72-562: The Colo Wars was a series of skirmishes against the British occupation of Fiji in the 1870s, led by the Colo tribe . It was noted that even tribes fighting on the British side refrained from severely damaging Colo society, knowing the tribe would reconcile after the conflict. Colonial Fiji The Colony of Fiji was a Crown colony that existed from 1874 to 1970 in the territory of
144-691: A German Jewish woman, Rose Janson, whom he provided with a passport he found on a bombsite, and which allowed her to subsequently escape to the United States via a neutral country. Towards the end of the war in April, Count von Luckner was living in Halle , where he was briefly placed under guard by the 414th Infantry Regiment of the United States Army , which was engaged in house-to-house fighting against Wehrmact and Waffen-SS troops within
216-535: A 39-episode adventure series entitled "Graf Luckner" for the German ARD television network, featuring Luckner as the hero. The French sub-title was "Les Aventures du Capitaine Luckner" . Episode 26 of the television series Tales from Te Papa featured the sextant used by Luckner in his attempt to escape from captivity in New Zealand. On 29 March 2004 the society "Felix Graf von Luckner Gesellschaft"
288-479: A German raider and had given his parole , which he had broken; thus, he was not anxious to be a prisoner of war again. Luckner continued his voyage southwards, and by 21 January he was in mid- Atlantic between Brazil and West Africa when he found the 2,199 ton French three-masted barque Charles Gounod , which was loaded with corn. She was quickly dispatched, but her log book recorded information about other ships she had met and their intended route. On 24 January,
360-1276: A compromise electoral formula and a timetable for independence as a fully sovereign and independent nation with the Commonwealth . The Legislative Council would be replaced with a bicameral Parliament , with a Senate dominated by Fijian chiefs and a popularly elected House of Representatives . In the 52-member House, Native Fijians and Indo-Fijians would each be allocated 22 seats, of which 12 would represent Communal constituencies comprising voters registered on strictly ethnic roles, and another 10 representing National constituencies to which members were allocated by ethnicity but elected by universal suffrage . A further 8 seats were reserved for " General electors " - Europeans , Chinese , Banaban Islanders , and other minorities; 3 of these were "communal" and 5 "national". With this compromise, Fiji became independent on 10 October 1970. 17°41′02″S 178°50′24″E / 17.6840°S 178.8401°E / -17.6840; 178.8401 Felix von Luckner Felix Nikolaus Alexander Georg Graf von Luckner (9 June 1881, Dresden – 13 April 1966, Malmö), sometimes called Count Luckner in English,
432-831: A great-grandson of Cakobau's, did join the French Foreign Legion , however, and received the French military decoration, the Medalle Militaire . Sukuna later served with 100 other Fijians of the Fiji Labour Corps which served in a logistics role in France and Italy. In the years that followed, Ratu Sir Lala Sukuna , as he was later known, established himself as a leading chief in Fiji and set up institutions that safeguarded native Fijian land rights. When
504-553: A motor car, and the city of San Francisco made him an honorary citizen. US President Calvin Coolidge wanted to meet him, but Luckner politely declined at the request of Foreign Office of the Weimar Republic . Feeling that his "goodwill mission", as he called it in his travelogue, Seeteufel erobert Amerika ("Sea-devil conquers America"), could neither have greater success elsewhere, nor could he be financially sustained by
576-592: A reputation for bravery in the Solomon Islands campaign , with one war correspondent describing their ambush tactics as "death with velvet gloves." Corporal Sefanaia Sukanaivalu , of Yucata , was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross , as a result of his bravery in the Battle of Bougainville . Indo-Fijians , however, generally refused to enlist, after their demand for equal treatment to Europeans
648-534: A severe storm blew Seeadler considerably further south, before she entered the Pacific Ocean on 18 April and sailed north along the Chilean coast. By early June, Seeadler was east of Christmas Island and learned that the United States had entered the war. Seeadler therefore turned her attention to American shipping, sinking the 529-ton A. B. Johnson of San Francisco on 14 June, the 673 ton R. C. Slade
