CocoWalk is an open-air shopping mall in the Coconut Grove neighborhood of Miami, Florida , in the United States.
98-422: The development and planning of CocoWalk goes as far back as 1984 in the city of Miami. It was developed by Constructa Properties and designed by John Clark of Maryland. It opened in 1990. It featured an iconic entrance with an open plaza being the central point of the mall. The design heavily reflected Spanish architecture . It marked the transformation of Coconut Grove from a sleepy Bohemian neighborhood following
196-490: A Baroque style. In the Philippines, destruction of earlier churches from frequent earthquakes have made the church proportion lower and wider; side walls were made thicker and heavily buttressed for stability during shaking. The upper structures were made with lighter materials. Bell towers are usually lower and stouter compared to towers in less seismically active regions of the world. Towers have thicker girth in
294-430: A horseshoe-arch mihrab , ribbed domes, a courtyard ( sahn ) with gardens, and a minaret (later converted into a bell tower ). Abd ar-Rahman III, at the height of his power, began construction of Madinat al-Zahra , a luxurious palace-city to serve as a new capital. It played a major role in formulating a more distinct "caliphal" style which was crucial in the development of subsequent Andalusi architecture. On
392-532: A Chinese tiled roof or sometimes a nipa roof which are today being replaced by galvanized iron roofs. Today these houses are more commonly called ancestral houses , due to most ancestral houses in the Philippines being bahay na bato. Earthquake Baroque is a style of Baroque architecture found in the Philippines , which suffered destructive earthquakes during the 17th century and 18th century, where large public buildings, such as churches , were rebuilt in
490-620: A cave temple found in the place known as Mesas de Villaverde, in Ardales (Málaga), of which only a few ruins remain. Another representative building of this architecture is the church of Santa María de Melque , located in the vicinity of La Puebla de Montalbán ( Toledo ). Regarding this temple, there is doubt in its stylistic affiliation, since it shares Visigoth features with others more properly Mozarabic, its dating being not clear either. The hermitage of San Baudelio de Berlanga presents an unprecedented typology, including in its rectangular plan
588-411: A considerable level of refinement, not only as regards construction, but also in terms of aesthetics. As regards its evolution, from its appearance, Asturian Pre-Romanesque followed a "stylistic sequence closely associated with the kingdom's political evolution, its stages clearly outlined". It was mainly a court architecture, and five stages are distinguished: a first period (737–791) from the reign of
686-436: A large open-air atrium was built, walling off a space within the church complex to create an enlarged sacred space without great expense of building. Indigenous labor was used in construction; since a communities sacred place was a symbol and embodiment of that community, laboring to create these structures was not necessarily an unwanted burden. Since Mexico experienced many sixteenth-century epidemics that drastically diminished
784-477: A larger complex, with living quarters and workshops for resident Indians. Unlike central Mexico, where churches were built in existing indigenous towns, on the frontier where indigenous did not live in such settlements, the mission complex was created. In Central America, churches were built once a city was founded where an indigenous town already existed, as in the case of the city of Comayagua in Honduras, which
882-654: A new Great Mosque (later transformed into the Cathedral of Seville ), which consisted of a hypostyle prayer hall, a courtyard (now known as the Patio de los Naranjos or Court of Oranges), and a massive minaret tower now known as the Giralda . The minaret was later expanded after being converted into a bell tower for the current cathedral. Other examples of Almohad architecture are found in various fortifications and smaller monuments in southern Spain today, as well as in traces of
980-423: A new language and bring about structural improvements using iron and glass as the main building materials, and the academic focus, firstly on revivals and eclecticism , and later on regionalism . The arrival of Modernisme in the academic arena produced figures such as Gaudí and much of the architecture of the 20th century. The International style was led by groups like GATEPAC . Spain is currently experiencing
1078-596: A revolution in contemporary architecture and Spanish architects like Rafael Moneo , Santiago Calatrava , Ricardo Bofill as well as many others have gained worldwide renown. Many architectural sites in Spain, and even portions of cities, have been designated World Heritage Sites by UNESCO . Spain has the third highest number of World Heritage Sites in the world; only Italy and China have more. These are listed at List of World Heritage Sites in Europe: Spain . In
SECTION 10
#17327824068241176-650: A rich variety of Pre-Romanesque architecture: some of its branches, like the Asturian art reached high levels of refinement for their era and cultural context. From the 6th century , it is worth mentioning the remains of the Cabeza de Griego basilica, in Cuenca and the small church of San Cugat del Vallés , in Barcelona . This one, although very deteriorated, clearly shows a single nave plan that ends in an apse . From
