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65-464: Cod ( pl. : cod) is the common name for the demersal fish genus Gadus , belonging to the family Gadidae . Cod is also used as part of the common name for a number of other fish species, and one species that belongs to genus Gadus is commonly not called cod ( Alaska pollock , Gadus chalcogrammus ). The two most common species of cod are the Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ), which lives in

130-774: A flora of his homeland Sweden, Flora Svecica (1745), and in this, he recorded the Swedish common names, region by region, as well as the scientific names. The Swedish common names were all binomials (e.g. plant no. 84 Råg-losta and plant no. 85 Ren-losta); the vernacular binomial system thus preceded his scientific binomial system. Linnaean authority William T. Stearn said: By the introduction of his binomial system of nomenclature, Linnaeus gave plants and animals an essentially Latin nomenclature like vernacular nomenclature in style but linked to published, and hence relatively stable and verifiable, scientific concepts and thus suitable for international use. The geographic range over which

195-406: A synonym of Helicolenus percoides . The specific name barathri means “of the abyss” ( barathrum ), Hector did not explain the allusion which may refer to the type being dredged up from 732 m (2,402 ft). Helicenus barathri has a moderately large, relatively smooth head which is roughly two-fifths of its standard length . It has large eyes that remain but these do not bulge over

260-422: A cod, or a cod-like fish such as a haddock or whiting . There the larva clings to the gills while it metamorphoses into a plump sinusoidal wormlike body with a coiled mass of egg strings at the rear. The front part of the worm's body penetrates the body of the cod until it enters the rear bulb of the host's heart . There, firmly rooted in the cod's circulatory system, the front part of the parasite develops like

325-485: A particularly common name is used varies; some common names have a very local application, while others are virtually universal within a particular language. Some such names even apply across ranges of languages; the word for cat , for instance, is easily recognizable in most Germanic and many Romance languages . Many vernacular names, however, are restricted to a single country and colloquial names to local districts. Some languages also have more than one common name for

390-494: A timespan of no more than 20 years, is oft-cited by researchers as one of the most visible examples of the phenomenon of the "Tragedy of the Commons." Factors which had been implicated as contributing to the collapse include: overfishing; government mismanagement; the disregard of scientific uncertainty; warming habitat waters; declining reproduction; and plain human ignorance. The Northern Cod biomass has been recovering slowly since

455-481: A two-year moratorium on the Northern Cod fishery, a designated fishing region off the coast of Newfoundland , after data showed that the total cod biomass had suffered a collapse to less than 1% of its normal value. The minister championed the measure as a temporary solution, allowing the cod population time to recover. The fisheries had long shaped the lives and communities on Canada's Atlantic eastern coast for

520-582: Is 5–12 kilograms (11–26 pounds), but specimens weighing up to 100 kg (220 lb) have been recorded. Pacific cod are smaller than Atlantic cod and are darker in colour. Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ) live in the colder waters and deeper sea regions throughout the North Atlantic. Pacific cod ( Gadus macrocephalus ) is found in both eastern and western regions of the Pacific . Atlantic cod could be further divided into several stocks , including

585-553: Is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the subfamily Sebastinae , part of the family Scorpaenidae . It is found in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. Helicolenus barathri was first formally described in 1875 as Scorpaena barathri by the Scottish geologist , naturalist and surgeon James Hector with the type locality given as off Cape Farewell in New Zealand. This species has been considered to be

650-426: Is also used as a name for a young cod.) Some fish commonly known as cod are unrelated to Gadus . Part of this name confusion is market-driven. Severely shrunken Atlantic cod stocks have led to the marketing of cod replacements using culinary names of the form " x cod", according to culinary rather than phyletic similarity. The common names for the following species have become well established; note that all inhabit

715-501: Is an ovoviviparous fish which the small larvae being born live into floating gelatinous masses during their long spawning season. These fish feed opportunistically on or close to the substrate. They prey on large benthic invertebrates such as cephalopods and crustaceans, as well as small fishes. The reach sexual maturity at 5 years old and spawn in winter, possibly in July. The spines in the dorsal fin are venomous . Helicolenus barathri