720-576: A short time in a Chilean prison accused of stealing pigs, he twice suffered broken legs, and he was thrown out of a hospital in Jamaica for lack of money. At the age of twenty, Luckner entered a German navigation training school, where he passed the examinations for his mate's ticket. By 1908 he had joined the Hamburg-Südamerikanische Line steamer Petropolis , intending to serve for nine months before volunteering to serve in
792-640: A small French trading ship, the Lutèce , anchored outside the reef. Leutnant Kling of Seeadler , having heard on the radio of his captain's capture, sailed out to Lutèce and captured her at gunpoint. The French crew was put ashore with the other prisoners, and all the Germans embarked on the ship, which they renamed the Fortuna , and set course for South America. The master of A. B. Johnson , Captain Smith, then took
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#1732776196564864-645: A surveillance of the Luckners during their visit, with the inspector in charge of the CIB in Brisbane, Bob Wake, attending a gala function arranged by the German Foreign Office in honour of the couple. The gala menu was decorated with a swastika . The CIB kept detailed records of all of their contacts, and when Australia declared war on Germany many of these contacts were arrested and interned. During
936-458: A target for anti-German propaganda by the Australian press. For example, Count von Luckner had great physical strength and was noted for his ability to bend coins between the thumb, index, and middle finger of his right hand and to tear up telephone directories (the thickest being that of New York City), with his bare hands. For this reason, on the occasion of his visit to Australia in 1938,
1008-585: A traditional chief. A Great Council of Chiefs was established in 1876 to advise the Governor. This body remained in existence until being suspended by the Military -backed interim government in 2007 and abolished in 2012. Under the 1997 Constitution , it functioned as an electoral college that chose Fiji's President , Vice-President , and 14 of the 32 Senators . In its early days, the Great Council
1080-609: The Seeadler , had run aground in the Cook Islands following the shelling of Papeete in the French territory of Tahiti . On 21 September, the district police inspector took a number of Fijians to Wakaya, and Graf von Luckner, not realising that they were unarmed, unwittingly surrendered. Citing unwillingness to exploit the Fijian people, the colonial authorities did not permit Fijians to enlist. One Fijian of chiefly rank,
1152-496: The Battle of Jutland (1916) he commanded a gun turret on board the battleship Kronprinz Wilhelm . At the beginning of the War, Germany converted a considerable number of merchant ships into merchant raiders by equipping them with guns and sending them in search of Allied merchant shipping. Most of the armed raiders were not particularly successful, but they did tie up considerable Allied forces in hunting them. By early 1915, most of
1224-601: The Cape Leeuwin Lighthouse in Augusta, Western Australia , a job he abandoned when he was discovered with the lighthouse keeper's daughter by her father; a kangaroo hunter; a circus worker; a professional boxer (due to his exceptional strength); a fisherman; a seaman; a guard in the Mexican Army for President Díaz , a railway construction worker, a barman, and a tavern keeper. He was incarcerated for
1296-600: The Coromandel Peninsula . Using a machine gun, Luckner then seized the 90-ton scow Moa and, with the help of a handmade sextant and a map copied from a school atlas, he sailed for the Kermadec Islands , which contained a castaway depot on Curtis Island. A pursuing auxiliary ship, the Iris , had guessed Luckner's probable destination and caught up with him on 21 December. A year after his mission began,
1368-625: The Imperial German Navy for a year, to obtain a naval commission. He had vowed not to return to his family except in uniform and was eventually welcomed back by his family, who had given him up for lost. In February 1912 Luckner was finally called up by the Navy and served on the gunboat SMS Panther . In the early months of the First World War Felix von Luckner saw action at the Battle of Heligoland Bight (1914). At
1440-672: The Second World War broke out, many Fijians volunteered for military service with the Fiji Military Forces, which was commanded by a New Zealand Army officer under a 1936 agreement with the British that New Zealand assume responsibility for the defence of Fiji. Two Fiji infantry battalions and commando units saw service with US Army units in Guadalcanal and Bougainville . The Empire of Japan 's attack on Pearl Harbor , on 8 December 1941 (Fiji time), marked
