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55-626: Coesfeld received its city rights in 1197, but was first recorded earlier than that in the biography of St. Ludger , patron and first bishop of the diocese of Munster who was born north of Coesfeld in Billerbeck . The day before he died, Ludger spent the night in Coesfeld and heard mass in the morning in the church he founded. He was on his way from his abbey in Essen to Münster. The road he followed passed Coesfeld and Billerbeck, and after preaching in

110-515: A Way of the Cross procession that still exists up to the present day, with 18 stations of the cross . One procession round the historic centre of Coesfeld is still held on Whitmonday but the "Great Procession along the stations of the cross" held for centuries on Whit Tuesday is now held on 9/14 ( Exaltation of the Cross ) if it is a Sunday otherwise on the Sunday thereafter. Coesfeld is situated in

165-541: A municipal executive was elected for the period 2005-2010. This municipal election was earlier than in the rest of the Netherlands, because the municipality of Deventer was merged with the then municipality of Bathmen. The March 2006 elections were therefore skipped. An issue that has occupied the municipal council and public opinion in Deventer since 2006 was the housing of municipal officials and public services in

220-488: A (new) municipal office adjacent to the old town hall of Deventer. In 2009, the college fell over it. At the end of January 2012, the Municipal Executive approved an adapted design for the new city office by architect Michiel Riedijk . However, a 'popular poll' by telephone two weeks later would have shown that only 13% of the population of Deventer supported the plans. On March 21 that year, a large majority of

275-444: A Benedictine house. Alcuin recommended him to Charlemagne, who had Hildebold, Archbishop of Cologne , consecrate Ludger as bishop of Munster on 30 March 805. Ludger's principal concern was to have a good and efficient clergy. To a great extent he educated his students personally, and generally took some of them on his missionary tours. He also founded the monastery of Helmstad, afterwards called Ludger-Clooster, or Ludger's Cloister, in

330-532: A Christian church. The well, formerly sacred to the pagan gods, he re-dedicated as his baptismal font. On his return he met the blind bard Bernlef , last of the Frisian skalds , allegedly cured his blindness, and made him a devout Christian. In 793 Charlemagne wished to make Ludger Bishop of Trier , but he declined, while declaring himself willing to undertake the evangelization of the Saxons. Charlemagne accepted

385-590: A Latin School, which became internationally renowned, and remained in service in changing forms until 1971. Its most well-known student was the scholar Desiderius Erasmus , who was born in 1466 and attended the school from 1475 to 1484. Between 1500 and 1800, the volume of water flowing through the IJssel decreased, decreasing the importance of Deventer's harbour. The competition with trade centres in Holland , as well as

440-490: A common mint, where coins for the three IJssel cities Deventer, Zwolle , and Kampen were made. Deventer is the birthplace of Geert Groote and home to his Brethren of the Common Life , a school of religious thought that influenced Thomas a Kempis and Erasmus in later times. Together with Haarlem it was among the first cities to have printing presses, dating back to as early as 1477. From around 1300, it also housed

495-585: A late Roman Iron Age settlement (dated to c.300 AD) were excavated at Colmschate, 4 km east of the current city. The village of Deventer, already important because of a trading road crossing the river IJssel , was looted and burnt down by the Vikings in 882. It was immediately rebuilt and fortified with an earthen wall (in the street Stenen Wal remains of this wall have been excavated and restored). Deventer received city rights in 956, after which fortifications were built or replaced by stone walls around

550-471: A number of valuable books. He remained in the Martinsstift until the death of Gregory in 775, in honour of whose memory he wrote the biography Vita Gregorii . He was then sent to Deventer to restore the chapel destroyed by the pagan Saxons and to find the relics of Lebuinus , who had worked there as missionary, built the chapel, and died there in c. 775. Ludger succeeded, and returned to teach in

605-624: A publication now in the public domain :  Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). " St. Ludger ". Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. This article includes some information from the German Misplaced Pages (mostly in German): Deventer Deventer ( Dutch: [ˈdeːvəntər] ; Sallands : Daeventer ) is a city and municipality in the Salland historical region of

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660-402: A significant advantage in that he knew the language and habits of the people, and put this knowledge to good use in achieving their conversion. He worked in many places: the island of Bant, long since sunk beneath the sea, is mentioned as the scene of his apostolic work. He visited Heligoland ( Fossitesland ), where Willibrord had preached, where he destroyed the remains of paganism and built