1274-531: A set of guidelines that ordained the conduct of Spaniards in the New World as well as that of the Indians that they found there. With regards to city planning, these ordinances had details on the preferred location of a new town and its location relative to the sea, mountains and rivers. It also detailed the shape and measurements of the central plaza taking into account the spacing for purposes of trade as well as
1372-579: A smaller scale, the Bab al-Mardum Mosque (later converted to a church) in Toledo is a well-preserved example of a small neighbourhood mosque built at the end of the Caliphate period. The Caliphate disappeared and was split into several small kingdoms called taifas . During this period, art and culture continued to flourish despite the political fragmentation of Al-Andalus. The Aljaferia Palace of Zaragoza
1470-578: A tribune over a small hypostyle hall, in the manner of mosques, and its roof is supported by a single central pillar shaped like a palm tree. Both this pillar and the interior walls are profusely decorated with frescoes depicting hunting scenes and exotic animals. A certain typological connection can be established as an initiatory temple, already in Romanesque times, with the church of Santa María de Eunate and other centralized Templar buildings , such as Torres del Río or Vera Cruz de Segovia. Between
1568-609: Is a commonly used term to define most of the architectural production of the late 15th and first half of 16th century, some architects acquired a more sober personal style, like Diego Siloe and Rodrigo Gil de Hontañón . Examples include the façades of the University of Salamanca and of the Convent of San Marcos in León . Spanish Colonial architecture Spanish colonial architecture represents Spanish colonial influence on
1666-652: Is a limestone conglomerate, containing small shells of mollusks. It was used in the construction of residential homes, the City Gate, the Cathedral Basilica , the Castillo de San Marcos , and Fort Matanzas . According to UNESCO, Quito , Ecuador, has the best-preserved, and least-altered historic centre (320 hectares) in Latin America, despite several earthquakes. The historic district of this city
1764-568: Is a very simple style, whose characteristics are thick walls, lack of sculpture and the presence of rhythmic ornamental arches , typified by the churches in the Valle de Bohí . Later Romanesque architecture arrived with the influence of Cluny through the Way of Saint James , that ends in the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela . The model of the Spanish Romanesque in the 12th century was
1862-486: Is also called "the good geometer"), played a crucial role in creating a city scape of New World cities as we know them. In places of dense indigenous settlement, such as in Central Mexico, the mendicant orders (Franciscans, Dominicans, and Augustinians) built churches on the sites of pre-Hispanic temples. In the early period of the "spiritual conquest", there were so many indigenous neophytes who attended Mass that
1960-420: Is also known for its well-preserved Spanish colonial style architecture. The city of Antigua is famous for its well-preserved Spanish Mudéjar -influenced Baroque architecture as well as a number of spectacular ruins of colonial churches dating from the 16th century. It has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Ciudad Colonial (Colonial City) of Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic , founded in 1498,
2058-767: Is located in a valley that was densely populated by natives, similar to the case of the Valley of Mexico . The first churches to be built by the Franciscans to evangelize the populations were the Church of San Francisco and the Iglesia de la Merced, and later the cathedral. In the rest of America a similar pattern was followed by the authorities. The arrival of the Spaniards in 1571 brought in European colonial architecture to
SECTION 20
#17327824068242156-664: Is mostly Baroque. Other examples are the Palacio Nacional , the restored 18th-century Palacio de Iturbide , the 16th-century Casa de los Azulejos – clad with 18th-century blue-and-white talavera tiles, and many more churches, cathedrals, museums, and palaces of the elite. Between the late 17th century and 1750, one of Mexico's most popular architectural styles was Mexican Churrigueresque . These buildings were built in an ultra-Baroque, fantastically extravagant and visually frenetic style. Antigua Guatemala in Guatemala
2254-536: Is not uncommon in modern-founded towns, especially those in remote areas of Latin America, to have retained the "checkerboard layout" even to present day. Mexico City is a good example of how these ordinances were followed in laying out a city. Previously the capital of the Aztec empire, Tenochtitlan was captured and placed under Spanish rule in 1521. After news of the conquest, the king sent instructions very similar to
2352-681: Is the best preserved area of Spanish colonial architecture in the Southern Hemisphere. The idea of laying out a city in a grid pattern is not unique to the Spanish. In fact, it never started out with the Spanish colonizers but they implemented it in hundreds of cities in the Americas and Asia. It has been traced back to some ancient civilizations especially the ancient cities of the Aztec and Maya , and also Ancient Greeks . The idea
