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39-791: The Colorado Revised Statutes ( C.R.S. ) are a legal code of Colorado , the codified general and permanent statutes of the Colorado General Assembly . The Colorado Revised Statutes are revised and published by the Revisor of Statutes of the Colorado Office of Legislative Legal Services under the supervision of the Committee on Legal Services as required by the Colorado Constitution. The General Assembly has claimed copyright protection of

78-495: A third of all cases) of the local magistrate courts to bring suits or threaten to sue on a whole range of civil disputes, characterized as "minor matters" in the Qing Code. Moreover, in practice, magistrates frequently tempered the application of the code by taking prevalent local customs into account in their decisions. Filed complaints were often settled among the parties before they received a formal court hearing, sometimes under

117-691: Is the Great Qing Legal Code , created in 1644 upon the founding of the Qing dynasty . This code was the exclusive and exhaustive statement of Chinese law between 1644 and 1912. Though it was in form a criminal code, large parts of the code dealt with civil law matters and the settlement of civil disputes. The code ceased its operation upon the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912, but significant provisions remained in operation in Hong Kong until well into

156-775: Is very different in form and content from all other civil codes. A civil code typically forms the core of civil law systems. The legal code typically covers exhaustively the entire system of private law. A criminal code or penal code is a common feature in many legal systems. Codification of the criminal law allows the criminal law to be more accessible and more democratically made and amended. van Gulik, R.H. Crime and Punishment in Ancient China: The Tang Yin Pi Shih . Orchid Press, 2007. ISBN   9745240915 , ISBN   978-974-524-091-9 . Great Qing Legal Code The Great Qing Legal Code (or Great Ching Legal Code ), also known as

195-600: The pontifices , who interpreted the tables to deal with situations far beyond what is contained therein. The Justinian Code collected together existing legal material at the time. In ancient China , the first comprehensive criminal code was the Tang Code , created in 624 AD in the Tang dynasty . This, and subsequent imperial codes, formed the basis for the penal system of both China and other East Asian states under its cultural influence. The last and best preserved imperial code

234-808: The 1917 Code of Canon Law which was replaced by the 1983 Code of Canon Law and whose Eastern counterpart is the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches . Meanwhile, African civilizations developed their own legal traditions, sometimes codifying them through consistent oral tradition, as illustrated e.g. by the Kouroukan Fouga , a charter proclaimed by the Mali Empire in 1222–1236, enumerating regulations in both constitutional and civil matters, and transmitted to this day by griots under oath. The Continental civil law tradition spread around

273-546: The Criminal Code . This applied even to minors under 18 years old, until the abolition of Section 2 of Article 63 of the Criminal Code —which allowed for life imprisonment or the death penalty against minors committing crimes under Section 1 of Article 272—on July 1, 2006. While the legal system in the People's Republic of China was, and to some extent still is, based on socialist law , it incorporates certain aspects of

312-497: The Criminal Code of the Republic of China ( 中華民國刑法 )), as well as "piracy causing death" and "piracy with arson, rape, kidnapping or murder" (both entail mandatory death penalty under Section 3 of Article 333 and Article 334 of the Criminal Code ). One legacy from that bygone era is the offense of "murder of a family member" (e.g. patricide and matricide ), which entails life imprisonment or death under Section 1 of Article 272 of

351-764: The Qing Code ( Ching Code ) or, in Hong Kong law , as the Ta Tsing Leu Lee ( 大清律例 ), was the legal code of the Qing empire (1644–1912). The code was based on the Ming legal code, the Great Ming Legal Code  [ zh ] , which was kept largely intact. Compared to the Ming Code, which had no more than several hundred statutes and sub-statutes, the Qing Code contained 1,907 statutes across over 30 revisions between 1644 and 1912. One of

390-573: The Supreme Court ruled that official annotated editions of state laws are public domain. Code (law) In a civil law country, a code of law typically exhaustively covers the complete system of law, such as civil law or criminal law . By contrast, in a common law country with legislative practices in the English tradition , codes modify the existing common law only to the extent of its express or implicit provision, but otherwise leaves