1512-552: The Second World War , Adolf Hitler tried to exploit Luckner for propaganda purposes, although as a Freemason Luckner was not in one of the Nazis' favoured groups of people. Luckner refused to renounce his membership in "the Craft" or the various honorary citizenships granted in the US, and consequently he suffered by having his bank accounts frozen. In 1943, Count von Luckner saved the life of
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#17327761965641584-638: The United States Navy had led Cakobau to establish a constitutional monarchy with a government dominated by European settlers in 1871, following an agreement with the Australian Polynesia Company to pay his debts. The collapse of the new regime drove him to make another offer of cession in 1872, which the British accepted. On 10 October 1874, Britain began its rule of Fiji, which lasted until 10 October 1970. Sir Hercules Robinson , who had arrived on 23 September 1874,
1656-519: The 2,431 ton British steamer Pinmore , which was carrying a cargo of grain. By coincidence, Luckner had himself sailed in Pinmore in his civilian sailing days, back in 1902. He took Pinmore into Rio de Janeiro in order to get more supplies, before eventually scuttling her. The next ship to be stopped was the Danish barque Viking , but as there was nothing unusual about her cargo the neutral ship
1728-474: The British. By Christmas Day, Seeadler was southeast of Iceland, where she encountered the British armed merchant cruiser Avenger . Avenger put an inspection party aboard, but failed to detect the German deception. On 9 January 1917, Seeadler came upon a single-funneled steamer, raised a signal requesting a time signal (not an uncommon thing for a sailing ship long out of contact with land to do), and raised
1800-518: The Chileans for the remainder of the war. Luckner still refused to accept that the war was over for him. The commander of the prisoner of war camp at Motuihe had a fast motor boat, the Pearl , at his disposal, and on 13 December 1917, Luckner faked setting up a play for Christmas with his men and used his provisions for the play to plan his escape. He and other prisoners seized the Pearl and made for
1872-408: The German ensign too late for the target ship to take any evasive action. Three shots were needed to persuade the 3,268 ton Gladys Royle , carrying coal from Cardiff to Buenos Aires , to heave to. Her crew was taken off unharmed, and she was scuttled . The following day, Seeadler encountered another steamship, which refused to identify itself. The German ensign was raised and a shot fired across
1944-582: The Governor, not to the legislature. Nevertheless, over the ensuing three years, the then Governor, Sir Derek Jakeway , treated the Members more and more like ministers, to prepare them for the advent of responsible government. A constitutional conference was held in London in July 1965, to discuss constitutional changes with a view to introducing responsible government. Indo-Fijians, led by A. D. Patel , demanded
2016-611: The Great Council of Chiefs. 1964 saw the first step towards responsible government , with the introduction of the Member system . Specific portfolios were given to certain elected members of the Legislative Council. They did not constitute a Cabinet in the Westminster sense of the term, as they were officially advisers to the colonial Governor rather than ministers with executive authority, and were responsible only to
2088-854: The Lodge Zur goldenen Kugel ( Große Landesloge von Deutschland ) in Hamburg . He wrote a book about his wartime adventures which became a bestseller in Germany, and a book about him by Lowell Thomas spread his fame throughout the Anglosphere . In 1926 Luckner raised funds to buy a sailing ship which he called the Vaterland and he set out on a goodwill mission around the world, leaving Bremen on 19 September and arriving in New York Harbor on 22 October 1926. An entertaining speaker, he
2160-525: The Russian captain, fearing that the lives of other crew members would be endangered, refused to allow a lifeboat to be launched in order to pick Luckner up when he fell overboard in the middle of the ocean. The chief mate defied the captain (who had threatened him with a harpoon), and launched a lifeboat with the help of volunteers. As a number of albatrosses circled over Luckner, one swooped down and seized his outstretched hand in its beak, but Luckner grabbed
