602: A beautiful orphan who was about twenty years his junior. They met through Cochrane's cousin Nathaniel Day Cochrane . This was an elopement and a civil ceremony, due to the opposition of his wealthy uncle Basil Cochrane , who disinherited his nephew as a result. Cochrane called Katherine "Kate," "Kitty," or "Mouse" in letters to her; she often accompanied her husband on his extended campaigns in South America and Greece. Cochrane and Katherine remarried in

292-567: A commercial venture that would supply Halifax with lamp oil and mine bitumen deposits in Trinidad and Albert Country, New Brunswick . By 1850, Cochrane had purchased all the land surrounding Trinidad's pitch lake in support of the endeavour. Ultimately, the enterprise did not come into fruition, and Cochrane returned to England after his term of service expired in April 1851. In 1812, Cochrane married Katherine ("Katy") Frances Corbet Barnes,

365-710: A commission in the British Army at an early age, but Cochrane preferred the Navy. He joined it in 1793 upon the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars around the time his family lost their wealth and lands. On 23 July 1793, aged 17, Cochrane joined the navy as a midshipman, spending his first months at Sheerness in the 28-gun sixth-rate frigate HMS  Hind commanded by his uncle Captain Alexander Cochrane . He transferred to

438-466: A court-martial . Cochrane claimed that, as a result of expressing his opinion publicly, the admiralty denied him the opportunity to serve afloat. However, surviving documents show that he was focused on politics at this time and, indeed, refused a number of offers of command. In June 1806, Lord Cochrane stood for the House of Commons on a ticket of parliamentary reform (a movement which later brought about

511-719: A haystack". Despite this, he intercepted and boarded the American merchant ship Chatham . This created an international incident, for Britain was not at war with the United States. Arab and her commander were assigned to protect Britain's important whaling fleet beyond Orkney in the North Sea . In 1804, Lord St Vincent stood aside for the incoming new government led by William Pitt the Younger , and The 1st Viscount Melville took office. In December of that year, Cochrane

584-572: A long enmity with Admiral of the Fleet The 1st Earl of St Vincent . In February 1800, Cochrane commanded the prize crew taking the captured French vessel Généreux to the British base at Mahón . The ship was almost lost in a storm, with Cochrane and his brother Archibald going aloft in place of crew who were mostly ill. Cochrane was promoted to commander and took command of the brig sloop HMS  Speedy on 28 March 1800. Later that year,

657-638: A man in a red staff officer 's uniform identified as Colonel de Bourg, aide-de-camp to Lord Cathcart , the British ambassador to Russia. He arrived in Dover from France on 21 February bearing news that Napoleon had been captured and killed by Cossacks . Share prices rose sharply on the Stock Exchange in reaction to the news and the possibility of peace, particularly in volatile partly-paid government securities called Omniums, which increased from 26 + 1 ⁄ 2 to 32. However, it soon became clear that

730-413: A month before – and was named as one of the six conspirators, as were his uncle Andrew Cochrane-Johnstone and his stockbroker, Richard Butt. Within days, an anonymous informant told the committee that Colonel de Bourg was an imposter: he was a Prussian aristocrat named Charles Random de Berenger. He had also been seen entering Cochrane's house on the day of the hoax. The accused were brought to trial in

803-482: A payment of £40,000 from the British government (equivalent to £4,800,000 in 2023), based on the recommendations of a Parliamentary select committee, in compensation for Cochrane's conviction. The committee had concluded that his conviction was unjust. Lord Cochrane left the UK in official disgrace, but that did not end his naval career. In 1817, Lord Cochrane placed a notice in one of the leading London newspapers that he

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876-635: A second admiral of the fleet, to balance the Duke of Wellington ' s promotion as a second Field Marshal in the British Army. In 1830 King William IV increased the number of admirals of the fleet to three, though these additional lifetime postings subsequently lapsed. Between 1854 and 1857 there was no admiral of the fleet at all as the most senior naval officer of the time – Admiral of the Red Thomas Le Marchant Gosselin –

