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32-644: The cohort is named after the Dalmatae , an Illyrian -speaking tribe that inhabited the Adriatic coastal mountain range of the eponymous Dalmatia . The ancient geographer Strabo describes these mountains as extremely rugged, and the Dalmatae as backward and warlike. He claims that they did not use money long after their neighbours adopted it and that they "made war on the Romans for a long time". He also criticises

64-513: A castellum , i.e. a stronghold . Tariona was located between the Krka River in the north and Cape Ploča in the south, along the coastal area. Tariote territory is also testified by two boundary inscriptions dating back to Roman Imperial times, which were found in the area of Marina . Those inscriptions refer to the boundaries of pastures used by the tribe of the Tariotes. A passage in

96-598: A coastal region by the Dinaric Alps. Their capital settlement Delminium was located close to present-day Tomislavgrad . The first Dalmatian war in 156–155 BC finished with the destruction of capital Delminium by consul Scipio Nasica . The second Dalmatian war was fought in 119–118 BC, apparently ending in Roman victory as consul L. Caecilius Metellus celebrated triumph in 117 BC and assumed his surname Delmaticus . The third Dalmatian war 78–76 BC finished with

128-581: Is incomplete, but is plausibly though not conclusively attributed to IV Delmatarum . The regiment's disappearance from the epigraphic record in the early 2nd century has led Spaul to suggest that the regiment was merged with another to form the cohors I Pannoniorum et Delmatarum equitata c.R. attested in Germania Inferior in 127 and beyond. But the record overall is too incomplete to support any firm conclusions. The names of three praefecti (regimental commanders) are attested. Titus Iunius Severus

160-517: The Adriatic coast of Dalmatia , in modern-day Croatia . They are considered part of the Dalmatae . The Tariotes are mentioned in the Classical literature by Roman author Pliny the Elder alone. In Pliny's Natural History the territory of the Tariotes is called Tariota and is mentioned as an ancient region ( Tariotarum antiqua regio ), while their city is called Tariona , and described as

192-530: The Great Illyrian Revolt in Dalmatia and closely linked Pannonia in 6 AD. The revolt, which lasted for three years, involved more than half a million combatants, auxiliaries and civilians on both side. In the aftermath, some Delmataean communities were relocated in the northern Sandzak region and others were resettled in parts of Carinthia to provide labor for the Roman mines. The defeat of

224-587: The Libri Coloniarum ("Book of Colonies") of the Gromatici Veteres , probably dating back to the 5th century AD, is also considered to report the name of the tribe, along with that of the Sardeates . The Tariotes inhabited Tariota , a region that began after Liburnian Scardona ( Skradin ), spreading directly to the south of Liburnia. Tariotan border ran roughly through the middle of

256-641: The Tariotes , the Hylli and the Nesti and increased their territory to the north against the Liburni . Conflict with Roman expansionism and its local allies in the eastern Adriatic began in 156–55 BC. The Roman–Dalmatae Wars lasted until 33 BC when Octavian (the later Emperor Augustus) installed Roman hegemony in Dalmatia. Local instability and minor rebellions continued in the province of Dalmatia and culminated in

288-462: The 1st century AD, and a lot of Roman materials were found in them, mostly vessels that indicate intense trade between the indigenous Tariotes and the newly arrived Romans who settled in Pretorium (Grebaštica), Marina and Tragurium ( Trogir ). Even though Tariote hillforts experienced architectural innovations during the 1st centuries BC and AD, they retained mainly an economic role already during

320-750: The Albanian term delmer , "shepherd". According to Orel , the Gheg form delme hardly has anything in common with the name of Dalmatia because it represents a variant of dele with *-mā , which is ultimately from proto-Albanian *dailā . Toponyms linked to the name are found throughout the territories inhabited by Illyrians including the chief settlement of the Delmatae, Delminium and Dalmana in present-day N. Macedonia. The medieval Slavic toponym Ovče Pole ("plain of sheep" in South Slavic) in

352-526: The Dalmatae, a nation of pastoralists, for turning fertile plains into sheep pasture. Indeed, the name of the tribe itself is believed to mean "shepherds", derived from the Illyrian word delme ("sheep"). The final time this people fought against Rome was in the Illyrian revolt of 6-9 AD. The revolt was started by Dalmatae auxiliary forces and soon spread all over Dalmatia and Pannonia . The resulting war