2232-709: The Sydney Labor Daily published a cartoon showing Kaiser Wilhelm tearing up the Belgian Neutrality Pact , Adolf Hitler tearing up another agreement, and Luckner tearing up a telephone directory, with the caption "They All Have the Habit". During their visit to Queensland , Australia, the Luckners were feted by the press and public. The Brisbane office of the Commonwealth Investigation Branch (CIB), maintained
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2304-554: The age of 84 in 1966. However, his body was returned to Germany and was buried in the Main Cemetery Ohlsdorf , Hamburg. Luckner wrote the introduction for Alfred von Niezychowski 's book The Cruise of the Kronprinz Wilhelm , 1928, published by Doubleday & Company, about his time on the auxiliary cruiser Kronprinz Wilhelm . Between 1973 and 1975, a Franco-German Co-production company produced
2376-472: The armed raiders had either been hunted down and sunk or else had run out of fuel and been interned in neutral ports. Hoping to revive commerce raiding, the Imperial Navy equipped the impounded three-masted sailing ship Pass of Balmaha (1,571 tons) with two 105 mm guns hidden behind hinged gunwales, several machine guns, and two carefully hidden 500 HP auxiliary engines. She was commissioned as
2448-536: The auxiliary cruiser Seeadler ("Sea Eagle"). As he was almost the only officer in the German Navy with extensive experience of large sailing ships, Luckner was appointed to command her. Seeadler left port on 21 December 1916 and managed to slip through the British blockade disguised as a Norwegian ship. Many of the crew of six officers and 57 men, including Luckner himself, had been selected for their ability to speak Norwegian , in case they were intercepted by
2520-527: The beginning of the Pacific War . Japanese submarines launched seaplanes that flew over Fiji; Japanese submarine I-25 on 17 March 1942 and Japanese submarine I-10 on 30 November 1941. Because of its central location, Fiji was selected as a training base for the Allies . An airstrip was built at Nadi (later to become an international airport), and gun emplacements studded the coast. Fijians gained
2592-492: The benevolent rule of the British as preferable to Indo-Fijian control and resisted British moves towards autonomy. By this time, however, the United Kingdom had apparently decided to divest itself of its colonial empire and pressed ahead with reforms. The Fijian people as a whole were enfranchised for the first time in 1963, when the legislature was made a wholly elective body, except for 2 members out of 36 nominated by
2664-513: The best deal they could get. A series of compromises led to the establishment of a cabinet system of government in 1967, with Ratu Kamisese Mara as the first Chief Minister . Ongoing negotiations between Mara and Sidiq Koya , who had taken over the leadership of the mainly Indo-Fijian National Federation Party on Patel's death in 1969, led to a second constitutional conference in London, in April 1970, at which Fiji's Legislative Council agreed on
2736-509: The bird in desperation. Although severely pecked, he hung on for his life. The flapping of the bird's huge wings and the circling of the other albatrosses gave the crew of the lifeboat a point to aim at in his rescue. Arriving at Fremantle , Western Australia , Luckner jumped ship and for seven years worked in a bewildering array of occupations: he was a seller of the Salvation Army 's The War Cry ; an assistant lighthouse keeper at
2808-613: The bow of the Lundy Island , which was carrying sugar from Madagascar . The steamer still refused to heave to, and Luckner fired four rounds directly at her. The steamer then hove to and lowered her boats, but her captain ignored an order to come to Seeadler . A German boarding party was sent over and discovered that the crew had abandoned ship when the first shots were fired, leaving the captain alone on board. Captain Bannister later told Luckner that he had previously been captured by
2880-460: The command of Captain Mullen of Pinmore . The much-reduced rigging on Cambronne ensured Seeadler would be able to escape before her location could be reported to the hunting ships. The Royal Navy was well aware of Seeadler 's general location and set a trap consisting of the armed merchant cruisers Otranto and Orbita and the armoured cruiser HMS Lancaster at Cape Horn . However,
2952-412: The evening of 5 March, Seeadler discovered a four-masted barque in the moonlight and signalled "Stop immediately! German Cruiser". Bizarrely, the captain of the 2,206 ton French ship Dupleix rowed across to Seeadler , convinced another French captain was playing a practical joke on him. He was soon disabused of the idea when his ship was scuttled. Seeadler 's next victim on 10 March was asked for