715-521: A wooden church on the east bank of the river IJssel . In January 772 AD the sack and burning of this church by a Saxon expedition was the cause for the first punitive war waged by Charlemagne to the Saxons, in which, in retribution, the Irminsul (the Saxon sacred tree, probably near modern Paderborn ) was destroyed. This was not the first human settlement at the location; between 1981 and 2006, remains of

770-400: Is a war monument itself as well. Deventer has been somewhat popular with the film industry. During the production of the 1977 film A Bridge Too Far , all of the scenes taking place in nearby Arnhem were filmed in Deventer - as Arnhem itself had lost its historic centre. By the end of the 1950s, the buildings had reached the boundaries of the municipality. In 1960, for further expansion,

825-519: Is now a centre for asylum seekers . In a forested area between Lettele and Okkenbroek, about 10 kilometres east of Deventer, the Germans operated a V-1 flying bomb launching ramp. It was used from December, 1944, until March, 1945. Some of the 400 V-1 missiles launched there hit already liberated Belgium, including the city of Antwerp, killing many people. A war monument in the village of Lettele consists of concrete blocks from this launching site, that

880-408: Is semi-indoor since 2011, is in the top 10 of fastest skating tracks of the Netherlands. It has been the training accommodation of skaters including Olympic champion Mark Tuitert and the retired former world champion sprint Erben Wennemars . Deventer also houses a number of watersports clubs, due to its situation on the banks of the river IJssel. In the redivision elections of November 17, 2004 ,

935-469: Is still manufactured locally and sold all over the Netherlands and beyond. Deventer has seen few military engagements throughout its long history, although it was a garrison city of the Dutch cavalry . The IJssel bridge area and harbour were bombed heavily during World War II . The city centre has been largely spared, but many Allied bombs, meant to shell the IJssel railway bridge, came down on buildings in

990-630: The Arnhem–Leeuwarden railway , Apeldoorn–Deventer railway , and Deventer–Almelo railway lines, a train connection existed from 1910 to 1935 on the Deventer–Ommen railway line. This was operated by the Overijsselsche Lokaalspoorweg-Maatschappij Deventer - Ommen (OLDO), but had to stop the train service due to competition from the bus. In the 19th and 20th centuries, Deventer was connected to

1045-575: The Baumberge in Münsterland . Coesfeld consists of 2 subdivisions: Major secondary schools are: Coesfeld is twinned with: [REDACTED] Media related to Coesfeld at Wikimedia Commons Ludger Ludger ( Latin : Ludgerus ; also Lüdiger or Liudger ) ( c.  742 – 26 March 809) was a missionary among the Frisians and Saxons , founder of Werden Abbey and

1100-493: The Martinsstift , after which he and others were sent north to destroy pagan places of worship west of the Lauwers Zee . After Ludger had been ordained at Cologne on 7 July 777, the missions of Ostergau (or Ostracha , i.e., East Frisia ) were committed to his charge, of which missions Dokkum , the place of the martyrdom of Boniface, was made the centre. Every autumn, however, he came back to Utrecht to teach at

1155-677: The Netherlands . The Deventer settlement was founded on a river dune on the IJssel . This river has played a major role for the city over the centuries, because of the trade that this waterway brought with it. In 1241 the city had received the Katentol on long lease from the Elten stift. This toll, which is named after the Katerveer under Zwolle , had to be paid in the Deventer toll house near

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1210-606: The Rhine . During the Thirty Years' War , troops were stationed in Coesfeld. The Prince-bishop of Münster was often at odds with these troops. Bernhard von Galen managed to drive the foreign troops away and even started to build a palace in Coesfeld, but it was never finished and after he died it was torn down. He became known for his sieges of Dutch cities in his efforts for the Counter-Reformation and started

1265-721: The Rule of Saint Benedict , but did not bind himself by vows. The news of Widukind's submission, and the arrival of Charlemagne at Monte Cassino in 787, put an end to Ludger's peaceful retirement. He was appointed missionary to five districts east of the river Lauwers , around the estuaries of the Hunze, the Fivel , and the Ems , which were still occupied almost entirely by pagans. He began his work armed with characteristic energy and faith in God, and had

