Diamonds , also known as The Diamond , is a rural hamlet in Saint Peter, Antigua and Barbuda .
62-531: Diamonds takes up 31.26% of the land area of the Parish of Saint Peter. Betty's Hope is located in Diamonds. The adjoining cattle corral is still standing, and the mill is in "good" condition. The house was modest in size compared to many estate homes, but it was constructed with 2 to 3 inch thick walls. It had two levels and was made of stone, with the ground floor being utilized for storage. In addition to from
124-503: A concert called "A Penny Concert." The mill was refurbished and the sails of the first windmill were reinstalled in 1995. After recommissioning of the mill, it is run for demonstration purposes on special occasions, since the stone mill walls are old and fragile. However, the sails are kept mounted all through the year. Following the restoration, the Betty's Hope project won the "5th Ann. Islands Eco-Tourism Award" in 1995. On 28 January 2005,
186-510: A dark purple hue. This has resulted in violet and purple hues also being associated with the term "indigo" since that time. Because of the Abney effect , pinpointing indigo to a specific hue value in the HSV color wheel is elusive, as a higher HSV saturation value shifts the hue towards blue. However, on the new CIECAM16 standard , the hues values around 290° may be thought of as indigo, depending on
248-402: A list of colors for the X Window Operating System. The color identified as "indigo" was not the color indigo (as generally understood at the time), but was actually a dark purple hue; the programmers assigned it the hex code #4B0082 . This collection of color names was somewhat arbitrary: Thomas used a box of 72 Crayola crayons as a standard, whereas Ravelling used color swabs from
310-457: A major West Indian heritage monument, was initially started by "The Friends of Betty's Hope", between 1987 and 1990, which eventually was institutionalised as a trust called the "Betty's Hope Trust", in 1990. The objective was to develop it as an open-air museum and also an interpretation center to bring out the profound influence that the estate had "in Antigua and Barbuda's history and influenced
372-416: A prism to produce a rainbow-like band of colors on the wall. In describing this optical spectrum , Newton acknowledged that the spectrum had a continuum of colors, but named seven: "The originall or primary colours are Red, yellow, Green, Blew, & a violet purple; together with Orang, Indico, & an indefinite varietie of intermediate gradations." He linked the seven prismatic colors to the seven notes of
434-585: A region on the color wheel , and can include various shades of blue, ultramarine , and green-blue. Since the web era, the term has also been used for various purple and violet hues identified as "indigo", based on use of the term "indigo" in HTML web page specifications. The word "indigo" comes from the Latin word indicum , meaning "Indian", as the naturally based dye was originally exported to Europe from India . The Early Modern English word indigo referred to
496-472: A spectral color between blue and violet. However, the article states that Wilhelm von Bezold, in his treatise on color, disagreed with Newton's use of the term, on the basis that the pigment indigo was a darker hue than the spectral color; and furthermore, Professor Ogden Rood points out that indigo pigment corresponds to the cyan-blue region of the spectrum, lying between blue and green, although darker in hue. Rood considers that artificial ultramarine pigment
558-470: A tub and soaked it overnight, and the next day we foamed it up by beating it with a gourd. We let it stand overnight again, and the next day rubbed tallow on our hands to kill the foam. Afterwards, we poured the water off, and the sediment left in the bottom we would pour into a pitcher or crock to let it get dry, and then we would put it into a poke made of cloth (i.e. sack made of coarse cloth) and then when we wanted any of it to dye [there]with, we would take
620-421: A western major scale , as shown in his color wheel, with orange and indigo as the semitones . Having decided upon seven colors, he asked a friend to repeatedly divide up the spectrum that was projected from the prism onto the wall: I desired a friend to draw with a pencil lines cross the image, or pillar of colours, where every one of the seven aforenamed colours was most full and brisk, and also where he judged
682-442: Is also known as "deep indigo". The color box on the right displays the web color indigo, the color indigo as it would be reproduced by artists' paints as opposed to the brighter indigo above (electric indigo) that is possible to reproduce on a computer screen. Its hue is closer to violet than to indigo dye for which the color is named. Pigment indigo can be obtained by mixing 55% pigment cyan with about 45% pigment magenta . Compare
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#1732792938740744-518: Is closer to the point of the spectrum described as "indigo", and proposed renaming that spectral point as "ultramarine". The article goes on to state that comparison of the pigments, both dry and wet, with Maxwell's discs and with the spectrum, that indigo is almost identical to Prussian blue , stating that it "certainly does not lie on the violet side of 'blue.'" When scraped, a lump of indigo pigment appears more violet, and if powdered or dissolved, becomes greenish. Several modern sources place indigo in
