75-559: The Colorado pikeminnow ( Ptychocheilus lucius , formerly squawfish ) is the largest cyprinid fish of North America and one of the largest in the world, with reports of individuals up to 6 ft (1.8 m) long and weighing over 100 pounds (45 kg). Native to the Colorado River Basin of the southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico , it was formerly an important food fish for both Native Americans and European settlers. Once abundant and widespread in
150-467: A female lays her eggs, male Colorado Pikeminnow will follow the trial of eggs, dispersing semen. These eggs hatch at different rates based on the temperature of the water. When the water was around 20 °C (68 °F), eggs hatched within 3–5 days, and at a higher temperature of 25 °C (77 °F), eggs hatched in around 2–3 days. Upon hatching and swim-up, the small fry are entrained and carried 50–100 km (31–62 mi) downstream. The species
225-497: A few species build nests and/or guard the eggs. The bitterlings of subfamily Acheilognathinae are notable for depositing their eggs in bivalve molluscs , where the young develop until able to fend for themselves. Cyprinids contain the first and only known example of androgenesis in a vertebrate, in the Squalius alburnoides allopolyploid complex. Most cyprinids feed mainly on invertebrates and vegetation , probably due to
300-595: A larger deposit of oil shale in the Green River formation. The Equity Oil Company currently has 17 wells in declining production of oil near Ashley Field and is looking to inject carbon dioxide into the Weber reservoir to increase the rate of oil flow through their pipelines. At the time of its discovery (2005), the Green River Formation was said to have the world's largest fossil fuel deposits in
375-409: A length around 30 cm (12 in), they feed almost entirely upon fish. This fish has an ontogenetic separation of life history stage. The altricial young emerge from whitewater canyons, enter the drift as sac-fry, and are transported downstream. Habitat for the young fish is predominately alongshore backwaters and associated shorelines of more alluvial reaches of the turbulent and turbid rivers of
450-613: A panic caused by the Meeker Massacre in Colorado. Most of the land in the valley of the river today is owned and controlled by the federal government. Private holdings are largely limited to bottoms. Until the 1940s, the valley's economy was based largely on ranching. Tourism has emerged as the dominant industry in the region in the last several decades. A proposed nuclear power plant, the Blue Castle Project ,
525-509: A radical move, though reasonable, is probably premature. The tench ( Tinca tinca ), a significant food species farmed in western Eurasia in large numbers, is unusual. It is most often grouped with the Leuciscinae, but even when these were rather loosely circumscribed, it always stood apart. A cladistic analysis of DNA sequence data of the S7 ribosomal protein intron 1 supports
600-464: A threat in both predation and competition for resources. With the introduction of various invasive catfish species, Greenback cutthroat trout , and red shiner ( Cyprinella lutrensis ), the population of Colorado Pikeminnow has declined drastically. A study was conducted analyzing the factors of recruiting young Colorado Pikeminnow. In particular, it was found that red shiners feed on the larvae of Colorado Pikeminnow in vivo. Additionally, land managers in
675-460: A wintering ground for American trappers in the next decades, with trading posts established at the mouth of the White near Whiterocks, Utah , and Browns Park . The Upper Green River Rendezvous Site near Pinedale, Wyoming was a popular location for annual mountain man rendezvous during the 1820s and 1830s, with as many as 450 to 500 trappers attending during its heyday in the 1830s. The region
750-401: Is "critically imperiled". Like the other three species of pikeminnows , it has an elongated body reminiscent of the pike . The cone-shaped and somewhat flattened head is elongated, forming nearly a quarter of the body length. Color grades from bright olive green on the back to a paler yellowish shade on the flanks, to white underneath. Young fish also have a dark spot on the caudal fin . Both
825-573: Is a major pest species in Australia impacting freshwater environments, amenity, and the agricultural economy, devastating biodiversity by decimating native fish populations where they first became established as a major pest in the wild in the 1960s. In the major river system of eastern Australia, the Murray-Darling Basin , they constitute 80–90 per cent of fish biomass. In 2016 the federal government announced A$ 15.2 million to fund
SECTION 10