1320-817: The Secondary Colonial Agricultural School was founded, which grew out of the National Agricultural School Wageningen. After decolonization took effect, the name was changed into Tropical Agricultural School. In 1957 the school was transformed into the National Higher School for Tropical Agriculture. After a merger with study programs from Boskoop, Wageningen and Velp, it became the International Agricultural College Larenstein. The school

1375-548: The diaconate (as he duly was, by Ethelbert of York ) and to study under Alcuin , but after a year he returned to Utrecht. Some time later he was granted an opportunity to continue his studies at York , when he developed a friendship with Alcuin which lasted throughout life. In 772 friction arose between the Anglo-Saxons and the Frisians, and Ludger - for the sake of his personal safety - left for home, taking with him

1430-404: The province of Overijssel , Netherlands. In 2020 the municipality of Deventer had a population of 100,913. The city is largely situated on the east bank of the river IJssel , but it also has a small part of its territory on the west bank. In 2005 the municipality of Bathmen (with a population of about 5,000 people) was merged with Deventer as part of a national effort to reduce bureaucracy in

1485-724: The religious war between 1568 and 1648, brought a decline in the city's economy. In the 18th century, the iron industry came to Deventer. East of the town, so-called "oer", river sand containing iron, was found as early as 900. From this material, ore was produced and brought to town. The main road of the villages Okkenbroek, Lettele and Schalkhaar is still named Oerdijk (Ore Dyke). In the 19th century, Deventer became an industrial town. Bicycles (Burgers), carpets (Koninklijke Deventer Tapijtfabriek), tins and cans for food and drinks (Thomassen & Drijver), cigars (Horst & Maas en Bijdendijk & Ten Hove), foundry and heavy machinery (Nering Bögel), and textiles (Ankersmit) were produced until

1540-601: The Douwelerkolk and the Klinkenbeltskolk. In addition to the IJssel, Deventer has a large number of waters. The Schipbeek is a brook partly dug on behalf of the city that rises in Germany and flows into the IJssel near Deventer. In the past, the stream was navigable, so that wood and Bentheimer sandstone could be brought in, among other things. Another waterway that was built for shipping and which flows into

1595-493: The IJssel in Deventer is a branch of the Overijssels canal, through which Deventer was connected to a large system of canals through Overijssel. It was dug in the mid-19th century and opened in 1858. Deventer is the home of professional Football club Go Ahead Eagles , who are housed in stadium De Adelaarshorst . De Adelaarshorst is situated in a 1930s neighbourhood and one of the oldest stadiums still in use today. The club

1650-484: The St. Lambert's church, 26 March 809, he travelled on to Billerbeck, where he died in the evening. The Coesfeld St. Jacobikirche dates from the same period as the city charter. For centuries, Coesfeld was an important stopping place for pilgrims traveling one of the more popular Germanic Jakobi routes ( Way of St. James ) leading from Warendorf over Münster (via Billerbeck) to Coesfeld, and then on via Borken to Wesel on

1705-571: The Zandpoort, and generated a lot of money in the Middle Ages . The IJssel has also caused many problems over the centuries, because it often overflowed its banks. Nowadays Deventer has a flood defence, but the Welle ('wal', the name of the street over the quay) is still regularly under water during high water. Dike breaches of the IJssel have created many gullies in and around the city , such as

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1760-417: The cathedral school. He worked in this way for about seven years, until Widukind in 784 persuaded the Frisians to drive out the missionaries, burn the churches, and return to the pagan gods. Ludger escaped with his disciples, and in 785 visited Rome , where he was well received by Pope Adrian I , who gave him much advice and special faculties. From Rome he went to Monte Cassino, where he lived according to

1815-627: The centre of the new district, Ludger built a monastery for canons regular there, from which the place took the name of Münster . Here he lived with his monks according to the rule of Saint Chrodegang of Metz , which in 789 had been made obligatory in the Frankish territories. He also built a chapel on the left bank of the Aa in honour of the Blessed Virgin , as well as the churches of Billerbeck, Coesfeld , Hersfeld , Nottuln and others. Near

1870-629: The church of Nottuln he built a home for his sister, Gerburgis, who had consecrated herself to God. Many other women soon joined her, and so originated the first convent in Westphalia (c. 803). Better known among his foundations, however, is the abbey at Werden , founded (after an abortive attempt to establish a religious house at Wichmond on the Erft ) in c. 800 and consecrated in 804, on ground which Ludger himself had acquired, in fulfilment of his desire, formed since his stay at Monte Cassino, to found

