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30-638: The fund's purpose includes support for investments in the environmental field and on Trans-European Networks in the area of transport infrastructure ( TEN-T ). The European Council meetings held in Lisbon , 26-27 June 1992, and Edinburgh , 11-12 December 1992, agreed the establishment of the Cohesion Fund. This was formalized in 1993, as part of the Delros II package of the Treaty of Maastricht , with

60-655: A Common Agriculture Policy , a Common Transport Policy and a European Social Fund and established the European Commission . The treaty has been amended on several occasions since 1957. The Maastricht Treaty of 1992 removed the word "economic" from the Treaty of Rome's official title, and in 2009, the Treaty of Lisbon renamed it the "Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union". In 1951,

90-487: A big EU market, with freedom of movement within it for goods, persons and services, unless the various regions and national networks making up that market were properly linked by modern and efficient infrastructure. The construction of Trans-European Networks was also seen as an important element for economic growth and the creation of employment. The Treaty Establishing the European Community first provided

120-571: A legal basis for the TENs. Under the terms of Chapter XV of the Treaty (Articles 154, 155 and 156), the European Union must aim to promote the development of Trans-European Networks as a key element for the creation of the Internal Market and the reinforcement of Economic and Social Cohesion. This development includes the interconnection and interoperability of national networks as well as access to such networks. According with these objectives,

150-456: A negative effect. Some studies point out that the impact depends on the area of investment: funds dedicated to transportation infrastructure and to the energy sector have the biggest positive effect, while allocation to environmental goals are negative in the short-term, but become positive in the medium and long-run . A weakness often associated to the allocation of the CF between countries is that it

180-585: A result of the Messina Conference of 1955, Paul-Henri Spaak was appointed as chairman of a preparatory committee, the Spaak Committee , charged with the preparation of a report on the creation of a common European market. Both the Spaak report and the Treaty of Rome were drafted by Pierre Uri , a close collaborator of Monnet. The Spaak Report drawn up by the Spaak Committee provided

210-510: Is solely determined using the GNI per capita . Experts have shown that, based on that criterion, some countries are not getting funds although being in a worse socioeconomic situation than some of the actual recipients. This is problematic from the point of view of the EU, since the evidence shows a relation between Euroscepticism and middle-income regions which do not receive enough funds. To better evaluate

240-696: The European Commission developed guidelines covering the objectives, priorities, identification of projects of common interest and broad lines of measures for the three sectors concerned (Transports, Energy and Telecommunications). The European Parliament and the Council approved these guidelines after consultation with the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions . Many projects of common interest have benefited from financial support of

270-487: The European Union is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Trans-European Networks The Trans-European Networks ( TEN ) were created by the European Union by Articles 154–156 of the Treaty of Rome (1957), with the stated goals of the creation of an internal market and the reinforcement of economic and social cohesion . To various supporters of this policy, it made little sense to talk of

300-733: The Treaty establishing the European Economic Community ), brought about the creation of the European Economic Community (EEC), the best known of the European Communities (EC). The treaty was signed on 25 March 1957 by Belgium , France , Italy , Luxembourg , the Netherlands and West Germany , and it came into force on 1 January 1958. Originally the "Treaty establishing the European Economic Community", and now continuing under

330-581: The Treaty of Paris was signed, creating the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). The Treaty of Paris was an international treaty based on international law, designed to help reconstruct the economies of the European continent, prevent war in Europe and ensure a lasting peace. The original idea was conceived by Jean Monnet , a senior French civil servant and it was announced by Robert Schuman ,

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360-578: The 30th and 50th anniversaries (1987 and 2007 respectively). In 2007, celebrations culminated in Berlin with the Berlin declaration preparing the Lisbon Treaty . In 2017, Rome was the centre of multiple official and popular celebrations. Street demonstrations were largely in favour of European unity and integration, according to several news sources. According to the historian Tony Judt ,

390-692: The Council (of national Ministers), which now adopted majority voting. Euratom fostered co-operation in the nuclear field, at the time a very popular area, and the European Economic Community was to create a full customs union between members. The conference led to the signing on 25 March 1957, of the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community and the Euratom Treaty at the Palazzo dei Conservatori on Capitoline Hill in Rome . 25 March 1957

420-743: The European Coal and Steel Community was to strengthen Franco-German cooperation and banish the possibility of war. France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands began negotiating the treaty. The Treaty Establishing the ECSC was signed in Paris on 18 April 1951, and entered into force on 24 July 1952. The Treaty expired on 23 July 2002, after fifty years, as was foreseen. The common market opened on 10 February 1953 for coal, iron ore and scrap, and on 1 May 1953 for steel. Partly in

450-694: The European Union budget through the TEN-budget line as well as the Structural Funds and Cohesion Fund. The European Investment Bank has also greatly contributed to the financing of these projects through loans. Three classes of network were defined by the treaty: This article about the European Union is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Treaty Establishing the European Community The Treaty of Rome , or EEC Treaty (officially