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3024-538: The family tradition and go into the cavalry . After failing his exams at various private schools, at the age of thirteen Luckner ran away to sea, with the promise in his mind that he would not return until he was wearing "the Emperor's naval uniform, and with honour". He signed up, under the assumed name of "Phylax Lüdecke", as an unpaid cabin boy on the Russian sailing ship Niobe travelling between Hamburg (Germany) and Australia. His story might have ended there, because
3096-547: The immediate introduction of full self-government, with a fully elected legislature, to be elected by universal suffrage on a common voters' roll. These demands were vigorously rejected by the ethnic Fijian delegation, who still feared loss of control over natively owned land and resources should an Indo-Fijian dominated government come to power. The British made it clear, however, that they were determined to bring Fiji to self-government and eventual independence. Realizing that they had no choice, Fiji's chiefs decided to negotiate for
3168-531: The income as a speaker, however popular and successful; he returned to Germany, where he arrived on 19 April 1928. Count von Luckner was a family friend and frequent visitor to the Heydrich family, who belonged to the Catholic minority in Halle . At their household, Count Luckner's stories about the cruise of SMS Seeadler inspired one of their sons, a young Reinhard Heydrich , to enlist as an officer cadet in
3240-526: The inter-war Reichsmarine of the Weimar Republic, from which he was dishonourably discharged for "conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman" in 1931. In 1937 and 1938, Luckner and his wife undertook a round-the-world voyage in his yacht Seeteufel , and they were welcomed in New Zealand and Australia, although some viewed him as an apologist for the Nazi regime and for this reason, Luckner became
3312-490: The island of Rarotonga . Approaching Rarotonga in the dark, Luckner saw a dark ship which he thought was an auxiliary cruiser, but in fact it was a beached ship. Luckner pressed on to the Fijian Wakaya Island , arriving after a voyage of 3,700 km (2,300 mi) in an open boat. Most people on Wakaya accepted the Germans' story of being shipwrecked Norwegians, but one sceptic called a party of police from
3384-411: The land is still natively owned. He also banned the exploitation of Fijians as labourers, and following the failure of the cotton-growing enterprise in the early 1870s, Gordon decided in 1878 to import indentured labourers from India to work on the sugarcane fields that had taken the place of the cotton plantations. The 463 Indians arrived on 14 May 1879—the first of some 61,000 that were to come before
3456-503: The next day, and the schooner Manila on 8 July. By this time, Seeadler needed to be laid up so that her hull could be scraped clean. She put into the small island of Mopelia, also known as Maupihaa , a coral atoll some 10 km (6.2 mi) in diameter in the Society Islands , some 450 km (280 mi) from Tahiti. Seeadler was too large to enter the sheltered lagoon of Mopelia, and consequently had to anchor outside
3528-403: The old Fijian capital of Levuka . On 21 September, the police threatened that a non-existent gun on the inter-island ferry Amra would blow Luckner out of the water. Not wishing to cause bloodshed, and not realizing the police were unarmed, Luckner and his party surrendered and were confined in a prisoner-of-war camp on Motuihe Island , off Auckland , New Zealand. Meanwhile, back on Mopelia,
3600-411: The powers of the modern Parliament , it brought native Fijians and Indo-Fijians into the official political structure for the first time, and fostered the beginning of a modern political culture in Fiji. These steps towards self-rule were welcomed by the Indo-Fijian community, which by that time had come to outnumber the native Fijian population. Fearing Indo-Fijian domination, many Fijian chiefs saw
3672-419: The present-day nation of Fiji . London declined its first opportunity to annex the Kingdom of Fiji in 1852. Ratu Seru Epenisa Cakobau had offered to cede the islands, subject to being allowed to retain his Tui Viti (King of Fiji) title. His demand was unacceptable to both the British and to many of his fellow chiefs, who regarded him only as first among equals , if that. Mounting debts and threats from