1925-641: The city centre. The Deventer railway bridge was considered strategically important, being a part of the main railway connection between Amsterdam and the German city of Osnabrück, leading from there to either Berlin, Hamburg or Bremen. The railway bridge, constructed of steel, was difficult to hit. Many bombs were bounced down into the river or its banks, exploding in the areas around the bridge or failing to explode at all. The three heaviest of about 15 attacks were on October 28, 1944 causing 35 fatalities; on December 15, 1944 killing 33 people; and on February 6, 1945 causing

1980-531: The city council voted in favor of the municipal office. In October 2013, the Council of State ruled positive about the arrival of the municipal office, after objections were raised. On December 6 of that year, the official opening act for construction was performed. In December 2015, the complex was completed and municipal staff moved in. In November 2017, the architect received the Abe Bonnema Prize for

2035-483: The city for defense. Between 1000 and 1500, Deventer grew to be a flourishing trade city because of its harbour on the river IJssel, which was capable of accommodating large ships. The city eventually joined the Hanseatic League . One of the commodities it traded in, dried haddock and cod from Norway, gave the citizens the nickname they carry to this day: "Deventer Stokvis ". In the 15th century, Deventer had

2090-524: The country. Deventer is one of the oldest cities in the Netherlands. The place is mentioned in 9th-century sources from the Diocese of Utrecht . A charter from 877 AD mentions seven farmsteads in Daventre portu (the Deventer harbor). In 952 AD, Deventer is mentioned as a city in a gift certificate from King Otto I . After the place had acquired more and more rights and privileges over time, it received

2145-518: The death of 61 people. In the aftermath of this last bombardment, the German occupying forces committed a war crime . The German army used a cool warehouse in Deventer for its military food supplies. In the city centre, the retirement home of the United Foundations , originally dating back as far as the 13th century, caught fire by the shellings, as well as the army food warehouse. The Germans allowed local fire fighters only to extinguish

2200-469: The design. Deventer is also home to one of the three campuses of Saxion University of Applied Sciences ( Saxion Hogeschool ), a polytechnical school offering internationally recognized Bachelor's degrees and Master's degrees in a wide range of fields, including engineering, economics, social work, investigations and health care. The other campuses are located in Enschede and Apeldoorn . In 1912

2255-442: The duchy of Brunswick. It was said of him that his peaceful methods were far more effective in promoting Christianity than the aggressive tactics of Charlemagne. He was criticised during his life for spending money on alms that should have gone towards the ornamentation of his churches. He suffered thereby, but was able to convince Charlemagne that this was no fault. On Passion Sunday 809, Ludger heard Mass at Coesfeld early in

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2310-746: The extensive tram network of the Achterhoek . The tram line between Deventer and Borculo was operated from 1885 to 1944 by the Geldersch-Overijsselsche Stoomtram Maatschappij (GOSM) and its successors. Another tram company, the Tramweg Maatschappij Zutphen-Emmerik , operated the tram line between Deventer and Zutphen. The tram station of Deventer stood on the Pothoofd. It was not combined with Deventer train station because

2365-474: The fire in the cool warehouse. The retirement home burnt down as good as totally. Over twenty of the elderly living there perished in the flames. The Jewish poet and writer Etty Hillesum lived in Deventer during the war before being deported to Auschwitz . In Schalkhaar, a village only 2 km northeast of the city centre, barracks were used by the German occupying forces to train Nazi policemen. The compound

2420-858: The first Bishop of Münster in Westphalia . He has been called the "Apostle of Saxony". Ludger's parents, Thiadgrim and Liafburg, were wealthy Christian Frisians of noble descent. In 753 Ludger saw the great Apostle of Germany , Boniface , which, together with the subsequent martyrdom of the saint, made a deep impression on him. At his own request he was sent to the Utrecht Cathedral School ( Martinsstift ), founded by Gregory of Utrecht in 756 or 757, and made good progress. In 767 Gregory, who did not wish to receive episcopal consecration himself, sent Alubert, who had come from England to assist him in his missionary work, to York to be consecrated bishop. Ludger accompanied him to be ordained into