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780-595: Is called scrod . In the United Kingdom , Atlantic cod is one of the most common ingredients in fish and chips , along with haddock and plaice . Cod's soft liver can be tinned (canned) and eaten. Cod has been an important economic commodity in international markets since the Viking period (around 800 AD). Norwegians travelled with dried cod and soon a dried cod market developed in southern Europe . This market has lasted for more than 1,000 years, enduring

845-591: Is found in the southwestern Pacific Ocean which occurs off eastern Australia from Brisbane south to Tasmania and eastern South Australia . It also occurs in the Tasman Sea over sea mounts , off Norfolk Island and Lord Howe Island , as well as off New Zealand and the Chatham Islands . This is a benthic species inhabiting flat, hard substrates in the upper waters of the continental slope waters on seamounts, ridges and rises. Helicolenus barathri

910-461: Is in these remarks from a book on marine fish: In scientific binomial nomenclature, names commonly are derived from classical or modern Latin or Greek or Latinised forms of vernacular words or coinages; such names generally are difficult for laymen to learn, remember, and pronounce and so, in such books as field guides, biologists commonly publish lists of coined common names. Many examples of such common names simply are attempts to translate

975-469: Is pale pink or white. The base of the pectoral fins and the abdomen may be silvery. Helicolenus barathri is distinguished from H. percoides by having larger eyes which have a diameter equal to 34-41% of the length of the head and that there are normally 13-14 soft rays in the dorsal fin, whereas the eye diameter of H percoides is equal to 27-33% of the length of the head and it normally has 11-12 soft fin rays in its dorsal fin. Helicolenus barathri

1040-551: Is popular in several parts of the world. It has a mild flavour and a dense, flaky, white flesh . Cod livers are processed to make cod liver oil , a common source of vitamin A , vitamin D , vitamin E , and omega-3 fatty acids ( EPA and DHA ). Young Atlantic cod or haddock prepared in strips for cooking is called scrod . In the United Kingdom, Atlantic cod is one of the most common ingredients in fish and chips , along with haddock and plaice . At various times in

1105-659: Is the Cape dikkop (or "gewone dikkop", not to mention the presumably much older Zulu name "umBangaqhwa"); Burhinus vermiculatus is the "water dikkop". The thick joints in question are not even, in fact, the birds' knees, but the intertarsal joints —in lay terms the ankles. Furthermore, not all species in the genus have "thick knees", so the thickness of the "knees" of some species is not of clearly descriptive significance. The family Burhinidae has members that have various common names even in English, including " stone curlews ", so

1170-848: The Arcto-Norwegian , North Sea , Baltic Sea , Faroe , Iceland , East Greenland , West Greenland , Newfoundland , and Labrador stocks. There seems to be little interchange between the stocks, although migrations to their individual breeding grounds may involve distances of 300 kilometres (190 statute miles; 160 nautical miles) or more. For instance, eastern Baltic cod shows specific reproductive adaptations to low salinity compared to Western Baltic and Atlantic cod. Atlantic cod occupy varied habitats, favouring rough ground, especially inshore, and are demersal in depths between 6 and 60 metres (20 and 200 feet; 3 and 30 fathoms), 80 m (260 ft; 44 fathoms) on average, although not uncommonly to depths of 600 m (2,000 ft; 330 fathoms). Off

1235-595: The Black Death , wars and other crises, and is still an important Norwegian fish trade. The Portuguese began fishing cod in the 15th century. Clipfish is widely enjoyed in Portugal. The Basques played an important role in the cod trade, and allegedly found the Canadian fishing banks before Columbus ' discovery of America. The North American east coast developed in part due to the vast cod stocks. Many cities in

1300-580: The Gulf of Alaska and Aleutian Islands was 260,000 tons. Farming of Atlantic cod has received a significant amount of interest due to the overall trend of increasing cod prices alongside reduced wild catches. However, progress in creating large scale farming of cod has been slow, mainly due to bottlenecks in the larval production stage, where survival and growth are often unpredictable. It has been suggested that this bottleneck may be overcome by ensuring cod larvae are fed diets with similar nutritional content as

1365-519: The ICZN has formal rules for biological nomenclature and convenes periodic international meetings to further that purpose. The form of scientific names for organisms, called binomial nomenclature , is superficially similar to the noun-adjective form of vernacular names or common names which were used by non-modern cultures. A collective name such as owl was made more precise by the addition of an adjective such as screech . Linnaeus himself published