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#17327761965643744-400: The reef. On 2 August, disaster struck. According to Luckner, the ship was struck by a tsunami which wrecked her on the reef. However, some American prisoners alleged that the ship drifted aground while the prisoners and most of the crew were having a picnic on the island. The crew and their 46 prisoners were now stranded on Mopelia, but they managed to salvage provisions, firearms, and two of
3816-458: The remaining open boat from Mopelia with three other American seamen, and sailed 1,600 km (990 mi) to Pago Pago , arriving on 4 October, where they were finally able to inform the authorities of the activities of Seeadler and arrange for the rescue of the other 44 sailors left stranded on Mopelia. Fortuna , meanwhile, came to grief when she struck uncharted rocks off Easter Island . The crew scrambled ashore, where they were interned by
3888-442: The scheme ended in 1916. The plan involved bringing the Indian workers to Fiji on a five-year contract, after which they could return to India at their own expense; if they chose to renew their contract for a second five-year term, they would be given the option of returning to India at the government's expense or remaining in Fiji. The great majority chose to stay. The Queensland Act , which regulated indentured labour in Queensland ,
3960-416: The seamen reached Atiu Island, where they pretended to be Dutch-American mariners crossing the Pacific for a bet. The New Zealand Resident , the administrator of the island, gave them enough supplies to reach another island in the group, Aitutaki , where they posed as Norwegians. The New Zealand Resident in Aitutaki was suspicious but had no means of detaining the group, and Luckner quickly took his party to
4032-401: The ship's boats. Luckner decided to sail with five of his men in one of the 10 m (32 ft 10 in) long open boats, rigged as a sloop and named Kronprinzessin Cecilie . Ever the optimist, he intended to sail to Fiji by way of the Cook Islands , capture a sailing ship, return to Mopelia for his crew and prisoners, and resume his raiding career. Three days after leaving Mopelia,
4104-527: The small 364-ton Canadian schooner Perce was met and sunk by machine gun fire, after taking off her crew and her captain's new bride. The 3,071 ton French four-master Antonin , which was loaded with Chilean saltpetre , was overhauled on 3 February and soon scuttled. On 9 February, the 1,811 ton Italian Buenos Aires , also carrying saltpetre, was sunk. On 19 February, a four-masted barque was spotted, which immediately piled on sail in an effort to get away; however, Seeadler 's engines allowed her to overhaul
4176-412: The three major ethnic constituencies ( indigenous Fijians , Indo-Fijians , and Europeans ). Indo-Fijian and European electors voted directly for 3 of the 5 members allocated to them (the other two were appointed by the Governor); the 5 indigenous Fijian members were all nominated by the Great Council of Chiefs. Ratu Sukuna was chosen as the first Speaker . Although the Legislative Council still had few of
4248-401: The time, but ignored the signal. Luckner ordered a smoke generator to be lit, and the 3,609 ton Horngarth turned back to render assistance to the 'burning' sailing ship. A single shot put the British ship's radio out of action; this resulted in the only loss of life in the Seeadler 's voyage. A British sailor, Douglas Page, was killed when a steam pipe was ruptured by the shot. Horngarth
4320-452: The town after the garrison refused to surrender. Count Luckner did not return to the town after hearing that local Nazis planned to subject him to execution without trial. Luckner was a prolific autograph signer, and his original autographs turn up frequently at auctions and estate sales. After the Second World War, Luckner moved to Sweden , where he lived in Malmö with his Swedish second wife Ingeborg Engeström until his death in Malmö at
4392-507: The war finally ended for Felix von Luckner. He spent the remainder of the war in various prisoner of war camps in New Zealand, including Ripapa Island in Lyttelton Harbour , before being repatriated to Germany in 1919. Luckner was married twice. He married Petra Schultz from Hamburg , with whom he had a daughter, Inge-Maria, born in 1913. They were divorced in 1914. On 24 September 1924 he married Ingeborg Engeström in Malmö , Sweden . On 12 May 1921, Luckner joined Regular Freemasonry of
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#17327761965644464-420: The war, which resulted in a minimal loss of life on both sides. Luckner was born in Dresden , Germany, the great-grandson of Nicolas Luckner , Marshal of France and commander-in-chief of the French Army of the Rhine , who in the 18th century was elevated to the rank of Count ( Graf ) by the King of Denmark . The young Luckner had dreams of being a sailor, but his father was determined that he should follow