2450-578: Is the most significant palace preserved from this period, featuring complex ornamental arcades , multifoil and mixtilinear arches , and stucco decoration. In other cities, a number of important palaces or fortresses were begun or expanded by local dynasties such as the Alcazaba of Málaga and the Alcazaba of Almería . Other examples of architecture from around this period include the Bañuelo of Granada, an Islamic bathhouse . The late 11th century saw
2548-477: Is the oldest European city in the New World and a prime example of this architectural style. The port of Cartagena, Colombia , founded in 1533 and Santa Ana de Coro , Venezuela , founded in 1527, are two more UNESCO World Heritage Sites preserving some of the best Spanish colonial architecture in the Caribbean." San Juan was founded by the Spaniards in 1521, where Spanish colonial architecture can be found like
2646-488: The Cathedral of Jaca , with its characteristic plan and apse, and its "chessboard" decoration in stripes, called taqueado jaqués . As the Christian Kingdoms advanced southwards, this model spread throughout the reconquered areas with some variations. Spanish Romanesque also shows the influence of Spanish pre-Romanesque styles, mainly Asturian and Mozarabic, but there is also a strong Moorish influence, especially
2744-614: The Cathedral of Ávila . The High Gothic arrived in all its strength through the Way of St. James in the 13th century, with some of the purest Gothic cathedrals, with French and German influences: the cathedrals of Burgos , León and Toledo . The most important post-13th century Gothic styles in Spain are the Levantine and Isabelline Gothic . Levantine Gothic is characterised by its structural achievements and their unification of space, with masterpieces as La Seu in Palma de Mallorca ;
2842-656: The Douro valley (Portugal) and in Galicia . Examples include Las Cogotas, in Ávila , the Castro of Santa Tecla, in Pontevedra in Spain. The houses inside the castros are about 3.5 to 5 meters long, mostly circular with some rectangular, stone-made and with thatch roofs which rested on a wood column in the centre of the building. Their streets are somewhat regular, suggesting some form of central organization. The towns built by
2940-524: The Indigenous peoples of the Americas as well as creating a legible and militarily manageable landscape, the early colonizers used and placed the new architecture within planned townscapes and mission compounds. The new churches and mission stations , for example, aimed for maximum effect in terms of their imposition and domination of the surrounding buildings or countryside. In order for that to be achievable, they had to be strategically located – at
3038-596: The Mannerism , due to its command of classical language and its breakthrough aesthetic achievements. It was constructed before the main works of Michelangelo and Palladio . Its influence was very limited and poorly understood, the Plateresque forms prevailed in the general panorama. As decades passed, the Gothic influence disappeared and the research of an orthodox classicism reached high levels. Although Plateresque
CocoWalk - Misplaced Pages Continue
3136-668: The Royal Chapel of Granada . Mudéjar art, also known as Mudéjar style, emerged in the Christian kingdoms of the north in the 12th century and spread with the Christian reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula. The reconquest brought Moorish and Jewish craftsmen under Christian rule who then influenced the architecture of the expanding Christian kingdoms. It is not a style of architecture, the term Mudéjar style refers to
3234-490: The Stone Age , the most common megalith found in the Iberian Peninsula was the dolmen . The plans of these funerary chambers used to be pseudocircles or trapezoids , formed by huge stones stuck on the ground, and others over them, forming the roof. As the typology evolved, an entrance corridor appeared, and gradually took prominence and became almost as wide as the chamber. Roofed corridors and false domes were common in
3332-1015: The Torre dels Escipions in Tarraco, the distyle in Zalamea de la Serena , and the Mausoleum of the Atilii in Sádaba , Zaragoza . Roman triumphal arches can be found in Cabanes, Castellón , Medinaceli , and the Arc de Berà near Roda de Berà . The term Pre-Romanesque refers to the Christian art after the Classical Age and before Romanesque art and architecture . It covers very heterogeneous artistic displays for they were developed in different centuries and by different cultures. Spanish territory boasts
3430-640: The Valencian Gothic style of the Lonja de Valencia (Valencia's silk market), and Santa Maria del Mar (Barcelona) . Isabelline Gothic , created during the times of the Catholic Monarchs , was part of the transition to Renaissance architecture , but also a strong resistance to Italian Renaissance style. Highlights of the style include the Monastery of San Juan de los Reyes in Toledo and
3528-443: The barrel vault , and the consistent use of transverse arches and buttresses , which made the style rather close to the structural achievements of the Romanesque two centuries later. Some writers have pointed to an unexplained Syrian influence of the rich ornamentation. In that period, most of the masterpieces of the style flourished: the palace pavilions of Naranco Mountain ( Santa Maria del Naranco and San Miguel de Lillo ), and
3626-456: The naveta . The talayots were troncoconical or troncopiramidal defensive towers. They used to have a central pillar. The navetas, were constructions made of great stones and their shape was similar to a ship hull. The most characteristic constructions of the Celts were the castros , walled villages usually on the top of hills or mountains. They were developed at the areas occupied by the Celts in