949-503: A signal station, leaving behind the originals so that the French would believe them uncompromised. When Imperieuse ran short of water, she sailed up the estuary of the Rhone to replenish. A French army marched into Catalonia and besieged Rosas , and Cochrane took part in the defence of the town. He occupied and defended Fort Trinidad ( Castell de la Trinitat ) for a number of weeks before

1022-461: A squadron to assist the Brazilian army under General Francisco Lima e Silva in suppressing a republican rebellion in the state of Pernambuco which had begun to spread to Maranhão and other northern states. The rebellion was rapidly extinguished. Cochrane proceeded to Maranhão, where he took over the administration. He demanded the payment of prize money which he claimed he was owed as a result of

1095-513: A unified South American state. This could not have been true because Charles, the supposed envoy bearing the rumoured plans, had been killed two months before his reported "departure to Europe". Cochrane left the service of the Chilean Navy on 29 November 1822. The Chilean Navy has named five ships Cochrane or Almirante Cochrane (Admiral Cochrane) in his honour: Brazil was fighting its own war of independence against Portugal. In 1822,

1168-488: A vast (and mythical) Brazilian fleet and army were over the horizon. He sent subordinate Captain John Pascoe Grenfell to Belém do Pará to use the same bluff and extract a Portuguese surrender. As a result of Cochrane's efforts, Brazil became totally de facto independent and free of any Portuguese troops. On Cochrane's return to Rio de Janeiro in 1824, Emperor Pedro I rewarded the officer by granting him

1241-570: A £5 daily stipend and an annual allowance of £1,014 for the hiring and maintenance of servants. It was intended that only one officer would hold the rank at any time, with their presence aboard any naval vessel to be denoted by the flying of the Royal Standard from the main mast . The ranks of Admiral of the Fleet and Admiral of the Red were formally separated from 1805, with an announcement in

1314-594: The London Gazette that "His Majesty [has] been pleased to order the Rank of Admirals of the Red to be restored" in His Majesty's Navy..." as a separate role. The same Gazette promoted 22 men to that rank. From the nineteenth century onward there were also occasional variations to the previous requirement that only one Admiral of Fleet could serve at one time. In 1821 George IV appointed Sir John Jervis as

1387-671: The Anglican Church in 1818, and in the Church of Scotland in 1825. They had six children: The confusion of multiple ceremonies led to suspicions that Cochrane's first son Thomas Barnes Cochrane was illegitimate . Investigation of this delayed Thomas's accession to the Earldom of Dundonald on his father's death. In 1823 Lady Cochrane sailed with her children to Valparaiso on Sesostris to join her husband. Sesostris stopped at Rio de Janeiro on 13 June, where she discovered that he

1460-467: The Court of King's Bench , Guildhall on 8 June 1814. The trial was presided over by Lord Ellenborough , a High Tory and a notable enemy of the radicals, who had previously convicted and sentenced to prison radical politicians William Cobbett and Henry Hunt in politically motivated trials. The evidence against Cochrane was circumstantial and hinged on the nature of his share dealings, his contacts with

1533-652: The Great Powers . He resigned his commission toward the end of the war and returned to Britain. Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy) Admiral of the Fleet is a five-star naval officer rank and the highest rank of the Royal Navy , formally established in 1688. The five-star NATO rank code is OF-10 , equivalent to a field marshal in the British Army or a Marshal of the Royal Air Force . Apart from honorary appointments, no new admirals of

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1606-564: The Mediterranean . During his service on Barfleur , Cochrane was court-martialled for showing disrespect to Philip Beaver , the ship's first lieutenant . The board reprimanded him for flippancy. This was the first public manifestation of a pattern of Cochrane being unable to get along with many of his superiors, subordinates, employers, and colleagues in several navies and Parliament, even those with whom he had much in common and who should have been natural allies. His behaviour led to