480-584: The French Foreign Minister, in a declaration on 9 May 1950. The aim was to pool Franco-West German coal and steel production, because the two raw materials were the basis of the industry (including war industry) and power of the two countries. The proposed plan was that Franco-West German coal and steel production would be placed under a common High Authority within the framework of an organisation that would be open for participation to other European countries. The underlying political objective of

510-624: The High Authority in protest and began work on alternative Communities, based on economic integration rather than political integration. As a result of the energy crises, the Common Assembly proposed extending the powers of the ECSC to cover other sources of energy. However, Monnet desired a separate Community to cover nuclear power , and Louis Armand was put in charge of a study into the prospects of nuclear energy use in Europe. The report concluded that further nuclear development

540-559: The Parliamentary Assembly) with the ECSC, as they would the European Court of Justice . However, they would not share the ECSC's Council or High Authority. The two new High Authorities would be called Commissions , from a reduction in their powers. France was reluctant to agree to more supranational powers; hence, the new Commissions would have only basic powers, and important decisions would have to be approved by

570-473: The Treaty of Rome did not represent a fundamental turning point in the history of European integration : It is important not to overstate the importance of the Rome Treaty. It represented for the most part a declaration of future good intentions...Most of the text constituted a framework for instituting procedures designed to establish and enforce future regulations. The only truly significant innovation –

600-722: The aim of creating a United States of Europe , two further Communities were proposed, again by the French. A European Defence Community (EDC) and a European Political Community (EPC). While the treaty for the latter was being drawn up by the Common Assembly , the ECSC parliamentary chamber, the EDC was rejected by the French Parliament . President Jean Monnet , a leading figure behind the Communities, resigned from

630-613: The basis for further progress and was accepted at the Venice Conference (29 and 30 May 1956) where the decision was taken to organise an Intergovernmental Conference . The report formed the cornerstone of the Intergovernmental Conference on the Common Market and Euratom at Val Duchesse in 1956. The outcome of the conference was that the new Communities would share the Common Assembly (now

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660-516: The goal of reinforcing the regional policy of the EU. Since then, its goal has been the economic convergence among European regions, by means of public investment in transportation infrastructure and environmental projects. It was a way to compensate, to a certain extent, the strict policies on public debt that were agreed by the European members: these funds allowed to maintain both a controlled deficit and public investment in strategic areas. Cohesion Funds cover seven-year funding periods: Originally,

690-546: The more vulnerable groups of EU citizens such as the unemployed, the recipients of welfare, and those who live in economic destitution, have the most sceptic view of the European institutions as providers of social security. To address this, the European Commission is stressing the importance of improving the communication with the citizenship and between the differente stakeholders (NGO's, EU institutions and national managing institutions). This article about

720-403: The name " Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union ", it remains one of the two most important treaties in what is now the European Union (EU). The treaty proposed the progressive reduction of customs duties and the establishment of a customs union . It proposed to create a common market for goods, labour, services, and capital across member states. It also proposed the creation of

750-539: The overall financial allocation of the Cohesion Fund is expected to contribute to climate objectives. Member states with above-average economic output per person, including the United Kingdom before Brexit , are unable to access Cohesion Fund resources. The scientific literature on the topic is ambiguous, certain research projects show a positive impact of the funds on the economy of the recipient countries, while others have ambiguous results; more rarely, they find

780-429: The setting up under Article 177 of a European Court of Justice to which national courts would submit cases for final adjudication – would prove immensely important in later decades but passed largely unnoticed at the time. Since the end of World War II , sovereign European countries have entered into treaties and thereby co-operated and harmonised policies (or pooled sovereignty ) in an increasing number of areas, in

810-422: The socioeconomic situation of the recipient countries, an index that includes more socioeconomic variables has been proposed. Another concern of the EU institutions and, more specifically, of the European Commission , is the lack of visibility of these funds. The literature on the topic reveals that the citizens' awareness about the CF is not linked to the amount of funds invested in their regions. In this regard,

840-560: The traditional recipients of these funds were Greece, Portugal, Spain and Ireland, among others; but since new countries joined the EU in 2004, 2007 and 2014, the funds have been located mainly in Central and Eastern Europe. For the 2021–2027 period, the Cohesion Fund is available to Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia. 37% of

870-669: Was also the Catholic feast day of the Annunciation of Mary . In March 2007, the BBC 's Today radio programme reported that delays in printing the treaty meant that the document signed by the European leaders as the Treaty of Rome consisted of blank pages between its frontispiece and page for the signatures. Major anniversaries of the signing of the Treaty of Rome have been commemorated in numerous ways. Commemorative coins have been struck by numerous European countries, notably at

900-447: Was needed, in order to fill the deficit left by the exhaustion of coal deposits and to reduce dependence on oil producers. The Benelux states and West Germany were also keen on creating a general common market ; however, this was opposed by France owing to its protectionist policy, and Monnet thought it too large and difficult a task. In the end, Monnet proposed creating both as separate Communities to attempt to satisfy all interests. As

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