#1732790155042900-496: Is discovered, for example: Psilorhynchus Probarbinae Parapsilorhynchini Labeonini Garrini Torinae Smiliogastrinae Cyprinini Rohteichthyini Acrossocheilini Spinibarbini Schizothoracini Schizopygopsini Barbini Green River (Colorado River) The Green River , located in the western United States, is the chief tributary of the Colorado River . The watershed of
975-804: Is in western Wyoming, in northern Sublette County , on the western side of the Continental Divide in the Wind River Range and the Bridger–Teton National Forest . It flows south through Sublette County and western Wyoming in an area known as the Upper Green River Valley, then southwest and is joined by the Big Sandy River in western Sweetwater County . At the town of La Barge, it flows into Fontenelle Reservoir , formed by Fontenelle Dam. Below
1050-650: Is joined by the Duchesne River , and three miles (5 km) farther downstream by the White River . Ten miles farther downstream, it is joined by the Willow River . South of the plateau, it is joined by Nine Mile Creek , then enters the Roan Cliffs where it flows south through the back-to-back Desolation and Gray canyons, with a combined length of 120 mi (192 km). In Gray Canyon, it
1125-585: Is joined by the Price River . South of the canyon, it passes the town of Green River, Utah and is joined by the San Rafael River in southern Emery County . In eastern Wayne County it meanders through Canyonlands National Park , where it joins Colorado. The Flaming Gorge Dam in Utah is a significant regional source of water for irrigation and mining, as well as for hydroelectric power. Begun in
1200-557: Is navigable by small craft throughout its course and by large motorboats upstream to Flaming Gorge Dam. Near the areas where the Oregon Trail crosses the river, it is 400 to 500 feet (120 to 150 m) wide and averages about 20 feet (6.1 m) deep at normal flow. Archaeological evidence indicates that the tributary canyons and sheltered areas in the river valley were home to the Fremont Culture , which flourished from
1275-767: Is now known as Sevier Lake . Later cartographers extended the error, representing the Buenaventura River as flowing into the Pacific Ocean . At least one charted the Buenaventura as draining the Great Salt Lake . Later, Spanish and Mexican explorers adopted the name Rio Verde, meaning "Green River" in Spanish . Exactly when the Spanish started using this name and why is unknown. Explanations of
1350-497: Is set to begin construction near Green River in 2023. The plant will use 53,500 acre-feet (66,000,000 m ) of water annually from the Green River once both reactors are commissioned. The La Barge oil field was discovered in 1924. Oil was produced from Tertiary sandstones ( Wasatch Formation and Green River Formation ), within an anticline 600 to 1200 feet deep. The Big Piney -La Barge complex has produced gas since 1956 and oil since 1960. Cumulative production by 1976
1425-941: The Canyon of the Lodore (otherwise known as the Gates of Lodore) and is joined by the Yampa River at Steamboat Rock . It turns westward back into Utah along the southern edge of the Uintas in Whirlpool Canyon . In Utah, it meanders southwest across the Yampa Plateau and through the Uintah and Ouray Indian Reservation and the Ouray National Wildlife Refuge . Two miles south of Ouray, Utah , it
1500-557: The Cultrinae and Leuciscinae, regardless of their exact delimitation, are rather close relatives and stand apart from Cyprininae – but the overall systematics and taxonomy of the Cyprinidae remain a subject of considerable debate. A large number of genera are incertae sedis , too equivocal in their traits and/or too little-studied to permit assignment to a particular subfamily with any certainty. Part of
1575-530: The Labeoninae or Squaliobarbinae also remain doubtful, although the latter do appear to correspond to a distinct lineage. The sometimes-seen grouping of the large-headed carps ( Hypophthalmichthyinae ) with Xenocypris , though, seems quite in error. More likely, the latter are part of the Cultrinae. The entirely paraphyletic "Barbinae" and the disputed Labeoninae might be better treated as part of
SECTION 20
#17327901550421650-529: The Oregon , California , and Mormon emigration trails. Nearly all primary emigration routes had to cross the Green River. The main trail crossed near where the Big Sandy River joins the Green River in Wyoming. The river is too big and much too deep to ford at any time of the year and is the largest, most dangerous river crossed by the Oregon Trail. For that reason, ferries were commonly run on this stretch of