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384-558: The Delmatae were akin to eastern Illyrians and northern Pannonii . The tribe was subject to Celtic influences. One of the Dalmatian tribes was called Baridustae that later was settled in Roman Dacia. Pliny the Elder also mentioned the Tariotes , and their territory Tariota, which was described as an ancient region. The Tariotes are considered part of the Delmatae. The archeological remnants suggest their material culture

416-593: The Liburnian settlements, the hillfort centres in the old territory of the Tariotes would not continue to exist throughout Antiquity. In Liburnia, centres such as Nedinium ( Nadin ), Asseria (Podgrađe, near Benkovac ), Iader ( Zadar ) continued to exist in Roman times, and the Liburnians retained their ethnic distinct character under Rome, while the same did not take place on the neighbouring Hyllus Peninsula. However, individual Tariote hillforts lived on during

448-522: The Roman period, were a group of Illyrian tribes in Dalmatia , contemporary southern Croatia and western Bosnia and Herzegovina . The region of Dalmatia takes its name from the tribe. The Delmatae appear in historical record for the first time in 181 BC, when upon the death of their ruler Pleuratus III of the Illyrian kingdom, they refused to accept the rule of his son, Gentius and seceded. They expanded and came to include coastal Illyrian tribes like

480-659: The capture of Salona (port Solin near modern city Split ) by the proconsul C. Cosconius . During the Roman Civil War of 49–44 BC, the Delmatae supported Pompey against the coastal Roman colonies which supported Caesar and continuously fought against the Caesarian generals Gabinius and Vatinius . After Pompey's defeat they continued to fight against Roman legions in Dalmatia. The fourth and final conflict occurred 34–33 BC during Octavian's expedition to Illyricum because of their iterative revolts, and finished with

512-399: The capture of the new Delmatian capital- Soetovio (now Klis ). The last revolts of Delmatae under their federal leader Bato , against Romans were in 12 BC and the Great Illyrian Revolt in 6–9 AD; both also failed and finished by a terminal pacification of bellicose Delmatae. In Roman Imperial times the Dalmatae formed numerous Roman auxiliaries : Archaeology and onomastic shows that

544-428: The control over individual pastures, as indicated by their spatial distribution, same as the neighboring Liburnian hillforts. The economy of the Tariotes, like that of other similar coastal Delmatae tribal communities, was mainly based on livestock husbandry, which was suitable for the hillfort lifestyle that would last even after the beginning of Roman domination in Dalmatia . Historical circumstances and therefore

576-686: The extensive cattle breeding, and the iterative plundering of other surrounding tribes and of coastal towns on the Adriatic. The major collective deity of the Delmatic federation was their pastoral god 'Sylvanus' they called Vidasus. His divine wife was 'Thana', a Delmatic goddess mostly comparable with Roman Diana and Greek Artemis. Their frequent reliefs often accompanied by nymphs, are partly conserved up today in some cliffs of Dalmatia; in Imotski valley also their temple used from 4th to 1st century BC,

608-506: The form Delmatia as it corresponded to the chief settlement of the tribe, Delminium . The toponym Duvno is a derivation from Delminium in Croatian via an intermediate form *Delminio in late antiquity. The Delmatae appear in historical record in 181 BC. The death of Pleuratus III of the Illyrian kingdom and the succession by his son Gentius led the Delmatae to not recognize his rule and secede altogether. The Daorsi , who lived to

640-682: The middle of the first millennium BC, while evidences point to the settlement of the peninsula during the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age . From north to the south of the peninsula large fortified settlements (modern: Grad , Domazeti , Kosmač , Drid and Oriovščak ) dominate over a short length, surrounded with a series of smaller hillforts placed on more prominent elevations, and fortified with dry-stone ramparts, all visually connected. They were usually raised to control maritime and overland communications, and to enable also

672-513: The nearby region represents a related later development. In Albania, Delvinë represents a toponym linked to the root *dele . The form Dalmatae and the respective regional name Dalmatia are later variants as is already noted by Appian (2nd century AD). His contemporary grammarian Velius Longus highlights in his treatise about orthography that the correct form of Dalmatia is Delmatia , and notes that Marcus Terentius Varro who lived about 2 centuries prior of Appian and Velius Longius, used