3724-671: The 13th, 14th and 15th centuries. In Teruel a wide group of imposing churches and towers were built. Other fine examples of Mudéjar can be found in Casa de Pilatos in Seville, Santa Clara Monastery in Tordesillas, or the churches of Toledo, one of the oldest and most outstanding Mudéjar centers. In Toledo, the synagogues of Santa María la Blanca and El Tránsito (both Mudéjar though not Christian) deserve special mention. In Spain, Renaissance styles began to be grafted onto Gothic forms in
3822-569: The Arévacos were related to Iberian culture, and some of them reached notable urban development like Numantia . Others were more primitive and usually excavated into the rock, like Termantia . The Roman conquest , started in 218 BC, promoted the almost complete romanization of the Iberian Peninsula. Roman culture was fully assimilated by the local population. Former military camps and Iberian, Phoenician and Greek settlements were transformed into large cities where urbanization highly developed in
3920-493: The Astur tribes, rallied in assembly, decided to appoint Pelayo as their leader. Pelayo joined the local tribes and the refuged Visigoths under his command, with the intention of progressively restoring Gothic Order. Asturian Pre-Romanesque is a singular feature in all Spain, which, while combining elements from other styles as Visigothic and local traditions, created and developed its own personality and characteristics, reaching
4018-648: The Muslim impression. The churches have usually basilica or centralized plans, sometimes with opposing apses . Principal chapels are of rectangular plan on the exterior and ultra-semicircular in the interior. The horseshoe arch of Visigothic evocation is used, somewhat more closed and sloped than the Visigothic as well as the chambranle . Geminated and tripled windows of Asturian tradition and grouped columns forming composite pillars, with Corinthian capital decorated with stylized elements. Decoration has resemblance to
CocoWalk - Misplaced Pages Continue
4116-487: The Philippines. Specifically suited for the hot tropics of the new Far East territory, European architecture was transposed via Acapulco, Mexico into a uniquely Filipino style. The nipa hut or bahay kubo of the Indigenous Filipinos gave way to the bahay na bato (stone house) and other Filipino houses collectively called Bahay Filipino (Filipino houses) and became the typical houses of Filipinos in
4214-416: The Visigothic based in volutes, swastikas , and vegetable and animal themes forming projected borders and sobriety of exterior decoration. Some innovations are introduced, as great lobed corbels that support very pronounced eaves . A great command of the technique in construction can be observed, employing ashlar, walls reinforced by exterior buttresses and covering by means of segmented vaults, including by
4312-452: The aforementioned Ordinance of 1513. In some parts the instructions are almost verbatim to his previous ones. The instructions were meant to direct the conqueror— Hernán Cortés —on how to lay out the city and how to allocate land to the Spaniards. It is pointed out, however, that though the king might have sent many such orders and instructions to other conquistadores, Cortés was perhaps the first one to implement them. He insisted on carrying out
4410-419: The application of Moorish and Jewish styles of decoration or materials to whatever Christian architecture existed at the time. This produced Mudéjar-Romanesque, Mudéjar-Gothic and Mudéjar-Renaissance. Mudéjar style was highly variable from region to region as different Islamic and Jewish influences were adopted into the Christian architecture of different regions. Mudéjar is characterised by the use of brick as
4508-421: The apse appear for the first time at this stage. The Holy Chamber of the Cathedral of Oviedo , San Pedro de Nora and Santa María de Bendones also belong to it. The third period comprises the reigns of Ramiro I (842–850) and Ordoño I (850–866). It is called 'Ramirense' and is considered the zenith of the style, due to the work of an unknown architect who brought new structural and ornamental achievements like
4606-533: The building of a new city where the Indian Empire had stood, and he incorporated features of the old plaza into the new grid. Much was accomplished since he was accompanied by men familiar with the grid system and the royal instructions. The point here is that Cortés accomplished the planning and was on his way to finish the building of Mexico City before the royal ordinances addressed specifically to him even arrived. Men like Cortés and Alonso García Bravo (who
4704-562: The capital of Al-Andalus from 750 to 1010, with its political and cultural apogee taking place during the new Caliphate period in the 10th century. In Cordoba, Abd ar-Rahman I built the Great Mosque in 785. It was expanded multiple times up until the 10th century, and after the Reconquista it was converted into a Catholic cathedral. Its key features include a hypostyle hall with marble columns supporting two-tiered arches ,
4802-806: The capital, Rome. Roman civil engineering is represented in imposing constructions such as the Aqueduct of Segovia and the Acueducto de los Milagros in Mérida , in bridges like the Alcántara Bridge , Puente Romano over Guadiana River, and the Roman bridge of Córdoba over the Guadalquivir . Civil works were widely developed in Hispania under Emperor Trajan (98-117 AD). Lighthouses like