1725-874: The aquarium and fishpond hobbies, most famously the goldfish , which was bred in China from the Prussian carp ( Carassius (auratus) gibelio ). First imported into Europe around 1728, it was originally much-fancied by the Chinese nobility as early as 1150 AD and, after it arrived there in 1502, also in Japan . In addition to the goldfish, the common carp was bred in Japan into the colorful ornamental variety known as koi — or more accurately nishikigoi ( 錦鯉 ) , as koi ( 鯉 ) simply means "common carp" in Japanese — from
1800-411: The carp or minnow family , including the carps , the true minnows , and their relatives the barbs and barbels , among others. Cyprinidae is the largest and most diverse fish family, and the largest vertebrate animal family overall, with about 3,000 species ; only 1,270 of these remain extant, divided into about 200 valid genera . Cyprinids range from about 12 mm (0.5 in) in size to
1875-536: The common nase , eat algae and biofilms , while others, such as the black carp , specialize in snails, and some, such as the silver carp , are specialized filter feeders . For this reason, cyprinids are often introduced as a management tool to control various factors in the aquatic environment, such as aquatic vegetation and diseases transmitted by snails. Unlike most fish species, cyprinids generally increase in abundance in eutrophic lakes. Here, they contribute towards positive feedback as they are efficient at eating
1950-545: The golden mahseer ( Tor putitora ) and mangar ( Luciobarbus esocinus ). The largest North American species is the Colorado pikeminnow ( Ptychocheilus lucius ), which can reach up to 1.8 m (5.9 ft) in length. Conversely, many species are smaller than 5 cm (2 in). The smallest known fish is Paedocypris progenetica , reaching 10.3 mm (0.41 in) at the longest. All fish in this family are egg-layers and most do not guard their eggs; however,
2025-558: The zooplankton that would otherwise graze on the algae, reducing its abundance. Cyprinids are highly important food fish; they are fished and farmed across Eurasia . In land-locked countries in particular, cyprinids are often the major species of fish eaten because they make the largest part of biomass in most water types except for fast-flowing rivers. In Eastern Europe, they are often prepared with traditional methods such as drying and salting. The prevalence of inexpensive frozen fish products made this less important now than it
2100-517: The 18th century until today. Other popular aquarium cyprinids include danionins , rasborines and true barbs . Larger species are bred by the thousands in outdoor ponds, particularly in Southeast Asia , and trade in these aquarium fishes is of considerable commercial importance. The small rasborines and danionines are perhaps only rivalled by characids (tetras) and poecilid livebearers in their popularity for community aquaria . Some of
2175-618: The 1950s and finished in 1963, it was highly controversial and opposed by conservationists. Originally, a dam was to be built in Whirlpool Canyon, but the conservationist movement traded the Flaming Gorge Dam for halting that proposal. The Green is a large, deep, powerful river. It ranges from 100 to 300 feet (30 to 100 m) wide in the upper course and from 300 to 1,500 feet (91 to 457 m) wide in its lower course, and from 3 to 50 feet (0.91 to 15.24 m) in depth. It
2250-593: The 1960s ranged up to 60 cm (24 in) for 11-year-old fish, but by the early 1990s, maximum sizes reached no more than 34 cm (13 in). Biologists now consider the typical size of an adult pikeminnow to be between 4 and 9 pounds (1.8 and 4.1 kg), and reports of the fish lately exceeding 3 feet (0.91 m) in length are now in question. Young pikeminnows, up to 5 cm (2 in) long, eat cladocerans , copepods , and chironomid larvae, then shift to insects around 10 cm (4 in) long, gradually eating more fish as they mature. Once they achieve
2325-456: The 3 m (9.8 ft) giant barb ( Catlocarpio siamensis ). By genus and species count, the family makes up more than two-thirds of the ostariophysian order Cypriniformes . The family name is derived from the Greek word kyprînos ( κυπρῖνος 'carp'). Cyprinids are stomachless, or agastric , fish with toothless jaws. Even so, food can be effectively chewed by the gill rakers of
Colorado pikeminnow - Misplaced Pages Continue
2400-588: The 7th century to the 13th century. The Fremont were semi-nomadic people who lived in pithouses and are best known for the rock art on canyon walls and in sheltered overhangs. In later centuries, the river basin was home to the Shoshone and Ute peoples, both nomadic hunters. The Shoshone inhabited the river valley north of the Uinta Mountains , whereas the Utes lived to the south. The current reservation of
2475-485: The Colorado Pikeminnow (Sublette et al. 1990, Muth and Snyder 1995). It has also been hypothesized that due to the installation of dams, the change in water temperature has altered breeding tendencies. Breeding is water temperature dependent, meaning the temperature of the water must be perfect for spawning to occur. Changes in these conditions have caused breeding grounds to change. Non-native fish have posed