2475-553: The mid to late 20th century. Some of these industries are still thriving today, such as beds and accessories (Auping) and publishing ( Wolters Kluwer , now headquartered in Alphen aan den Rijn ). The city's trade and industry are still of some importance. The city is host to a factory producing central heating systems, as well as Wolters Kluwer , a global information services and publishing company. The Deventer honey cake (Bussink Deventer Koek), produced in Deventer for over 500 years,

2530-533: The morning and preached, then went to Billerbeck, where at 9:00 he again preached, and said his last Mass. That evening he died peacefully in the company of his followers, at the age of sixty-six. A dispute arose between Münster and Werden for the possession of his remains. His brother Hildegrim was appealed to, and after consultation with the emperor , decided in favour of Werden, where the relics still remain. Portions have, however, since been brought to Münster and Billerbeck. The successive Vitae , beginning with

2585-516: The municipal lands from Emperor Henry V in 1123. This is considered by historians to be the moment of Deventer obtaining the city rights by the inhabitants. The city has the oldest stone house, the oldest walking park and with the Athenaeum library also the oldest scientific library in the Netherlands. Deventer was probably founded around 768 AD by the English missionary Lebuinus , who built

2640-540: The offer, and north-western Saxony was thus added to Ludger's missionary field. The monastery of St. Ludger's Abbey at Helmstedt was founded as part of his missionary activity in this part of Germany. To meet necessary expenses the income of the Abbey of Leuze , in the present Belgian province of Hainaut , was given him, and he was told to pick his fellow-workers from the members of that abbey. As Mimigernaford (also Mimigardeford or Miningarvard ) had been designated

2695-550: The part of the municipality of Diepenveen was annexed that now covers the Keizerslanden, Borgele and Platvoet districts, all three realized in the 1960s; all together roughly the area up to (west of) the Zandwetering. After a plan to expand the city across the IJssel, the so-called Double City Plan, was deemed unfeasible at the end of the 1960s, Deventer turned its attention to the east again: in 1974 part of Diepenveen

2750-413: The saint. The cult seems to have remained mostly local, and largely to have faded in the later Middle Ages. He is the patron saint of Werden, East Frisia, and Deventer. Ludger is represented either as a bishop holding a church and a book or as standing between two geese (occasionally described as swans). His feast day is celebrated on 26 March. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from

2805-653: The serious contemporary biographical work of Altfrid and passing through the Vita Secunda and Vita Tertia to the Libellus Monasteriensis de miraculis sancti Liudgeri ( The Little Book of Münster on the Miracles of Saint Ludger ) of c. 1170, demonstrate the growth of the legend. Votive practice in Münster seems to have focused on a very large and elaborate cross containing a number of relics of

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2860-570: The trams were too heavy to drive over two intermediate bridges. It seemed unprofitable for the tram company to reinforce two bridges, so they used the Pothoofd as a terminal station. After the Second World War , the tram lines were dismantled. Since the end of 2020, bus transport has been provided by Keolis Nederland under the name RRReis , with the exception of the lines from the Achterhoek, which are provided by Arriva . Deventer

2915-546: Was founded in 1902 as Be Quick, although the name was soon changed to Go Ahead at the request of the Dutch Football Association . The suffix Eagles was added in 1971, following a suggestion from the then coach, Barry Hughes . Go Ahead Eagles has been the club of Marc Overmars , Paul Bosvelt , and Bert van Marwijk , whilst providing Henk ten Cate and Leo Beenhakker with their first experience of management. The 1992 founded skating rink De Scheg, which

2970-485: Was located at the Ceintuurbaan/Brinkgreverweg intersection. The building was given a residential destination in 2018. Since 1989, Deventer has two train stations, Deventer railway station and Deventer Colmschate station . Previously, Deventer has known several so-called stopping points. Most of them closed around 1920. In addition to the current rail connections from Deventer train station, over

3025-590: Was once again annexed. On January 1, 1999, the municipality of Diepenveen was dissolved and added to Deventer. The same happened with the municipality of Bathmen on 1 January 2005. Deventer has 101.378 Inhabitants on 1 July 2021. Associated hamlets at second level The population centres in the municipality are: Deventer is in the northern hemisphere . Summer here starts at the end of June and ends in September. Deventer experiences an oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfb ) similar to almost all of

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