4900-421: The center of a town square (plaza) or at a higher point in the landscape. These elements are common and can also be found in almost every city and town in Spain. The Spanish colonial style of architecture dominated in the early Spanish colonies of North and South America, and were also somewhat visible in its other colonies. It is sometimes marked by the contrast between the simple, solid construction demanded by
4998-453: The church of Santa Cristina de Lena were built in that period. The fourth period belongs to the reign of Alfonso III (866–910), where a strong Mozarabic influence arrived to Asturian architecture, and the use of the horseshoe arch expanded. A fifth and last period, which coincides with the transfer of the court to León , the disappearance of the kingdom of Asturias, and simultaneously, of Asturian Pre-Romanesque. Mozarabic architecture
SECTION 50
#17327824068245096-528: The cities and towns of its former colonies, and is still seen in the architecture as well as in the city planning aspects of conserved present-day cities. These two visible aspects of the city are connected and complementary. The 16th-century Laws of the Indies included provisions for the layout of new colonial settlements in the Americas and elsewhere. To achieve the desired effect of inspiring awe among
5194-424: The courtyard as a central space and basic unit around which other halls and rooms were organized. Courtyards typically had water features at their center, such as a reflective pool or a fountain. Decoration was focused on the inside of buildings and was executed primarily with tile mosaics on lower walls and carved stucco on the upper walls. The multiplicity of decoration, the skillful use of light and shadow and
5292-488: The end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 11th century, a number of churches were built in the Northern Christian kingdoms. They are widely but incorrectly known as Mozarabic architecture . This architecture is a summary of elements of diverse extraction irregularly distributed, of a form that in occasions predominate those of paleo-Christian, Visigothic or Asturian origin, while at other times emphasizes
5390-537: The era of the Cocaine Cowboys. This disgruntled many locals a few years later, having to deal with an increasingly suburban lifestyle with a tourist presence, along with worsening traffic conditions. Being a popular local shopping destination and tourist attraction, dining and entertainment destination throughout the 90s, the center, however, began to decline in the early 2000s as Miami Beach increased in regional popularity for dining and entertainment and many of
5488-556: The extremely decorated façades that brought to the mind the decorative motifs of the intricately detailed work of silversmiths , the "plateros". Classical orders and candelabra motifs ( a candelieri ) were combined freely into symmetrical wholes. In that scenery, the Palace of Charles V by Pedro Machuca in Granada was an unexpected achievement in the most advanced Renaissance of the moment. The palace can be defined as an anticipation of
5586-399: The following century are those of San Pedro de la Nave, San Juan de Baños, Santa María de Quintanilla de las Viñas, whose layout will later be repeated in other later temples belonging to the " repopulation style " (misnamed " Mozarab »). For the rest, at this time the early Christian tradition is basically followed in religious architecture. The most representative buildings can be related to
5684-421: The following in 1501: As it is necessary in the island of Española to make settlements and from here it is not possible to give precise instructions, investigate the possible sites, and in conformity with the quality of the land and sites as well as with the present population outside present settlements establish settlements in the numbers and in the places that seem proper to you. In 1513 the monarchs wrote out
5782-442: The following: Church of San Pedro de la Nave in San Pedro de la Nave-Almendra ( Zamora ) Church of Santa Comba de Bande ( Orense ) Church of San Juan Bautista de Baños de Cerrato ( Palencia ) Crypt of San Antolín in the cathedral of Palencia ( Palencia ) Church of San Pedro de la Mata de Sonseca ( Toledo ) Chapel of Santa María de Quintanilla de las Viñas ( Burgos ) The kingdom of Asturias arose in 718, when
5880-422: The former Almohad palace in the Alcazar of Seville . Almohad architecture promoted new forms and decorative designs such as the multifoil arch and the sebka motif, probably influenced by the Caliphate-period architecture of Cordoba. As the Almohad authority retreated from al-Andalus in the early 13th century, the Christian kingdoms of the north advanced again and Muslim al-Andalus was eventually reduced to
5978-432: The historic Hotel El Convento . Also, Old San Juan with its walled city and buildings (ranging from 1521 to the early 20th century) are very good examples, and in excellent condition. St. Augustine , the first continuously European-occupied city in North America, was established in 1565. Beginning in 1598, quarried coquina from Anastasia Island contributed to a new colonial style of architecture in this city. Coquina
SECTION 60
#17327824068246076-422: The historical period. It developed along similar lines as other architectural styles around the Mediterranean and from Central and Northern Europe, although some Spanish constructions are unique. A real development came with the arrival of the Romans , who left behind some of their most outstanding monuments in Hispania . The arrival of the Visigoths brought about a profound decline in building techniques which