806-406: Is composed of 25.1% red , 0% green and 100% blue . Whereas in a CMYK color space, it is composed of 74.9% cyan , 100% magenta , 0% yellow and 0% black . It has a hue angle of 255.1 degrees, a saturation of 100% and a lightness of 50%. Indigo(color wheel) could be obtained by blending violet with blue . "Electric indigo" is brighter than the pigment indigo reproduced above. When plotted on
868-404: Is customary to list indigo as a color lying between blue and violet, but it has never seemed to me that indigo is worth the dignity of being considered a separate color. To my eyes, it seems merely deep blue." In 1821, Abraham Werner published Werner's Nomenclature of Colours , where indigo, called indigo blue , is classified as a blue hue, and not listed among the violet hues. He writes that
930-421: Is equivalent to the web color indigo and approximates the color indigo that is usually reproduced in pigments and colored pencils. The color of indigo dye is a different color from either spectrum indigo or pigment indigo. This is the actual color of the dye. A vat full of this dye is a darker color, approximating the web color midnight blue . The color "electric indigo" is a bright and saturated color between
992-798: Is no longer operational as a plantation. However, the structures pictured here at the time of restoration works initiated by the Government of Antigua and Barbuda in 1990, under the OEC/ESDU Eco-Tourism Enhancement project, consisted of the twin windmills, the Cistern Complex in serviceable condition, the Great House (Buff or Estate House) in ruins, the Boiling House where sixteen copper hoppers were used to boil cane juice to produce crystalline sugar, and
1054-417: Is portrayed using hex code #184FA1 . The 2004 indigo crayon color is depicted by #5D76CB , and the 2019 iridescent indigo is portrayed by #3C32CD . Like many other colors ( orange , rose , and violet are the best-known), indigo gets its name from an object in the natural world—the plant named indigo once used for dyeing cloth (see also Indigo dye ). The color pigment indigo
1116-479: Is repeatedly boiled in an indigo dye bath-solution (boiled and left to dry, boiled and left to dry, etc.), the blue pigment becomes darker on the cloth. After dyeing, the cloth is hung in the open air to dry. A Native American woman described the process used by the Cherokee Indians when extracting the dye: We raised our indigo which we cut in the morning while the dew was still on it; then we put it in
1178-516: Is the color that is called añil in the Guía de coloraciones (Guide to colorations) by Rosa Gallego and Juan Carlos Sanz, a color dictionary published in 2005 that is widely popular in the Hispanophone realm. Marina Warner's novel Indigo (1992) is a retelling of Shakespeare's The Tempest and features the production of indigo dye by Sycorax. The French Army adopted dark blue indigo at
1240-518: The Better Call Saul episode " Hero ", Howard Hamlin mentions that his law firm Hamlin Hamlin & McGill trademarked a colour called "Hamlindigo" whilst confronting Jimmy McGill over trademark infringement in a billboard advertisement he produced for his own legal services. The spiritualist applications use electric indigo , because the color is positioned between blue and violet on
1302-500: The CIE chromaticity diagram , this color is at 435 nanometers, in the middle of the portion of the spectrum traditionally considered indigo, i.e., between 450 and 420 nanometers. This color is only an approximation of spectral indigo, since actual spectral colors are outside the gamut of the sRGB color system. At right is displayed the web color "blue-violet", a color intermediate in brightness between electric indigo and pigment indigo. It
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#17327929387401364-431: The electromagnetic spectrum between 420 and 450 nanometers, which lies on the short-wave side of color wheel (RGB) blue , towards (spectral) violet. The correspondence of this definition with colors of actual indigo dyes, though, is disputed. Optical scientists Hardy and Perrin list indigo as between 445 and 464 nm wavelength, which occupies a spectrum segment from roughly the color wheel (RGB) blue extending to
1426-467: The electromagnetic spectrum . Later scientists have concluded that what Newton called "blue" was what is now called cyan or blue-green; and what Newton called "indigo" was what is now called blue. In the 1980s, programmers produced a somewhat arbitrary list of color names for the X Window computer operating system, resulting in the HTML and CSS specifications issued in the 1990s using the term "indigo" for
1488-546: The 18th century (1737 as per a plaque at the main entrance), at Betty's Hope, twin windmills were used to crush sugar cane. Initially, the windmills had three vertical rollers to crush the cane fed by two men and it could crush and extract only 60% of cane juice even after two rounds of crushing. This process underwent improvements with three horizontally placed rollers which increased the efficiency of extraction by another 20%. Each wind driven mill extracted cane juice from cane produced from 2 acres (0.81 ha) of land and carted to
1550-513: The 1990s, this list which came with version X11 became the basis of the HTML and CSS color rendition used in websites and web design. This resulted in the name "Indigo" being associated with purple and violet hues in web page design and graphic design. Physics author John Spacey writes on the website Simplicable that the X11 programmers did not have any background in color theory, and that as these names are used by web designers and graphic designers,