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1430-598: The Southern Hemisphere . Fish of the order Perciformes that are commonly called "cod" include: Almost all coral cod , reef cod or rock cod are also in order Perciformes . Most are better known as groupers , and belong to the family Serranidae . Others belong to the Nototheniidae . Two exceptions are the Australasian red rock cod , which belongs to a different order (see below), and

1495-435: The cod worm , Lernaeocera branchialis , starts life as a copepod -like larva, a small free-swimming crustacean. The first host used by the larva is a flatfish or lumpsucker , which it captures with grasping hooks at the front of its body. It penetrates the fish with a thin filament , which it uses to suck the fish's blood. The nourished larvae then mate on the fish. The female larva, with her now fertilized eggs, then finds

1560-678: The 20th century, Iceland re-emerged as a fishing power and entered the Cod Wars . In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, fishing off the European and American coasts severely depleted stocks and become a major political issue. The necessity of restricting catches to allow stocks to recover upset the fishing industry and politicians who are reluctant to hurt employment. On July 2, 1992, the Honourable John Crosbie , Canadian Federal Minister of Fisheries and Oceans , declared

1625-581: The Baltic Sea the most important prey species are herring and sprat . Many studies that analyze the stomach contents of these fish indicate that cod is the top predator, preying on the herring and sprat. Sprat form particularly high concentrations in the Bornholm Basin in the southern Baltic Sea. Although cod feed primarily on adult sprat, sprat tend to prey on the cod eggs and larvae. Cod and related species are plagued by parasites. For example,

1690-677: The British Caribbean by imposing the Molasses Act , which they believed would eliminate the trade by making it unprofitable. The cod trade grew instead, because the "French were eager to work with the New Englanders in a lucrative contraband arrangement". In addition to increasing trade, the New England settlers organized into a "codfish aristocracy". The colonists rose up against Britain's "tariff on an import". In

1755-573: The Hebrew Language publish from time to time short dictionaries of common name in Hebrew for species that occur in Israel or surrounding countries e.g. for Reptilia in 1938, Osteichthyes in 2012, and Odonata in 2015. Coral cod Helicolenus barathri , the bigeye sea perch , bigeye ocean perch , coral cod , coral perch , red gurnard perch , red perch or red rock perch ,

1820-473: The New England area are located near cod fishing grounds. The fish was so important to the history and development of Massachusetts , the state's House of Representatives hung a wood carving of a codfish, known as the Sacred Cod of Massachusetts , in its chambers. Apart from the long history, cod differ from most fish because the fishing grounds are far from population centres. The large cod fisheries along

1885-650: The Norwegian and New England coasts and on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland , cod congregate at certain seasons in water of 30–70 m (100–200 ft; 20–40 fathoms) depth. Cod are gregarious and form schools, although shoaling tends to be a feature of the spawning season. Spawning of northeastern Atlantic cod occurs between January and April (March and April are the peak months), at a depth of 200 metres (660 ft) in specific spawning grounds at water temperatures between 4 and 6 °C (39 and 43 °F). Around

1950-710: The SSAR switched to an online version with a searchable database. Standardized names for the amphibians and reptiles of Mexico in Spanish and English were first published in 1994, with a revised and updated list published in 2008. A set of guidelines for the creation of English names for birds was published in The Auk in 1978. It gave rise to Birds of the World: Recommended English Names and its Spanish and French companions. The Academy of

2015-534: The Secretariat for the AFNC. SSA is an accredited Standards Australia (Australia's peak non-government standards development organisation) Standards Development The Entomological Society of America maintains a database of official common names of insects, and proposals for new entries must be submitted and reviewed by a formal committee before being added to the listing. Efforts to standardize English names for

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2080-826: The UK, the major spawning grounds are in the middle to southern North Sea, the start of the Bristol Channel (north of Newquay ), the Irish Channel (both east and west of the Isle of Man ), around Stornoway , and east of Helmsdale . Prespawning courtship involves fin displays and male grunting, which leads to pairing. The male inverts himself beneath the female, and the pair swim in circles while spawning. The eggs are planktonic and hatch between eight and 23 days, with larva reaching 4 millimetres ( 5 ⁄ 32 inch) in length. This planktonic phase lasts some ten weeks, enabling