2550-693: The Colorado River began at its confluence with the Green River. Above the confluence, Colorado was called the Grand River. In 1921, U.S. Representative Edward T. Taylor of Colorado petitioned the Congressional Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce to rename the Grand River as the Colorado River. On July 25, 1921, the name change was made official in House Joint Resolution 460 of the 66th Congress , over
2625-448: The Colorado system. In contrast, adults reside in more well-defined channels, where they seek eddy habitats and prey on suckers and minnows. Colorado pikeminnows are potamodromous, making freshwater spawning migrations to home in on their natal areas. These migrations can begin as upstream or downstream movements, depending on the location of home range of individuals, and may involve 100 kilometres (62 mi) or more. Spawning occurs around
2700-707: The Cyprininae, forming a close-knit group whose internal relationships are still little known. The small African " barbs " do not belong in Barbus sensu stricto – indeed, they are as distant from the typical barbels and the typical carps ( Cyprinus ) as these are from Garra (which is placed in the Labeoninae by most who accept the latter as distinct) and thus might form another as yet unnamed subfamily. However, as noted above, how various minor lineages tie into this has not yet been resolved; therefore, such
2775-486: The National Carp Control Plan to investigate using Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (carp virus) as a biological control agent while minimising impacts on industry and environment should a carp virus release go ahead. Despite initial, favourable assessment, in 2020 this plan was found to be unlikely to work due to the high fecundity of the fish. Numerous cyprinids have become popular and important within
2850-574: The Native Americans). A map of 1847 redirects the course of the Rafael to the north and labels it as Green River. It would be some time before the true confluence of the Green and Colorado Rivers would be known. The Old Spanish Trail from New Mexico to California crossed the river just above the present-day town of Green River, Utah. In the early 19th century, the upper river in Wyoming
2925-571: The Rasborinae as the basal lineage with the Cyprininae as a sister clade to the Leuciscinae. The subfamilies Acheilognathinae , Gobioninae , and Leuciscinae are monophyletic. The 5th Edition of Fishes of the World sets out the following subfamilies: With such a large and diverse family the taxonomy and phylogenies are always being worked on so alternative classifications are being created as new information
3000-707: The San Juan River. The Colorado pikeminnow was one of the first species listed under the Endangered Species Act in 1973 as endangered, due to its extirpation from the Lower Colorado River Basin following damming in the early 20th century. A stocking program in the Verde River has been discontinued due to futility, and current conservation efforts are aimed at preserving pikeminnow populations in three subbasins within
3075-588: The Upper Colorado River: the Green River, the Upper Colorado River and the San Juan River. A draft recovery plan published in 2022 projected a cost of nearly US$ 180 million over 15 years to recover the Colorado pikeminnow through management of water flow, maintenance of fish passages and control of nonnative species, among other measures. Cyprinid and see text Cyprinidae is a family of freshwater fish commonly called
Colorado pikeminnow - Misplaced Pages Continue
3150-683: The Upper basin with Colorado pikeminnow. According to the Native Aquatic Species Conservation in Arizona, it was found that small fish could not avoid predation and that the only successful site for reintroduction was the Green River, more specifically the upper Green River. Fish up to 16 inches (410 mm) long have been released in the hopes of increasing the survival rate of the released Colorado pikeminnow. There has been evidence that population numbers are increasing in
3225-670: The Utes is in the Uintah Basin . The Shoshone called the river the Seeds-kee-dee-Agie , meaning "Prairie Hen River." In 1776, the Spanish friars Silvestre Vélez de Escalante and Francisco Atanasio Domínguez crossed the river near present-day Jensen, naming it the Rio de San Buenaventura . The map-maker of the expedition, Captain Bernardo Miera y Pacheco , erroneously indicated that the river flowed southwest to what