4536-441: Was a German nobleman, naval officer, author, and sailor who earned the epithet Der Seeteufel (the Sea Devil), and his crew that of Die Piraten des Kaisers (the Emperor's Pirates), for his exploits in command of the sailing commerce raider SMS Seeadler ( Sea Eagle ) during the First World War . After the war, Luckner became a war hero in Germany and was renowned around the world for his seamanship and chivalrous conduct during
4608-425: Was allowed to proceed unmolested. On the morning of 26 February 1917, the 1,953 ton British barque British Yeoman , carrying a welcome cargo including chickens and pigs, was stopped and sunk; the same evening the French four-master Le Rochefoucauld fell victim to the Seeadler . The boarding party discovered Le Rochefoucauld had only recently been stopped by a British cruiser which was looking for Seeadler . On
4680-413: Was appointed as interim Governor . He was replaced in June 1875 by Sir Arthur Gordon . Rather than establish direct rule in all spheres, Gordon granted autonomy over local affairs to Fiji's chiefs, though they were now forbidden to engage in tribal warfare. The colony was divided into four regions, each under the control of a Roko; these regions were further subdivided into twelve districts, each ruled by
4752-424: Was made a partly elective body, with European male settlers empowered to elect 6 of the 19 Councillors. 2 members were appointed by the colonial Governor from a list of 6 candidates submitted by the Great Council of Chiefs ; a further 8 "official" members were appointed by the Governor at his own discretion. The Governor himself was the 19th member. The first nominated Indian member was appointed in 1916; this position
4824-415: Was made elective from 1929. A four-member Executive Council had also been established in 1904; this was not a " Cabinet " in the modern sense, as its members were not responsible to the Legislative Council. After the Second World War , Fiji began to take its first steps towards internal self-government. The Legislative Council was expanded to 32 members in 1953, 15 of them elected and divided equally among
4896-416: Was made law in Fiji also. Fiji was only peripherally involved in the First World War , which was fought mainly in Europe. More than 1,500 men volunteered for war service with British forces. Other volunteers saw service with Australian and NZ forces. One notable incident occurred in September 1917 when Felix Graf von Luckner arrived at Wakaya Island , off the eastern coast of Viti Levu, after his raider,
4968-529: Was refused. They disbanded a platoon they had organised, and contributed nothing more than one officer and 70 enlisted men in a reserve transport section, on condition that they not be sent overseas. The refusal of Indo-Fijians to play an active role in the war efforts became part of the ideological construction employed by Fijian ethno-nationalists to justify interethnic tensions in the post-war years. A Legislative Council , initially with advisory powers, had existed as an appointed body since 1874, but in 1904 it
5040-418: Was soon scuttled by Seeadler 's now experienced crew. By this time, Luckner had the problem of feeding and keeping safe nearly 300 prisoners, in addition to his own crew. Consequently, when on 20 March, the French four-masted barque Cambronne was captured, Luckner arranged for the ship's topgallant mast and additional spars and sails to be removed, before putting his prisoners aboard Cambronne under
5112-467: Was supplemented by a Native Regulation Board (now the Fijian Affairs Board ); these two bodies together made laws for the Fijians . (European settlers, however, were not subject to its laws). In 1882, the capital was moved from Levuka to the more accessible Suva. Adopting a "Fiji for the Fijians" policy, Gordon prohibited further sales of land, although it could be leased. This policy has been continued, hardly modified, to this day, and some 83 percent of
5184-518: Was widely admired for his seamanship and for having fought his war at sea with such a minimal loss of life. This opened many doors for him in the United States, where he spoke on hundreds of occasions across the country, both in German and later, increasingly, in English. He won the support of many notable people, including diplomats, politicians, and even World War I veterans belonging to the American Legion . Henry Ford presented Luckner with
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