2145-505: The amphibians and reptiles of North America (north of Mexico) began in the mid-1950s. The dynamic nature of taxonomy necessitates periodical updates and changes in the nomenclature of both scientific and common names. The Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles (SSAR) published an updated list in 1978, largely following the previous established examples, and subsequently published eight revised editions ending in 2017. More recently

2210-515: The author introduced into it so many new English names, that are to be found in no dictionary, and that do not preclude the necessity of learning with what Latin names they are synonymous. A tolerable idea may be given of the danger of too great a multiplicity of vulgar names, by imagining what geography would be, or, for instance, the Post-office administration, supposing every town had a totally different name in every language. Various bodies and

2275-493: The authors of many technical and semi-technical books do not simply adapt existing common names for various organisms; they try to coin (and put into common use) comprehensive, useful, authoritative, and standardised lists of new names. The purpose typically is: Other attempts to reconcile differences between widely separated regions, traditions, and languages, by arbitrarily imposing nomenclature, often reflect narrow perspectives and have unfortunate outcomes. For example, members of

2340-485: The branches of a tree, reaching into the main artery . In this way, the worm extracts nutrients from the cod's blood, remaining safely tucked beneath the cod's gill cover until it releases a new generation of offspring into the water. The 2006 northwest Atlantic cod quota is 23,000 tons, representing half the available stocks, while the northeast Atlantic quota is 473,000 tons. Pacific cod is currently enjoying strong global demand. The 2006 total allowable catch (TAC) for

2405-408: The choice of the name "thick-knees" is not easy to defend but is a clear illustration of the hazards of the facile coinage of terminology. For collective nouns for various subjects, see a list of collective nouns (e.g. a flock of sheep, pack of wolves). Some organizations have created official lists of common names, or guidelines for creating common names, hoping to standardize

2470-605: The coast of North Norway (and in particular close to the Lofoten islands) have been developed almost uniquely for export , depending on sea transport of stockfish over large distances. Since the introduction of salt, dried and salted cod (clipfish or 'klippfisk' in Norwegian) has also been exported. By the end of the 14th century, the Hanseatic League dominated trade operations and sea transport, with Bergen as

2535-573: The coasts of Newfoundland and the Canadian northwest to this day. The fishery minister, John Crosbie, after delivering a speech on the day before the declaration of the moratorium, or July 1, 1992, was publicly heckled and verbally harassed by disgruntled locals at a fishing village. The moratorium, initially lasting for only two years, was indefinitely extended after it became evident that cod populations had not recovered at all but, instead, had continued to spiral downward in both size and numbers, due to

2600-543: The colder waters and deeper sea regions throughout the North Atlantic , and the Pacific cod ( Gadus macrocephalus ), which is found in both eastern and western regions of the northern Pacific . Gadus morhua was named by Linnaeus in 1758 . (However, G. morhua callarias , a low-salinity, nonmigratory race restricted to parts of the Baltic, was originally described as Gadus callarias by Linnaeus.) Cod as food

2665-530: The copepods they feed on in the wild Recent examples have shown that increasing dietary levels of minerals such as selenium, iodine and zinc may improve survival and/or biomarkers for health in aquaculture reared cod larvae. Cod is popular as a food with a mild flavour and a dense, flaky white flesh . Cod livers are processed to make cod liver oil , an important source of vitamin A , vitamin D , vitamin E and omega-3 fatty acids ( EPA and DHA ). Young Atlantic cod or haddock prepared in strips for cooking

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2730-441: The current systematic naming convention, such as acetone , systematically 2-propanone , while a vernacular name describes one used in a lab, trade or industry that does not unambiguously describe a single chemical, such as copper sulfate , which may refer to either copper(I) sulfate or copper(II) sulfate. Sometimes common names are created by authorities on one particular subject, in an attempt to make it possible for members of

2795-516: The damage caused by decades of horrible fishing practices, and the fact that the moratorium had permitted exceptions for food fisheries for "personal consumption" purposes to this very day. Some 12,000 tons of Northwest cod are still being caught every year along the Newfoundland coast by local fishermen. The collapse of the four-million ton biomass, which had persevered through several previous marine extinctions over tens of millions of years, in