6174-433: The incorporation of water into the architecture are some of the keys features of the style. Geometric patterns , vegetal motifs , and calligraphy were the main types of decorative motifs, typically carved in wood and stucco or crafted with mosaic tilework known as zellij . Additionally, "stalactite"-like sculpting, known as muqarnas , was used for three-dimensional features like vaulted ceilings, particularly during
6272-421: The intent to get rid of the Spanish-style architecture. The new design would better cater to the local, suburban population as opposed to the previous focus on tourists, with owner FRIT citing localization within Miami's communities. The Cinepolis movie theater underwent renovations. There was a focus on leasing existing vacant space as office space and moving the retail wing to one side of the mall. Its vacancy rate
6370-437: The king Fáfila to Vermudo I , a second stage comprises the reign of Alfonso II (791–842), entering a stage of stylistic definition. These two first stages receive the name of 'Pre-Ramirense'. The most important example is the church San Julián de los Prados in Oviedo , with an interesting volume system and a complex iconographic fresco program, related narrowly to the Roman mural paintings. Lattices and trifoliate windows in
6468-416: The knowledge of city planning, the New World settlements of the Spanish actually grew amorphously for some three to four decades before they turned to grids and city plans as ways of organizing space. In contrast to the orders given much later on how the city should be laid out, Ferdinand II did not give specific instructions for how to build the new settlements in the Caribbeans. To Nicolas De Ovando, he said
6566-399: The last decades of the 15th century. The forms that started to spread were made mainly by local architects: that is the cause of the creation of a specifically Spanish Renaissance that brought the influence of southern Italian architecture, sometimes from illuminated books and paintings, mixed with the gothic tradition and local idiosyncrasies. The new style was called Plateresque because of
6664-406: The last major additions were made during the reigns of Yusuf I (1333–1353) and Muhammad V (1353–1391). Nasrid architecture continued the earlier traditions of Andalusi architecture while also synthesizing them into its own distinctive style, which had many similarities with the architecture of contemporary dynasties in North Africa such as the Marinids . It is characterized by the use of
6762-450: The living rooms one can enjoy air from the south and from the north, which are the best. All town homes are to be so planned that they can serve as a defense or fortress against those who might attempt to create disturbances or occupy the town. Each house is to be so constructed that horses and household animals can be kept therein, the courtyards and stockyards being as large as possible to insure health and cleanliness. The traza or layout
6860-419: The main building material. The dominant geometrical character, distinctly Islamic, emerged conspicuously in the accessory crafts using cheap materials elaborately worked – tilework , brickwork , wood carving , plaster carving, and ornamental metals. Even after the Muslims and Jews were no longer employed, many of their methods and decorative styles continued to be applied to Spanish architecture. Mudéjar style
6958-400: The main square were streets in at right angles, a grid that could extend as the settlement grew, impeded only by geography. About three decades into colonization of the New World, the conquistadores started to build and plan cities according to laws prescribed by the monarchs in the Laws of the Indies. In addition to describing other aspects of the interactions between the Spanish conquerors and
7056-700: The most advanced stage. The complex of Antequera contains the largest dolmens in Europe. The best preserved, the Cueva de Menga , is twenty-five metres deep and four metres high, and was built with thirty-two megaliths . The best preserved examples of architecture from the Bronze Age are located in the Balearic Islands , where three kinds of construction appeared: the T-shaped taula , the talayot and
7154-570: The most famous cities in Mexico built in the Colonial style are Puebla , Zacatecas , Querétaro , Guanajuato , and Morelia . The historic center of Mexico City is a mixture of architectural styles from the 16th century to the present. The Metropolitan Cathedral was built from 1563 to 1813 using a variety of styles including the Renaissance , Baroque, and Neoclassical . The rich interior
7252-580: The much smaller Nasrid Emirate centered in Granada, where much of the Muslim population took refuge. The palaces of the Alhambra and the Generalife in Granada, built under the Nasrid dynasty , are the most iconic monuments of this period and reflect the last great period of art and architecture in al-Andalus before its final end. The Alhambra complex was begun by Ibn al-Ahmar, the first Nasrid emir, and
7350-409: The natives they encountered, these laws ordained the specific ways new settlements should be laid out. In addition to specifying the layout, the laws also required a pattern in settlement based on social standing, in which the people of higher social status lived closer to the center of the town, the center of political, ecclesiastical, and economic power. The 1790 census for Mexico City indicates that in