1612-547: The American colonies. Isaac Newton introduced indigo as one of the seven base colors of his work. In the mid-1660s, when Newton bought a pair of prisms at a fair near Cambridge , the East India Company had begun importing indigo dye into England, supplanting the homegrown woad as source of blue dye. In a pivotal experiment in the history of optics , the young Newton shone a narrow beam of sunlight through
1674-555: The Eco-Enhancement Upgrade of Betty's Hope was also launched. Archaeological research to establish the archaeology of the early colonial period has been initiated at Betty's Hope by the City University New York, Brooklyn . Research had been carried out before and during restoration also, which revealed the operational pattern of the mill. It was established that cane juice produced after milling
1736-638: The Still House, a distillery used for manufacturing rum (also seen in ruins without a roof but with elegant arches). Since 1995, the buildings have been developed as an open-air museum with a visitor center and are managed by the Museum of Antigua and Barbuda . Betty's Hope estate is in a rural area where the geological formation, in a rolling landscape, is limestone. Its location is at 17°4′51.5″N 61°44′44.26″W / 17.080972°N 61.7456278°W / 17.080972; -61.7456278 , to
1798-458: The color he called indigo, we would normally call blue; his blue is then what we would name blue-green or cyan ." If this is true, Newton's seven spectral colors would have been: The human eye does not readily differentiate hues in the wavelengths between what are now called blue and violet. If this is where Newton meant indigo to lie, most individuals would have difficulty distinguishing indigo from its neighbors. According to Isaac Asimov , "It
1860-531: The color is composed of " Berlin blue , a little black, and a small portion of apple green," and indicating it is the color of blue copper ore , with Berlin blue being described as the color of a blue jay 's wing, a hepatica flower, or a blue sapphire . According to an article, Definition of the Color Indigo published in Nature magazine in the late 1800s, Newton's use of the term "indigo" referred to
1922-442: The dry indigo. In Sa Pa , Vietnam, the tropical Indigo ( Indigo tinctoria ) leaves are harvested and, while still fresh, placed inside a tub of room-temperature to lukewarm water where they are left to sit for 3 to 4 days and allowed to ferment, until the water turns green. Afterwards, crushed limestone ( pickling lime ) is added to the water, at which time the water with the leaves are vigorously agitated for 15 to 20 minutes, until
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1984-467: The dye, not to the color (hue) itself, and indigo is not traditionally part of the basic color-naming system . The first known recorded use of indigo as a color name in English was in 1289. Isaac Newton regarded indigo as a color in the visible spectrum , as well as one of the seven colors of the rainbow : the color between blue and violet ; however, sources differ as to its actual position in
2046-688: The estate. However, from 1921, sugarcane was extracted at the Central Sugar Factory, even though the Betty's Hope sugar mill was functional. After the Codrington family returned to England, the estate was managed by attorneys, till the early 1900s. In 1944, Betty's Hope was sold by the Codringtons to the Antigua Sugar Estates Ltd. The reasons for discarding the windmill technology for cane juice extraction
2108-475: The front lawn, where family and friends could play pleasant matches under the shade of a Scarlet Cordia tree. The surrounding area was extremely flat and arable. Cochran's (#83), Sanderson's (#86), Duer's (#89), and Parry's (#88) are nearby estates. When the Syndicate Estates failed, the government took control of Diamond Estate and converted it into an agricultural farm. After being out of use in 2001,
2170-467: The government brought it back in 2007. Source: Diamonds has one enumeration district, ED 51400. Diamonds had 84 slaves in 1829, when it was sized at 134 acres. Source: This Antigua and Barbuda location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Betty%27s Hope Betty's Hope was a sugarcane plantation in Antigua . It was established in 1650, shortly after
2232-525: The government considered the earlier owners to have been disloyal to the Crown , having deserted the estate before the French occupied the island. Under the ownership of the Codringtons, the emphasis centered on sugar, following the earlier dominance of tobacco, indigo , and ginger crops in Antigua. The Codrington owners distinguished themselves by ensuring that Betty's Hope was developed and functioned as
2294-620: The island had become an English colony , and flourished as a successful agricultural industrial enterprise during the centuries of slavery . It was the first large-scale sugar plantation to operate in Antigua and belonged to the Codrington family from 1674 until 1944. Christopher Codrington , later Captain General of the Leeward Islands , acquired the property in 1674 and named it Betty's Hope, after his daughter. Betty's Hope