2860-521: The dismay of government officials and rural workers, some 19,000 fishermen and cod processing plant workers in Newfoundland lost their employment. The powerful economic engine of rural Newfoundland coughed, wheezed, and died. Nearly 40,000 workers and harvesters in the provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador applied for the federal relief program TAGS (the Atlantic Groundfish Strategy). Abandoned and rusting fishing boats still litter

2925-470: The end of the second. Growth tends to be less at higher latitudes. Cod reach maturity at about 50 cm (20 in) at about 3 to 4 years of age. Changes in growth rate over decades of particular stocks have been reported, current eastern Baltic cod shows the lowest growth observed since 1955. Adult cod are active hunters, feeding on sand eels , whiting , haddock , small cod, squid , crabs , lobsters , mussels , worms , mackerel , and molluscs . In

2990-565: The family Gadidae ; others are members of three related families within the order Gadiformes whose names include the word "cod": the morid cods , Moridae (100 or so species); the eel cods, Muraenolepididae (four species); and the Eucla cod , Euclichthyidae (one species). The tadpole cod family ( Ranicipitidae ) has now been placed in Gadidae. Some fish have common names derived from "cod", such as codling , codlet , or tomcod . ("Codling"

3055-558: The fish known simply as the rock cod and as soft cod in New Zealand, Lotella rhacina , which as noted above actually is related to the true cod (it is a morid cod). From the order Scorpaeniformes : The tadpole cod family, Ranicipitidae , and the Eucla cod family, Euclichthyidae , were formerly classified in the order Ophidiiformes , but are now grouped with the Gadiformes . Some fish that do not have "cod" in their names are sometimes sold as cod. Haddock and whiting belong to

3120-464: The general public (including such interested parties as fishermen, farmers, etc.) to be able to refer to one particular species of organism without needing to be able to memorise or pronounce the scientific name. Creating an "official" list of common names can also be an attempt to standardize the use of common names, which can sometimes vary a great deal between one part of a country and another, as well as between one country and another country, even where

3185-522: The genus Burhinus occur in Australia, Southern Africa, Eurasia, and South America. A recent trend in field manuals and bird lists is to use the name " thick-knee " for members of the genus. This, in spite of the fact that the majority of the species occur in non-English-speaking regions and have various common names, not always English. For example, "Dikkop" is the centuries-old South African vernacular name for their two local species: Burhinus capensis

3250-429: The genus Gadus are currently called cod: The fourth species of genus Gadus, Gadus chalcogrammus , is commonly called Alaska pollock or walleye pollock . But there are also less widespread alternative trade names highlighting the fish's belonging to the cod genus, like snow cod or bigeye cod . Cod forms part of the common name of many other fish no longer classified in the genus Gadus . Many are members of

3315-439: The head. There are 5 peopercular spines. The pelvic fins are very large, extending beyond the anus. The dorsal fin has 12 spines and 12 to 14 soft rays while the anal fin has 3 spines and 5 soft rays. The maximum known standard length of this species is 36.5 cm (14.4 in). The colour of the upper body is pink to red marked with indistinct darker bands and speckling, which sometimes form irregular lines. The lower body

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3380-477: The imposition of the moratorium. However, as of 2021, the growth of the cod population has been stagnant since 2017, and some scientists argue that the population will not rebound unless the Fisheries Department of Canada lower its yearly quota to 5,000 tons. Common name In chemistry , IUPAC defines a common name as one that, although it unambiguously defines a chemical, does not follow

3445-576: The length of the chin barbel. Cod have a distinct white lateral line running from the gill slit above the pectoral fin, to the base of the caudal or tail fin. The back tends to be a greenish to sandy brown, and shows extensive mottling, especially towards the lighter sides and white belly. Dark brown colouration of the back and sides is not uncommon, especially for individuals that have resided in rocky inshore regions. The Atlantic cod can change colour at certain water depths. It has two distinct colour phases: gray-green and reddish brown. Its average weight

3510-711: The modern (now binding) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants contains the following: Art. 68. Every friend of science ought to be opposed to the introduction into a modern language of names of plants that are not already there unless they are derived from a Latin botanical name that has undergone but a slight alteration. ... ought the fabrication of names termed vulgar names, totally different from Latin ones, to be proscribed. The public to whom they are addressed derives no advantage from them because they are novelties. Lindley's work, The Vegetable Kingdom, would have been better relished in England had not