3300-575: The basin, its numbers have declined to the point where it has been extirpated from the Mexican part of its range and was listed as endangered in the US part in 1967, a fate shared by the three other large Colorado Basin endemic fish species: bonytail chub , humpback chub , and razorback sucker . The Colorado pikeminnow is currently listed as vulnerable by the IUCN , while its NatureServe conservation status
3375-462: The canyons, geographic features, and rapids along the river. For example, "we sweep around another great bend to the left, making a circuit of nine miles, and come back to a point within 600 feet of the beginning of the bend. In the two circuits, we describe almost in figure 8. The men call it a `bowknot' of a river; so we name it Bowknot Bend ." (Powell, 1869) From the 1840s through the 1860s, hundreds of thousands of emigrants made their way west along
3450-528: The cyprinids since they have the Weberian organ , three specialized vertebral processes that transfer motion of the gas bladder to the inner ear. The vertebral processes of the Weberian organ also permit a cyprinid to detect changes in motion of the gas bladder due to atmospheric conditions or depth changes. The cyprinids are considered physostomes because the pneumatic duct is retained in adult stages and
3525-608: The dam, it flows through open sage-covered rolling prairie where it is crossed by the Oregon , California and Mormon emigration trails, and then further south past the town of Green River, Wyoming and into the Flaming Gorge Reservoir in southwestern Wyoming, formed by the Flaming Gorge Dam in northeastern Utah. Before the reservoir's creation, the Blacks Fork joined the Green River south of
3600-480: The dorsal and anal fins typically have 9 rays. The pharyngeal teeth are long and hooked. There are no teeth in the jaw, however, and the lip folds back to create a fleshy mouth. The reports of 6 ft (2 m) individuals are estimates from skeletal remains, but a number of community elders , interviewed by the Salt Lake Tribune in 1994, reported that such individuals were once common. Catches in
3675-407: The fish are able to gulp air to fill the gas bladder, or they can dispose of excess gas to the gut. Cyprinids are native to North America , Africa , and Eurasia . The largest known cyprinid is the giant barb ( Catlocarpio siamensis ), which may grow up to 3 m (9.8 ft) in length and 300 kg (660 lb) in weight. Other very large species that can surpass 2 m (6.6 ft) are
3750-543: The form of a solid rock resource called oil shale . There is estimated to be between 500 billion and 1.1 trillion barrels (80 and 175 km ) of potentially recoverable oil in the basin, however; this estimated amount of recoverable oil in the form of kerogen is challenged, and in doubt, as currently there is no economically feasible technology to convert rock into a permeable oil. Kerogen is an uncooked form of hydrocarbon that nature did not convert into actual oil. The cost of converting Green River oil shale into actual oil at
3825-585: The grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella ) are the most important of these, for example in Florida . Carp in particular can stir up sediment , reducing the clarity of the water and making plant growth difficult. In America and Australia, such as the Asian carp in the Mississippi Basin , they have become invasive species that compete with native fishes or disrupt the environment. Cyprinus carpio
SECTION 50
#17327901550423900-456: The lack of teeth and stomach; however, some species, like the asp , are predators that specialize in fish. Many species, such as the ide and the common rudd , prey on small fish when individuals become large enough. Even small species, such as the moderlieschen , are opportunistic predators that will eat larvae of the common frog in artificial circumstances. Some cyprinids, such as the grass carp , are specialized herbivores; others, such as
3975-446: The moment would be higher than what it could be sold for. The EROI for oil shale is very low while having a very high destructive environmental impact. The Green River Basin contains the world's largest known deposit of trona ore near Green River, Wyoming. Soda ash mining from trona veins 900 and 1600 feet (300 and 500 m) deep is a major industrial activity in the area, employing over 2000 persons at four mines. The mining operation
4050-485: The most popular cyprinids among aquarists , other than goldfish and koi, include the cherry barb , Harlequin rasbora , pearl danios , rainbow sharks , tiger barbs , and the White Cloud Mountain minnow . One particular species of these small and undemanding danionines is the zebrafish ( Danio rerio ). It has become the standard model species for studying developmental genetics of vertebrates , in particular fish. Habitat destruction and other causes have reduced