2356-400: The kitchen into a walled courtyard, stairs led up to the front and back of the house. The gardens on each side of the front were large enough to accommodate an open garden seating area that could be accessed directly from the living room and provided an elevated perspective of the land. It was a remarkably strong and compact building designed for security. A tennis court and bench were located on
2418-592: The lives of many generations of Antiguans." For this purpose, a committee was set up in 1987–90. Restoration work was started in 1990 and completed in 1995. The Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) and the Environmental Sustainable Development Unit (ESDU) launched the Eco-Tourism Enhancement project with a grant support in collaboration with the Government of Antigua and Barbuda to perpetuate
2480-434: The long-wave side, towards azure . Other modern color scientists , such as Bohren and Clothiaux (2006), and J.W.G. Hunt (1980), divide the spectrum between violet and blue at about 450 nm, with no hue specifically named indigo. Towards the end of the 20th century, purple colors also became referred to as "indigo". In the 1980s, computer programmers Jim Gettys , Paul Ravelling, John C. Thomas and Jim Fulton produced
2542-403: The mill. The extracted juice was collected in an underground collection chamber from where it was conveyed through a pipe to the boiling house. The bagasse was dried and used as fuel in the boiler and distilling process. The weekly production was generally about 5,500 gallons of cane juice from 200 tonnes of cane. A programme of restoration of the heritage status of the Betty's Hope estate, as
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2604-461: The modern word indigo . In early Europe the main source was from the woad plant Isatis tinctoria , also known as pastel. For a long time, woad was the main source of blue dye in Europe. Woad was replaced by "true indigo", as trade routes opened up. Plant sources have now been largely replaced by synthetic dyes . Spanish explorers discovered an American species of indigo and began to cultivate
2666-511: The most efficient large-scale sugar estate in Antigua. Two of their family members had the distinction of holding posts of the Governor General of the Leeward Islands between 1689 and 1704; even subsequently the members of the family also had their name established as one of the most influential and prosperous planters during the colonial rule. The estate was managed by a few Europeans, but the basic hard skilled and unskilled labour force
2728-466: The name indigo has since that time been strongly associated with purple or violet. Spacey writes, "As such, a few programmers accidentally repurposed a color name that was known to civilisations for thousands of years." The Crayola company released an indigo crayon in 1999, with the Crayola website using the hex code #4F49C6 to approximate the crayon color . The 2001 iron indigo crayon
2790-422: The now-defunct Sinclair Paints company, resulting in the color list for version X11 of the operating system containing fanciful color names such as "papaya whip", "blanched almond" and "peach puff". The database was also criticised for its many inconsistencies, such as "dark gray" being lighter than "gray", and for the color distribution being uneven, tending towards reds and greens at the expense of blues. In
2852-669: The observer. Indigo dye is a blue color, obtained from several different types of plants. The indigo plant ( Indigofera tinctoria ) often called "true indigo" probably produces the best results, although several others are close in color: Japanese indigo (Polygonum tinctoria), Natal indigo ( Indigofera arrecta ), Guatemalan indigo ( Indigofera suffruticosa ), Chinese indigo ( Persicaria tinctoria ), and woad Isatis tinctoria . Indigofera tinctoria and related species were cultivated in East Asia , Egypt , India , Bangladesh and Peru in antiquity. The earliest direct evidence for
2914-421: The principles of environmental sustainability . One of the two wind mills, cane crushing machinery and sails were restored. The visitor center museum is now located in an old cotton house store room where exhibits of plantation's history with estate plans, pictures and maps, artefacts and a model of the central site are displayed. During May 2005, funds were raised for restoration of Betty's Hope by organising
2976-593: The product in Guatemala . The English and French subsequently began to encourage indigo cultivation in their colonies in the West Indies . In North America, indigo was introduced by Eliza Lucas into colonial South Carolina, where it became the colony's second-most important cash crop (after rice). Before the Revolutionary War , indigo accounted for more than one-third of the value of exports from
3038-433: The rum distillery and one of the slave villages. Indigo This is an accepted version of this page Indigo is a term used for a number of hues in the region of blue . The word comes from the ancient dye of the same name . The term "indigo" can refer to the color of the dye, various colors of fabric dyed with indigo dye, a spectral color, one of the seven colors of the rainbow as described by Newton , or
3100-510: The south of the town of Pares . History of the sugar plantation at Betty's Hope is traced to the early 1650s when Governor Christopher Keynell founded it in Antigua. After his death, his wife inherited the estate, in 1663. However, in 1666 she abandoned it, during the French occupation of the islands. The English recaptured the island and decided to award the estate, in 1674, to the Codrington family who were then resident in Barbados , as