1679-658: The Peace of Amiens , Cochrane attended the University of Edinburgh . Upon the resumption of war in 1803, St Vincent assigned him in October 1803 to command the sixth-rate 22-gun HMS  Arab . Cochrane alleged that the vessel handled poorly, colliding with Royal Navy ships on two occasions ( Bloodhound and Abundance ). In his autobiography, he compared Arab to a collier . He wrote that his first thoughts on seeing Arab being repaired at Plymouth were that she would "sail like

1752-696: The Reform Acts ) for the potwalloper borough of Honiton in Devon . This was exactly the kind of borough that Cochrane proposed to abolish; votes were mostly sold to the highest bidder. Cochrane offered nothing and lost the election. In October 1806, he ran for Parliament in Honiton and won. Cochrane initially denied that he paid any bribes, but he revealed in a Parliamentary debate ten years later that he had paid ten guineas (£10 10s) per voter through Mr. Townshend, local headman and banker. In May 1807, Cochrane

1825-602: The 38-gun fifth-rate HMS  Thetis , also under his uncle's command. While aboard Thetis , he visited Norway and next served on the North America Station . In 1795, he was appointed acting lieutenant. The following year on 27 May 1796, he was commissioned lieutenant after passing the examination. After several transfers in North America and a return home in 1798, he was assigned as 8th Lieutenant on Lord Keith 's flagship HMS  Barfleur in

1898-547: The Admiral of the White who held the fleet rank in addition to his substantive role. The Restoration era brought a general reorganisation of naval ranks and structure, including formalisation of the admiral of the fleet role. In a break with tradition the rank was awarded to the most senior Admiral of the Red, who retained this substantive rank while also serving as Admiral of the Fleet. Appointments were for life, remunerated via

1971-674: The Greek rebellion. He took an active role in the campaign between March 1827 and December 1828, but met with limited success. His subordinate Captain Hastings attacked Ottoman forces at the Gulf of Lepanto , which indirectly led to intervention by Great Britain, France, and Russia. They succeeded in destroying the Turko –Egyptian fleet at the Battle of Navarino , and the war was ended under mediation of

2044-469: The Spanish xebec frigate El Gamo on 6 May 1801. El Gamo carried 32 guns and 319 men, compared with Speedy ' s 14 guns and 54 men. Cochrane flew an American flag and approached so closely to El Gamo that her guns could not depress to fire on Speedy ' s hull. The Spanish tried to board and take over the ship but, whenever they were about to board, Cochrane pulled away briefly and fired on

2117-462: The United States aboard Cochrane's new command HMS  Tonnant . Cochrane's servants agreed, in an affidavit created before the trial, that the collar of the uniform above De Berenger's greatcoat had been green. However, they admitted to Cochrane's solicitors that they thought the rest had been red. They were not called at trial to give evidence. The prosecution summoned as key witness hackney carriage driver William Crane, who swore that De Berenger

2190-672: The coast, and support the campaign for independence. Later, forces under Cochrane's personal command cut out and captured the frigate Esmeralda , the most powerful Spanish ship in South America. All of this led to Peruvian independence, which O'Higgins considered indispensable to Chile's security. Cochrane's victories in the Pacific were spectacular and important. The excitement was almost immediately marred by his accusations that he had been plotted against by subordinates and treated with contempt and denied adequate financial reward by his superiors. The evidence does not support these accusations, and

2263-506: The concentrated boarding parties with his ship's guns. Eventually, Cochrane boarded El Gamo and captured her, despite being outnumbered about six to one. Cochrane then took part in the Raid on Oropesa along with HMS "Kangaroo" on 9 June which saw the destruction of a Spanish convoy under the cover of a large on shore battery. In Speedy ' s 13-month cruise, Cochrane captured, burned, or drove ashore 53 ships before three French ships of

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2336-656: The conspirators had fled the country upon hearing the guilty verdict. On 20 June 1814, Cochrane was sentenced to 12 months' imprisonment, fined £1,000, and ordered to stand in the pillory opposite the Royal Exchange for one hour. In subsequent weeks, he was dismissed from the Royal Navy by the Admiralty and expelled from Parliament following a motion in the House of Commons which was passed by 144 votes to 44. On