4125-426: The name "Green" include ideas about the color of the water (though it is usually just as red as that of the Colorado), the color of soapstone along its banks, the color of the vegetation, and the name of a trapper. No explanation can be verified. Wilson Hunt of John Jacob Astor 's Pacific Fur Company called it The Spanish River in 1811. By that time it was clear to the trappers that Miera's map (if they had seen it)
4200-404: The objections of representatives from Wyoming and Utah and the United States Geological Survey , which noted that the drainage basin of the Green River was more extensive than that of the Grand River, although the Grand carried a higher volume of water at its confluence with the Green. The Green River is the subject of the song "Green River" by C.W. McCall . The headwaters of the Green River
4275-497: The past have attempted to reduce the native fish population of the Colorado Basin in favor of sport fishing. In the mid-1960s, the federal government poured the poison rotenone into the Green and San Juan Rivers, attempting to create an environment supportive of non-native sportfish. In September 1962, the Green River was poisoned beginning upstream of Flaming Gorge . The poison worked downstream for 3 days until it reached upstream of Dinosaur National Monument . Potassium permanganate
4350-447: The river has carved some of the most spectacular canyons in the United States. The Green is slightly smaller than Colorado when the two rivers merge but typically carries a larger load of silt . The average yearly mean flow of the river at Green River, Utah is 6,121 cubic feet (173.3 m ) per second. The status of the Green River as a tributary of the Colorado River came about mainly for political reasons. In earlier nomenclature,
4425-413: The river, known as the Green River Basin , covers parts of the U.S. states of Wyoming , Utah , and Colorado . The Green River is 730 miles (1,170 km) long, beginning in the Wind River Mountains of Wyoming and flowing through Wyoming and Utah for most of its course, except for a short segment of 40 miles (64 km) in western Colorado. Much of the route traverses the arid Colorado Plateau , where
4500-441: The river. Some popular ferries included the Lombard and Robinson ferries at the main crossing and the Mormon, Mountain Man, and Names Hill ferries where the popular Sublette-Greenwood cutoff crossed the river further upstream. In 1878 the first permanent settlement in the river valley was founded at Vernal by a party of Mormons led by Jeremiah Hatch . The settlement survived a diphtheria epidemic its first winter, as well as
4575-413: The solution seems that the delicate rasborines are the core group, consisting of minor lineages that have not shifted far from their evolutionary niche , or have coevolved for millions of years. These are among the most basal lineages of living cyprinids. Other "rasborines" are apparently distributed across the diverse lineages of the family. The validity and circumscription of proposed subfamilies like
SECTION 60
#17327901550424650-418: The specialized last gill bow. These pharyngeal teeth allow the fish to make chewing motions against a chewing plate formed by a bony process of the skull . The pharyngeal teeth are unique to each species and are used by scientists to identify species. Strong pharyngeal teeth allow fish such as the common carp and ide to eat hard baits such as snails and bivalves . Hearing is a well-developed sense in
4725-402: The summer solstice, with declining flows and increasing temperatures. Breeding males are bronze-colored and heavily covered with tubercles , while females are generally larger, lighter in color and with fewer tubercles. As the fish reach the spawning location, they stage in deeper pools and eddies and make spawning runs into nearby runs and deep riffles, where the adhesive eggs are released. Once
4800-403: The town of Green River, but today the mouth of Blacks Fork is submerged by the reservoir. South of the dam, it is forced to turn sharply eastward by the uplift of the Uinta Mountains , looping around the eastern tip of the range as it travels from Utah into northwestern Colorado and through Browns Park before turning west and then south into Dinosaur National Monument , where it passes through
4875-426: The trappers and American explorers. While it was known that the Green River drained to Colorado, the exact course was not known. Miera's map showed the Colorado River branching into two major streams – the Nabajoo (San Juan) and the Zaguananas. It also showed the Zaguananas branching into four heads, including the Dolores and the Rafael (the latter of which Escalante's journal equates with Colorado per information from