3162-431: The subtractive colors to the additive colors in the two primary color charts in the article on primary colors to see the distinction between electric colors as reproducible from light on a computer screen (additive colors) and the pigment colors reproducible with pigments (subtractive colors); the additive colors are significantly brighter because they are produced from light instead of pigment. Web color indigo represents
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#17327929387403224-594: The time of the French Revolution , as a replacement for the white uniforms previously worn by the Royal infantry regiments. In 1806, Napoleon decided to restore the white coats because of shortages of indigo dye imposed by the British continental blockade. However, the greater practicability of the blue color led to its retention, and indigo remained the dominant color of French military coats until 1914. In
3286-448: The traditional colors of the rainbow, the order of which is given by the mnemonics "Richard of York gave battle in vain" and Roy G. Biv . James Clerk Maxwell and Hermann von Helmholtz accepted indigo as an appropriate name for the color flanking violet in the spectrum. Later scientists concluded that Newton named the colors differently from current usage. According to Gary Waldman, "A careful reading of Newton's work indicates that
3348-462: The traditional indigo and violet. This is the brightest color indigo that can be approximated on a computer screen; it is a color located between the (primary) blue and the color violet of the RGB color wheel. The web color blue violet or deep indigo is a tone of indigo brighter than pigment indigo, but not as bright as electric indigo. Listed below are several indigo hues, some of which have included
3410-428: The truest confines of them to be, whilst I held the paper so, that the said image might fall within a certain compass marked on it. And this I did, partly because my own eyes are not very critical in distinguishing colours, partly because another, to whom I had not communicated my thoughts about this matter, could have nothing but his eyes to determine his fancy in making those marks. Indigo is therefore counted as one of
3472-593: The use of indigo dates to around 4000 BC and comes from Huaca Prieta , in contemporary Peru. Pliny the Elder mentions India as the source of the dye after which it was named. It was imported from there in small quantities via the Silk Road . The Ancient Greek term for the dye was Ἰνδικὸν φάρμακον ( indikon pharmakon , "Indian dye "), which, adopted to Latin as indicum (a second declension noun) or indico (oblique case) and via Portuguese , gave rise to
3534-435: The water turns blue. The blue pigment settles as sediment at the bottom of the tub. The sediment is scooped out and stored. When dyeing cloth, the pigment is then boiled in a vat of water; the cloth (usually made from yarns of hemp ) is inserted into the vat for absorbing the dye. After hanging out to dry, the boiling process is repeated as often as needed to produce a darker color. In a RGB color space , "Indigo(color wheel)"
3596-423: The way the color indigo was always reproduced in pigments, paints, or colored pencils in the 1950s. By the 1970s, because of the advent of psychedelic art , artists became accustomed to brighter pigments. Pigments called "bright indigo" or "bright blue-violet" (the pigment equivalent of the electric indigo reproduced in the section above) became available in artists' pigments and colored pencils. 'Tropical Indigo'
3658-577: The word "indigo", with the adoption of HTML color names in the World Wide Web era. Indigo dye is a greenish dark blue color, obtained from either the leaves of the tropical Indigo plant ( Indigofera ), or from woad ( Isatis tinctoria ), or the Chinese indigo ( Persicaria tinctoria ). Many societies make use of the Indigofera plant for producing different shades of blue. Cloth that
3720-532: Was not directly led to the boiling-house but was collected at a large iron tank located below the rollers from where it was then pumped to the boiling-house for further processing. Since 2007, excavations by California State University, Chico , have focused on the area of the Great House to correlate the Great House as well as other surrounding buildings, to the site maps recorded in the Codrington Papers. Excavations from 2012 to 2014 have concentrated on
3782-547: Was provided by the African slaves , which brought accolades to the estate (and then known as the "flagship estate of Antigua"); the slaves were later emancipated in 1834 and they continued to serve the estate as freed labour. The Codringtons had 150 sugar mills in Antigua, of which Betty's Hope was the first one where they had introduced technology innovations and ideas to carry out large scale cultivation, extraction and manufacture of sugar. In 1680, there were 393 slaves working on
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#17327929387403844-463: Was the introduction of steam. Consequent to this change, the machinery in the windmill was shifted to the boiling house complex and reinstalled next to the new steam engines . The buildings, however, became storerooms for scrap iron and other debris. As result, the Antiguan economy is no more sugar centric but is now more dependent on tourism, and Betty's Hope now remains a part of this economy. In
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