2409-440: The conspirators, and the colour of uniform which De Berenger had been wearing when they met in his house. Cochrane admitted that he was acquainted with De Berenger and that the man had visited his home on the day of the fraud, but insisted that he had arrived wearing a green sharpshooter's uniform rather than the red uniform worn by the person who claimed to be de Bourg. Cochrane said that De Berenger had visited to request passage to

2482-651: The creation of the Chief of the Defence Staff in 1959, the five naval officers appointed to that position became admirals of the fleet. Recognizing the reduced post– Cold War size of the British Armed Forces, no further appointments were made to the rank after 1995 when Sir Benjamin Bathurst was appointed admiral of the fleet on his retirement as First Sea Lord. The rank was not abolished and in 2012

2555-475: The fall of the city forced him to leave; Cochrane was one of the last two men to quit the fort. While captain of Speedy , Pallas , and Imperieuse , Cochrane became an effective practitioner of coastal warfare during the period. He attacked shore installations such as the Martello tower at Son Bou on Menorca , and he captured enemy ships in harbour by leading his men in boats in "cutting out" operations. He

2628-505: The fleet have been named since 1995, and no honorary appointments have been made since 2014. The origins of the rank can be traced back to John de Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp de Warwick , who was appointed ' Admiral of the King's Southern, Northern and Western Fleets ' on 18 July 1360. The appointment gave the command of the English navy to one person for the first time; this evolved into

2701-605: The frigate O'Higgins and blockaded and raided the coasts of Peru , as he had those of France and Spain. On his own initiative, he organised and led the capture of Valdivia , despite only having 300 men and two ships to deploy against seven large forts. He failed in his attempt to capture the Chiloé Archipelago for Chile. In 1820, O'Higgins ordered him to convoy the Liberating Expedition of Peru under General José de San Martín to Peru, blockade

2774-606: The government and the writings of popular naval authors such as Frederick Marryat and Maria Graham increased public sympathy for Cochrane's situation. Cochrane's knighthood was restored in May 1847 with the personal intervention of Queen Victoria , and he was appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath . Only in 1860 was his banner returned to Westminster Abbey; it was the day before his funeral. In 1876, his grandson received

2847-419: The influence of his uncle Alexander Cochrane , he was listed as a member of the crew on the books of four Royal Navy ships starting when he was five years old. This common (though unlawful) practice known as false muster was a means of gaming naval regulations, enabling well-connected officers to attain the years of service required for promotion if and when they joined the Navy. Cochrane's father secured him

2920-469: The light, and Speedy escaped. In February 1801 at Malta , Cochrane got into an argument with a French Royalist officer at a fancy dress ball. He had arrived dressed as a common sailor, and the Royalist mistook him for one. This argument led to Cochrane's only duel . Cochrane wounded the French officer with a pistol shot and was himself unharmed. One of his most notable exploits was the capture of

2993-401: The line under Admiral Charles-Alexandre Linois captured him on 3 July 1801. While Cochrane was held as a prisoner, Linois often asked him for advice. In his autobiography, Cochrane recounted how courteous and polite the French officer had been. A few days later he was exchanged for the second captain of another French ship. On 8 August 1801, he was promoted to the rank of post-captain . After

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3066-434: The matter of De Berenger's uniform; he concluded that witnesses had provided damning evidence. The jury retired to deliberate and returned a verdict of guilty against all the defendants two-and-a-half hours later. Belatedly, Cochrane's defence team found several witnesses who were willing to testify that De Berenger had arrived wearing a green uniform, but Lord Ellenborough dismissed their evidence as inadmissible because two of

3139-497: The military: William Erskine Cochrane of the 15th Dragoons , who served under Sir John Moore in the Peninsular War and reached the rank of major; and Archibald Cochrane , who became a captain in the Navy. Lord Cochrane was descended from lines of Scottish aristocracy and military service on both sides of his family. Through his uncle, Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane , the sixth son of The 8th Earl of Dundonald , Cochrane