3575-805: The most important port. William Pitt the Elder , criticizing the Treaty of Paris in Parliament , claimed cod was "British gold"; and that it was folly to restore Newfoundland fishing rights to the French . In the 17th and 18th centuries in the New World, especially in Massachusetts and Newfoundland, cod became a major commodity, creating trade networks and cross-cultural exchanges. In 1733, Britain tried to gain control over trade between New England and

3640-550: The past, taxonomists included many species in the genus Gadus . Most of these are now either classified in other genera, or have been recognized as forms of one of three species. All these species have a number of common names , most of them ending with the word "cod", whereas other species, as closely related, have other common names (such as pollock and haddock ). However, many other, unrelated species also have common names ending with cod. The usage often changes with different localities and at different times. Three species in

3705-470: The preceding five centuries. Societies which are dependent on fishing have a strong mutual relationship with them: the act of fishing changes the ecosystems' balance, which forces the fishery and, in turn, the fishing societies to adapt to new ecological conditions. The near-complete destruction of the Atlantic northwest cod biomass off the shores devastated coastal communities, which had been overexploiting

3770-488: The same animal. For example, in Irish, there are many terms that are considered outdated but still well-known for their somewhat humorous and poetic descriptions of animals. w/ literal translations of the poetic terms Common names are used in the writings of both professionals and laymen . Lay people sometimes object to the use of scientific names over common names, but the use of scientific names can be defended, as it

3835-407: The same cod population for decades. The fishermen along the Atlantic northwest had employed modern fishing technologies, including the ecologically-devastating practice of trawling , especially in the years leading up to the 1990s, in the misguided belief that fishing stocks are perpetually plentiful and unable to be depleted. After this assumption was empirically and abruptly shown to be incorrect, to

3900-403: The same family, the Gadidae, as cod. Cods of the genus Gadus have three rounded dorsal and two anal fins . The pelvic fins are small, with the first ray extended, and are set under the gill cover (i.e. the throat region), in front of the pectoral fins . The upper jaw extends over the lower jaw, which has a well-developed chin barbel . The eyes are medium-sized, approximately the same as

3965-576: The same language is spoken in both places. A common name intrinsically plays a part in a classification of objects, typically an incomplete and informal classification, in which some names are degenerate examples in that they are unique and lack reference to any other name, as is the case with say, ginkgo , okapi , and ratel . Folk taxonomy , which is a classification of objects using common names, has no formal rules and need not be consistent or logical in its assignment of names, so that say, not all flies are called flies (for example Braulidae ,

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4030-402: The scientific name into English or some other vernacular. Such translation may be confusing in itself, or confusingly inaccurate, for example, gratiosus does not mean "gracile" and gracilis does not mean "graceful". The practice of coining common names has long been discouraged; de Candolle's Laws of Botanical Nomenclature , 1868, the non-binding recommendations that form the basis of

4095-407: The so-called "bee lice") and not every animal called a fly is indeed a fly (such as dragonflies and mayflies ). In contrast, scientific or biological nomenclature is a global system that attempts to denote particular organisms or taxa uniquely and definitively , on the assumption that such organisms or taxa are well-defined and generally also have well-defined interrelationships; accordingly

4160-832: The use of common names. For example, the Australian Fish Names List or AFNS was compiled through a process involving work by taxonomic and seafood industry experts, drafted using the CAAB (Codes for Australian Aquatic Biota) taxon management system of the CSIRO , and including input through public and industry consultations by the Australian Fish Names Committee (AFNC). The AFNS has been an official Australian Standard since July 2007 and has existed in draft form (The Australian Fish Names List) since 2001. Seafood Services Australia (SSA) serve as

4225-435: The young cod to increase its body weight by 40-fold, and growing to about 2 cm ( 3 ⁄ 4  in). The young cod then move to the seabed and change their diet to small benthic crustaceans , such as isopods and small crabs. They increase in size to 8 cm (3 in) in the first six months, 14–18 cm ( 5 + 1 ⁄ 2 –7 in) by the end of their first year, and to 25–35 cm (10–14 in) by

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