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704-473: The peninsula which Roman sources called Hyllus . This westernmost promontory of the ancient Dalmatian coast lies between Morinje Bay (near Šibenik ) in the north-west and Kaštela Bay in the south-east, sheltered in its hinterland by the hills. Numerous hillforts and their tumuli were found in the Hyllus Peninsula, and most of it were more intensely settled from the end of the second to

736-522: The revolt began the integration of Dalmatia which in turn led to the romanization of the region by the early Middle Ages. The original form of the name of the tribe is Delmatae , and shares the same root with the regional name Dalmatia and the toponym Delminium . It is considered to be connected to the Albanian dele and its variants which include the Gheg form delmë , meaning "sheep", and to

768-588: The revolt of Boudicca in 61. But this ignores the evidence of three 1st-century tombstones from the Rhine forts of Bingen and Bingerbrück in Germania , where it was clearly stationed. The regiment first appears in the datable epigraphic record in 103, in Britannia . It was still there in 126-30, the time of its last datable inscription, a building inscription at the Roman fort of Hardknott (Cumbria). The latter

800-472: The role of the hillforts changed with the arrival of the Romans in Dalmatia. They were no longer defensive fortifications from the attacks of hostile local tribes, nor strongholds to resist the Roman army. In that time Rome intervened in the disputes between local tribes and these hillforts lost their military role, although they retained their economical role primary as sites for livestock safeguarding. Unlike

832-467: The south of the Delmatae did the same. Over the centuries, the Delmatae and Ardiaei were among the Illyrian groups which expanded their territory northwards at the expense of the Liburni . They Delmatae may have been originally pushed towards the coast because of Celtic migrations in Pannonia Strabo writes that the territory of the Delmatae was divided into an inland (present-day Tropolje ) and

864-521: The stone tumuli of kurgan type. After the classic Roman reports (Muzic 1998), nomadic Delmatae were extremely superstitious, and they had a primitive panic dread from all celestial phenomena: any view on the night stars was for them forbidden in the fear of a sure death, and in the case of solar or lunar eclipses they repeated tremendous collective howling because of the immediate world ending, made hysterical suicides etc. Tariotes The Tariotes or Tariotae were an Illyrian tribe that lived on

896-459: The time of emperor Claudius (r. 41-54) Of these, 9 appear to have survived into the 2nd century. The regiment was probably raised by founder-emperor Augustus (r. 30BC-14AD) after 9 AD. It was certainly in existence by the time of Claudius (r. 41-54). Its early movements are unknown. Holder suggests that the regiment may have taken part in the Roman invasion of Britain (43) or the suppression of

928-615: Was a Spaniard from Denia . A second man, whose middle name only, Pactumerius, has survived, left a votive stone at Madaura in Numidia (Mdaurusch, Algeria). The origin of the third, Lucius Aprius Liburnus, is revealed by his cognomen (third name): of the Liburni tribe, western neighbors of the Dalmatae. In addition, the names of three caligati (common soldiers) survive on the 1st-century tombstones from Bingen. All were Illyrians: one Dalmata, one Liburnus and one Daverzus . Dalmatae The Delmatae , alternatively Dalmatae , during

960-493: Was described by the Roman writer Suetonius as the most difficult faced by Rome since the Punic Wars two centuries earlier. But after the war, the Dalmatae became a loyal and important source of recruits for the Roman army. According to Holder, a total of 12 cohortes Delmatarum appear to have been raised after the suppression of the Illyrian revolt in two series, of 7 and 5 respectively. All these units were in existence by

992-492: Was more primitive than those of the surrounding ancient tribes, especially in comparison with the oldest Liburnians . Only their production of weapons was rather advanced. Their elite had stone built houses only, but numerous Delmatic herdmen yet settled in natural caves, and a characteristic detail in their usual clothing was the fur cap. Their nomadic society had a strong patriarchal structure, consisting chiefly of shepherds, warriors and their chieftains. Their main jobs had been

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1024-439: Was unearthed. The third important one of Delmatae was a war god ' Armatus ' comparable with Roman Mars and Greek Ares. Their bad deity was the celestial Dragon devouring the sun or moon in the eclipses. A strong weapons cult was very specific for the patriarchal Delmatae, and in their masculine tombs different weapons are widely present (that is rare in neighbouring peoples e.g. Liburni, Iapydes, etc.). Their usual tombs were under

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