3212-451: The navy, would have led to numerous deaths amongst the arresting officers and at least partial destruction of Burdett's house, along with much of Piccadilly. On realising what Cochrane planned, Burdett and his allies took steps to end the siege. Cochrane was popular with the public but was unable to get along with his colleagues in the House of Commons or within the government. He usually had little success in promoting his causes. An exception

3285-479: The news of Napoleon's death was a hoax. The Stock Exchange established a sub-committee to investigate, and they discovered that six men had sold substantial amounts of Omnium stock during the boom in value. The committee assumed that all six were responsible for the hoax and subsequent fraud. Cochrane had disposed of his entire £139,000 holding in Omnium (equivalent to £12,280,000 in 2023) – which he had only acquired

3358-452: The non-hereditary title of Marquess of Maranhão ( Marquês do Maranhão ) in the Empire of Brazil . He was also awarded an accompanying coat of arms. As in Chile and earlier occasions, Cochrane's joy at these successes was rapidly replaced by quarrels over pay and prize money, and an accusation that the Brazilian authorities were plotting against him. In mid-1824, Cochrane sailed north with

3431-530: The orders of the Prince Regent , Cochrane was humiliated by the loss of his appointment Knight of the Order of the Bath in a degradation ceremony at Westminster Abbey . His banner was taken down and physically kicked out of the chapel and down the outside steps. But, within a month, Cochrane was re-elected unopposed as the Member of Parliament for Westminster. Following a public outcry, his sentence to

3504-458: The pillory was rescinded for fears that it would lead to the outbreak of a riot. The question of Cochrane's innocence or guilt created much debate at the time, and it has divided historians ever since. Subsequent reviews of the trial carried out by three Lord Chancellors during the course of the 19th century concluded that he ought to have been found not guilty on the basis of the evidence produced in court. Cochrane maintained his innocence for

3577-417: The post of Admiral of the Fleet. In the days of sailing ships the admiral distinctions then used by the Royal Navy included distinctions related to the fleet being divided into three divisions – red, white, or blue. Each division was assigned at least one admiral , who in turn commanded a number of vice-admirals and rear admirals . While the full admirals were nominally equals, tradition gave precedence to

3650-560: The problem appeared to lie in Cochrane's own suspicious and uneasy personality. Cochrane had an uneasy relation with San Martín who was serene and calculating in contrast with Cochrane's tendency for audacious actions. San Martín criticized Cochrane's interest for financial gain giving him the nickname El Metálico Lord (The Metallic Lord). Loose words from his wife Katy resulted in a rumour that Cochrane had made plans to free Napoleon from his exile on Saint Helena and make him ruler of

3723-642: The recapture of the province in 1823. He absconded with public money and sacked merchant ships anchored in São Luís do Maranhão. Defying orders to return to Rio de Janeiro , Cochrane transferred to a captured Brazilian frigate, left Brazil and returned to Britain where he arrived in late June 1825. In August 1825 Cochrane was hired by Greece to support its fight for independence from the Ottoman Empire , which had deployed an army raised in Egypt to suppress

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3796-473: The rest of his life, and campaigned tirelessly to restore his damaged reputation and to clear his name. He believed that the trial was politically motivated and that a "higher authority than the Stock Exchange" was responsible for his prosecution. A series of petitions put forward by Cochrane protesting his innocence were ignored until 1830. That year, King George IV (the former Prince Regent) died and

3869-547: The revolutionary navies of Chile and Brazil during their respective wars of independence during the 1820s. While commanding the Chilean Navy, Cochrane also contributed to Peruvian independence through his participation in the Liberating Expedition of Peru . He was also hired to help the Greek Revolutionary Navy during the Greek War of Independence , but ultimately had little impact. In 1832, Cochrane

3942-665: The seat, and Cochrane also thought that it would look bad for him to be publicly supporting a government from which he sought pardon for his fraud conviction. In 1831, his father died and Cochrane became the 10th Earl of Dundonald . As such, he was no longer entitled to sit in the Commons. While serving as the Commander-in-Chief of the North America and West Indies Station, Cochrane became acquainted with geologist and physicist Abraham Gesner in Halifax . The pair planned