7448-557: The new environment and the Baroque ornamentation exported from Spain. Mexico , as the center of New Spain —and the richest province of Spain's colonial empire—has some of the most renowned buildings built in this style. With twenty-nine sites, Mexico has more sites on the UNESCO World Heritage list than any other country in the Americas , many of them boasting some of the richest Spanish colonial architecture. Some of
7546-609: The one still in use Hercules Tower in A Coruña , were also built. Ludic architecture is represented by such buildings as the theatres of Mérida , Sagunto , Cádiz , Cartagena , and Tarraco , amphitheaters in Mérida , Italica , Tarraco or Segóbriga , and circuses in Mérida , Toledo , and many others. Religious architecture also spread throughout the Peninsula; examples include the Roman temples of Barcelona , Córdoba , Vic , and Alcántara , The main funerary monuments are
7644-645: The past. The Bahay Filipino houses followed the nipa hut's arrangements, such as open ventilation and elevated apartments. The most obvious difference between Filipino houses would be the materials that were used to build them. The bahay na bato has Spanish and Chinese influences. Its most common appearance is like that of a stilt nipa hut standing on Spanish-style stone blocks or bricks as foundation instead of just wood or bamboo stilts. It would usually have solid stone foundations or brick lower walls, and overhanging, wooden upper story/stories with balustrades, ventanillas and capiz-shell sliding sashes on windows , and
7742-606: The provinces; Augusta Emerita in the Lusitania , Corduba , Italica , Hispalis , Gades in the Hispania Baetica , Tarraco , Caesar Augusta , Asturica Augusta , Legio Septima Gemina and Lucus Augusti in the Hispania Tarraconensis were some of the most important cities, linked by a complex network of roads. The construction development includes some monuments of comparable quality to those of
7840-602: The reign of Muhammad V and after. Epigraphic inscriptions were carved on the walls of many rooms and included allusive poems to the beauty of the spaces. Romanesque architecture appeared early in Spain, in the 10th and 11th centuries, in Lérida, Barcelona , Tarragona , Huesca , and in the Pyrenees, simultaneously with its appearance in northern Italy, what is called the First Romanesque or Lombard Romanesque. It
7938-454: The remaining Muslim territories of al-Andalus in Europe. This period is considered one of the most formative stages of western Islamic (or "Moorish") architecture, establishing many of the forms and motifs that were refined in subsequent centuries. Relatively little survives of Almoravid architecture but much more has survived of Almohad architecture. In Seville, the Almohad rulers built
8036-503: The retail chains, combined with its relatively small format, lessened the appeal for shoppers. In 2004, Thor Equities purchased the mall for $ 120 million in an attempt to tap into Hispanic and Black customers. By this time, it hosted chain stores like Banana Republic , B. Dalton , and Gap , along eight bars and restaurants. In 2006, PMAT Real Estate Investments purchased the Cocowalk mall for $ 87 million. In 2007, it experienced what
8134-552: The significant advance of Christian kingdoms into Muslim al-Andalus, particularly with the fall of Toledo to Alfonso VI of Castile in 1085, and the rise of major Berber empires originating in present-day Morocco. The latter included first the Almoravids (11th–12th centuries) and then the Almohads (12th–13th centuries), both of whom created empires that stretched across large parts of western and northern Africa and took over
8232-710: The size of the central Mexican indigenous population, there were often elaborate churches with few Indians still living to attend them, such as the Augustinian church at Acolman, Mexico. The different mendicant orders had distinct styles of building. Franciscans built large churches to accommodate the new neophytes, Dominican churches were highly ornamented, while the Augustinian churches were characterized by their critics as opulent and sumptuous. Mission churches were often of simple design. As mendicants were pushed out of central Mexico and as Jesuits also evangelized Indians in northern Mexico, they built mission churches as part of
8330-443: The spacing for purposes of festivities or even military operations—occasions that involved horse-riding. In addition to specifying the location of the church, the orientation of roads that run into the main plaza as well as the width of the street with respect to climatic conditions, the guidelines also specified the order in which the city must be built. The building lots and the structures erected thereon are to be so situated that in
8428-575: The traditional barrel vaults. The Muslim conquest of the former Visigothic Kingdom by the troops of Musa ibn Nusair and Tariq ibn Ziyad , and the overthrowing of the Umayyad dynasty in Damascus , eventually led to the creation of an independent emirate by Abd ar-Rahman I , the only surviving Umayyad prince who escaped from Abbasids , and established his capital city in Córdoba . It served as
8526-534: The traza that there was indeed a higher concentration of Spaniards ( españoles ), but that there was no absolute racial or class segregation in the city, particularly since elite households usually had non-white servants. The grid was not limited to Spanish settlements; however, "Reducciones" Indian Reductions and "Congregaciones" were created in a similar grid-like manner for Indians in order to organize these populations in more manageable units for purposes of taxation, military efficiency and in order to teach Indians