4950-490: The view that it is distinct enough to constitute a monotypic subfamily. It also suggests it may be closer to the small East Asian Aphyocypris , Hemigrammocypris , and Yaoshanicus . They would have diverged roughly at the same time from cyprinids of east-central Asia, perhaps as a result of the Alpide orogeny that vastly changed the topography of that region in the late Paleogene , when their divergence presumably occurred. A DNA-based analysis of these fish places
5025-670: The wild stocks of several cyprinids to dangerously low levels; some are already entirely extinct . In particular, the cyprinids of the subfamily Leuciscinae from southwestern North America have been hit hard by pollution and unsustainable water use in the early to mid-20th century; most globally extinct cypriniform species are in fact leuciscinid cyprinids from the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. The massive diversity of cyprinids has so far made it difficult to resolve their phylogeny in sufficient detail to make assignment to subfamilies more than tentative in many cases. Some distinct lineages obviously exist – for example,
5100-400: Was 65 million bbl of oil and over 1.2 Tcf (trillion cubic feet ) of gas. Production includes the Cretaceous Mesaverde Formation and Frontier Formation . The discovery of petroleum at the Ashley Field after World War II has led to the exploitation of oil and natural gas in the region. The oil at Ashley Field is trapped in Aeolin deposits of "coversands and loess," while there is
5175-415: Was explored by John C. Fremont on several of his expeditions in the 1840s. Fremont corrected the cartographic error of Miera, establishing firmly that the river did not drain the Great Salt Lake. In 1869, the river was surveyed and mapped by John Wesley Powell as part of the first of his two expeditions to the region. During his two voyages in 1869 and 1871, he and his men gave most of the current names of
5250-592: Was in earlier times. Nonetheless, in certain places, they remain popular for food, as well as recreational fishing , for ornamental use, and have been deliberately stocked in ponds and lakes for centuries for this reason. Cyprinids are popular for angling especially for match fishing (due to their dominance in biomass and numbers) and fishing for common carp because of its size and strength. Several cyprinids have been introduced to waters outside their natural ranges to provide food, sport, or biological control for some pest species. The common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) and
5325-484: Was once a species of fish that resided in much of the Colorado River Basin. Due to human impacts and the introduction of non-native fish species, the population has receded to the upper basin. According to the Native Aquatic Species Conservation in Arizona, the installation of dams has altered the fish's movement. Along with this, dewatering, altered stream flow, channel morphology, water quality, water chemistry, silt loads, and introduction of non-native fish have challenged
5400-692: Was once found throughout the Colorado Basin, so occurred in Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming, as well as in Mexico. Damming and habitat alterations have confined the species to the upper Colorado drainage; currently, remnant populations are known from the Green , Gunnison , White , San Juan , and Yampa Rivers . They have been transplanted to the Salt and Verde Rivers , both within their native range. The Colorado Pikeminnow
5475-616: Was part of the disputed Oregon Country . It was explored by trappers from the North West Company and Hudson's Bay Company , such as Donald Mackenzie who pioneered the area from 1819. In 1825, the American William Ashley and a party of American explorers floated down the river from north of the Uintah Mountains to the mouth of the White River . The valley of the river became increasingly used as
5550-491: Was used to neutralize the rotenone, but concentrations were higher than expected and rotenone continued into the Dinosaur National Monument area. Recovery efforts are focused on operating dams to create more natural flow patterns, improving fish passage up- and downstream, and restricting stocking of non-native fish to reduce ecological interactions. In Arizona, hatcheries are in the process of restocking
5625-710: Was wrong, for they had learned from the Native Americans that the Green River drained to the Colorado River and the Gulf of California . When Jedediah Smith reached the lower Colorado in 1826, he first called it the Seedskeedee, as the Green/Colorado River was commonly known among the trappers. By the time of Bonneville's expedition in 1832, the names "Seeds-kee-dee", "Spanish River", "Green River", and even "Colorado River" were used interchangeably by
#41958