4015-613: The southern provinces (except Montevideo , now in Uruguay ) came under the control of the patriots led by the Prince Regent, later Emperor Pedro I . Portugal still controlled some important provincial capitals in the north, with major garrisons and naval bases such as Belém do Pará, Salvador da Bahia , and São Luís do Maranhão . Lord Cochrane took command of the Imperial Brazilian Navy on 21 March 1823 and

4088-552: The two World Wars a number of serving officers held active commissions as admirals of the fleet, as well as the First Sea Lord—e.g. Sir John Tovey . Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh was created an Admiral of the Fleet in the Royal New Zealand Navy in 1954, following the coronation of his wife Elizabeth II as Queen. This promotion was to a New Zealand rank, separate from the Royal Navy rank. Following

4161-516: Was Frederick Marryat , who later wrote fictionalised accounts of his adventures with Cochrane. In Imperieuse , Cochrane raided the Mediterranean coast of France during the continuing Napoleonic Wars. In 1808, Cochrane and a Spanish guerrilla force captured the fortress of Mongat, which straddled the road between Gerona and Barcelona . This delayed General Duhesme 's French army for a month. On another raid, Cochrane copied code books from

4234-677: Was a British naval officer, peer, mercenary and politician. Serving during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars in the Royal Navy , his naval successes led Napoleon to nickname him le Loup des Mers (the Sea Wolf). He was successful in virtually all of his naval actions. Cochrane was dismissed from the Royal Navy in 1814 after a controversial conviction for fraud on the London Stock Exchange . Travelling to South America , he helped to organise and lead

4307-449: Was a meticulous planner of every operation, which limited casualties among his men and maximised the chances of success. In 1809, Cochrane commanded the attack by a flotilla of fire ships on Rochefort , as part of the Battle of the Basque Roads . The attack did considerable damage, but Cochrane blamed fleet commander Admiral Gambier for missing the opportunity to destroy the French fleet, accusations that resulted in Gambier undergoing

4380-434: Was appointed "First Admiral of the National and Imperial Navy" at the flagship Pedro I . He blockaded the Portuguese in Bahia , confronted them at the Battle of 4 May , and forced them to evacuate the province in a vast convoy of ships which Cochrane's men attacked as they crossed the Atlantic. Cochrane sailed to Maranhão (then spelled Maranham) on his own initiative and bluffed the garrison into surrender by claiming that

4453-437: Was appointed to command of the new 32-gun frigate HMS  Pallas . He undertook a series of notable exploits over the following eighteen months one of which was a cruise in the vicinity of the Azores . Here Pallas captured three Spanish merchant ships and a Spanish 14-gun privateer . In August 1806, he took command of the 38-gun frigate HMS  Imperieuse , formerly the Spanish frigate Medea . One of his midshipmen

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4526-500: Was available to go and serve the newly becoming independent nations in America or others. But in London , in 1818, he was met by the representative sent by General José de San Martín , José Antonio Álvarez Condarco , who convinced him in May to join the cause for the Hispano-American independence and go to Chile together alongside a number of British officers who also wanted to be hired. Accompanied by Lady Cochrane and their two children, he reached Valparaíso on 28 November 1818. Chile

4599-463: Was born at Annsfield, near Hamilton , South Lanarkshire , Scotland. He was the son of Archibald, Lord Cochrane (1748–1831), who later became, in October 1778, The 9th Earl of Dundonald , and his wife, Anna Gilchrist. She was the daughter of Captain James Gilchrist and Ann Roberton, the daughter of Major John Roberton, 16th Laird of Earnock . Thomas, Lord Cochrane, as he himself became in October 1778, had six brothers. Two served with distinction in