8624-406: The vaults of Córdoba's Mosque , and the multifoil arches . In the 13th century, some churches alternated in style between Romanesque and Gothic. Aragón , Navarra and Castile-Leon are some of the best areas for Spanish Romanesque architecture. The Gothic style arrived in Spain in the 12th century. In this time, late Romanesque alternated with a few expressions of pure Gothic architecture like
8722-515: The way of the Spanish. Modern cities in Latin America have grown, and consequently erased or jumbled the previous standard spatial and social organization of the cityscape. Elites do not always live closer to the city center, and the point-space occupied by individuals is not necessarily determined by their social status. The central plaza, the wide streets and a grid pattern are still common elements in Mexico City and Puebla de Los Angeles. It
8820-599: The whole territory. There were also some samples of Mudéjar style, from the 12th to 16th centuries, characterised by the blending of Romanesque, Gothic and Renaissance architectural styles with constructive, ornamental, and decorative motifs derived from those that had been brought to or developed in Al-Andalus. Towards the end of the 15th century, and before influencing Latin America with its Colonial architecture , Spain itself experimented with Renaissance architecture , developed mostly by local architects. Spanish Baroque
8918-510: Was 20% as of May 2017. Spanish architecture Spanish architecture refers to architecture in any area of what is now Spain , and by Spanish architects worldwide. The term includes buildings which were constructed within the current borders of Spain prior to its existence as a nation, when the land was called Iberia , Hispania , or was divided between several Christian and Muslim kingdoms. Spanish architecture demonstrates great historical and geographical diversity, depending on
9016-1009: Was born in the northern town of Sahagún . It spread to the rest of the Kingdom of León ; Toledo , Ávila, Segovia , and later was spread to southern Spain by Castile. However, the famous Mudéjar Rooms of the Alcázar of Seville , although often described as Mudéjar style, are actually closely related to the Moorish Nasrid palace architecture of the Alhambra, as the Christian king Pedro of Castile commissioned Moorish architects from Granada to build them. Centers of Mudéjar art are found in other cities Toro , Cuéllar , Arévalo and Madrigal de las Altas Torres . A separate tradition of Mudéjar style became highly developed in Aragon, with three main focuses at Zaragoza , Calatayud , and Teruel , during
9114-627: Was carried out by the Mozarabs , Christians who lived in Muslim al-Andalus from the Arab invasion ( 711 ) until the end of the 11th century , and who maintained their distinct personality also against the Christians of the northern kingdoms, to them that were emigrating in successive waves or being incorporated during the Reconquista . An example of this architecture is the church of Bobastro ,
9212-605: Was described as a renaissance, with a revival in activity within the mall and new tenants, including high-end stores, signing leases for space within the mall. Renovation to the movie theater was made by new tenants Muvico Theaters . Having bought it for $ 87 million, PMAT invested $ 7 million in improvements. It was sold for $ 87.5 million to the Maryland-based Federal Realty Investment Trust in 2015, its fifth owner since its opening. In 2017, plans to redesign CocoWalk were announced, with
9310-421: Was distinguished by its exuberant Churrigueresque decoration and the most sober Herrerian style, both developing separately from later international influences. The Colonial style, which has lasted for centuries, still has a strong influence in Latin America. Neoclassicism reached its peak in the work of Juan de Villanueva and his disciples. The 19th century had two faces: the engineering efforts to achieve
9408-650: Was paralleled in the rest of the former Roman Empire . The Muslim conquest in 711 CE led to a radical change and for the following eight centuries there were great advances in culture, including architecture. For example, Córdoba was established as the cultural capital of its time under the Umayyad dynasty . Simultaneously, Christian kingdoms such as Castile and Aragon gradually emerged and developed their own styles, at first mostly isolated from other European architectural influences, and soon later integrated into Romanesque and Gothic and Renaissance streams, they reached an extraordinary peak with numerous samples along
9506-563: Was spread by the Roman conquest of European empires and its ideas were adopted by other civilizations. It was popularized at different paces and in different levels throughout the Renaissance—the French took to building grid-like villages (ville-neuves) and the English under King Edward I did as well. Some argue, however, that Spain was not part of this movement to order towns as grids. Despite its clear military advantage, and despite
9604-435: Was the pattern on which Spanish American cities were built beginning in the colonial era. At the heart of Spanish colonial cities was a central plaza, with the main church, town council ( cabildo ) building, residences of the main civil and religious officials, and the residences of the most important residents ( vecinos ) of the town built there. The principal businesses were also located around this central plan. Radiated from
#823176