4672-475: Was cousin to his namesake, Admiral of the Fleet Sir Thomas John Cochrane (1789–1872). Sir Thomas J. Cochrane also had a naval career and was appointed as Governor of Newfoundland and later Vice-Admiral of the United Kingdom . By 1793, however, the Cochranes had fallen on hard times; with their fortune spent, the family estate was sold off to cover debts. Lord Cochrane spent much of his early life in Culross , Fife , where his family had an estate. Through

4745-399: Was elected by Westminster in a more democratic election. He had campaigned for parliamentary reform, allied with such Radicals as William Cobbett , Sir Francis Burdett , and Henry Hunt . His outspoken criticism of the conduct of the war and the corruption in the navy made him powerful enemies in the government. His criticism of Admiral Gambier 's conduct at the Battle of the Basque Roads

4818-531: Was his successful confrontation of a prize court in 1814. His conviction in the Great Stock Exchange Fraud of 1814 resulted in Parliament expelling him on 5 July 1814. However, his constituents in the seat of Westminster re-elected him at the resulting by-election on 16 July. He held this seat until 1818. In 1818, Cochrane's last speech in Parliament advocated parliamentary reform. In 1830, Cochrane initially expressed interest in running for Parliament but then declined. Lord Brougham's brother had decided to run for

4891-438: Was mentally ill and had not served at sea for forty-five years. In deference to Gosselin's seniority the position was instead left vacant until his death in 1857, whereupon it was filled by Admiral Charles Ogle . The organisation of the British fleet into coloured squadrons was abandoned in 1864, though the rank of admiral of the fleet was maintained. The title of First Naval Lord was renamed First Sea Lord in 1904. During

4964-489: Was pardoned by the Crown and reinstated in the Royal Navy with the rank of Rear-Admiral of the Blue . After several more promotions, he died in 1860 with the rank of Admiral of the Red , and the honorary title of Rear-Admiral of the United Kingdom . Cochrane's life and exploits inspired the naval fiction of 19th- and 20th-century novelists, particularly the fictional characters C. S. Forester 's Horatio Hornblower and Patrick O'Brian 's Jack Aubrey . Thomas Cochrane

5037-514: Was rapidly organising its new navy for its war of independence. Cochrane became a Chilean citizen on 11 December 1818 at the request of Chilean leader Bernardo O'Higgins . He was appointed Vice Admiral and took command of the Chilean Navy in Chile's war of independence against Spain. He was the first Vice Admiral of Chile . Cochrane reorganised the Chilean navy with British commanders, introducing British naval customs and, formally, English-speaking governance in their warships. He took command in

5110-434: Was so severe that Gambier demanded a court-martial to clear his name. Cochrane made important enemies in the Admiralty during this period. In 1810, Sir Francis Burdett , a member of parliament and political ally, had barricaded himself in his home at Piccadilly , London, resisting arrest by the House of Commons . Cochrane went to assist Burdett's defence of the house. His intended actions, similar to those he had used in

5183-432: Was succeeded by William IV . He had served in the Royal Navy and was sympathetic to Cochrane's cause. Later that year, the Tory government fell and was replaced by a Whig government in which his friend Lord Brougham was appointed Lord Chancellor. Following a meeting of the Privy Council in May 1832, Cochrane was granted a pardon and restored to the Navy List with a promotion to rear-admiral. Support from friends in

5256-682: Was there, having in March taken command of the Brazilian Navy. Following Cochrane's return from Greece, the couple disagreed about his spending on inventions and her spending on socialising, which led to their separation in 1839. Katherine moved to Boulogne-sur-Mer with a generous allowance, occasionally visiting London but never staying with her husband. She died in Boulogne in 1865, aged 69. In February 1814, rumours began to circulate of Napoleon's death. The claims were seemingly confirmed by

5329-409: Was wearing a scarlet uniform when he delivered him to the house. Cochrane's defence also argued that he had given standing instructions to Butt that his Omnium shares were to be sold if the price rose by 1 per cent, and he would have made double profit if he waited until it reached its peak price. On the second day of the trial, Lord Ellenborough began his summary of the evidence and drew attention to

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