429-546: The Tang Code (624 CE), which was regarded as a model of precision and clarity in terms of drafting and structure. Neo-Confucianism continued to be the state orthodoxy under the Song , Ming , and Qing dynasties. The Confucian foundations of the Tang Code were retained throughout the centuries, with some aspects strengthened. During the Qing dynasty, criminal justice was based on a highly detailed criminal code. One element of

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468-728: The "Constitutional Movement", the imperial government was forced by various pressures to modernize its legal system quickly. While the Qing Code remained law, it was qualified and supplemented in quick succession by the Outline of the Imperial Constitution (1908) and the Nineteen Important Constitutional Covenants (1911), as well as various specialist laws, such as the Great Qing Copyright Code (1910). In 1912,

507-570: The 1970s due to a peculiar interaction between it and the British common law system. In Europe, Roman law , especially the Corpus Juris Civilis , became the basis of the legal systems of many countries. Roman law was either adopted by legislation (becoming positive law ), or through processing by jurists. The accepted Roman law is usually then codified and forms part of the central Code. The codification movement gathered pace after

546-635: The Americas, the influence of Continental legal codes has manifest itself in two ways. In civil law jurisdictions, legal codes in the Continental tradition are common. In common law jurisdictions, however, there has been a strong trend towards codification. The result of such codification, however, is not always a legal code as found in civil law jurisdictions. For example, the California Civil Code largely codifies common law doctrine and

585-443: The C.R.S. under the aegis of the Committee on Legal Services since 1970. The assertion has been called "one of the most aggressive state government uses of copyright". Beginning in 1989, West Publishing began its own distribution, challenging the copyright claim as an impermissible copyright of the public domain and as a violation of constitutional freedom of speech , prior restraint prohibitions, and due process . West settled with

624-740: The German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch , and also influenced by the Japanese code. This new tradition has been largely maintained in the legal system of the People's Republic of China since 1949. Meanwhile, codifications also became more common in common law systems. For example, a criminal code is found in a number of common law jurisdictions in Australia and the Americas , and continues to be debated in England . In

663-484: The Kuomintang codes, however, were implemented nationwide. Although government leaders strove for a Western-inspired codified law system, the traditional Chinese preference for collective social sanctions over impersonal legalism hindered constitutional and legal development. The spirit of the new rules never penetrated to the grass-roots level or provided hoped-for stability. Ideally, individuals were to be equal before

702-564: The Qing Code, a situation that ended only with the passing of the Marriage Reform Ordinance 1970 (Cap. 178), which came into force on 7 October 1971. Until that point, the Great Qing Legal Code had been enforced in some form for 327 years (from 1644 to 1971). Because there are still living concubines married before the Marriage Reform Ordinance (Cap. 178), and their rights (of inheritance, and

741-642: The Qing Code, most notably the notion that offenders should be shamed into repentance. This took the form of the practice of parading condemned criminals in public from 1927 (the beginning of the Agrarian Revolutionary War) to 1988, when "the declaration of the Supreme People's Court , the Supreme People's Procuratorate and the Ministry of Public Security on resolutely stopping the street display of convicted and unconvicted criminals"

780-570: The Qing dynasty and several Western powers led to the forced signing of several unequal treaties by the Chinese government, which granted subjects of the foreign nations in question extraterritoriality in China, which included being exempted from the Great Qing Legal Code. According to historian Ronald C. Po, foreign exemption from Chinese laws resulted from the unequal treaties "substantially challenged" Chinese control over its maritime border. In

819-604: The ancient city of Ebla (Tell Mardikh in modern-day Syria ) provide the earliest known evidence of a law code, dating back to 2400 BC. In addition, The UrukAgina Law Code (2380–2360 BC), the Sumerian Code of Ur-Nammu (c. 2100–2050 BC), the Code of Eshnunna (approximately 100 years before Lipit-Ishtar), the Code of Lipit-Ishtar (1934–1924 BC), and the Babylonian Code of Hammurabi (c. 1760 BC), are among

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858-508: The collapse of the Qing dynasty ended their 268 years of imperial rule over China, along with 2,000 years of Chinese imperial history. The Qing court was replaced by the Republic of China government. While some parts of the Qing Code and other late Qing statutes were adopted for "temporary application" by the Beiyang Government of the Republic of China, as a general legal position, the Qing Code ceased to have effect de jure due to

897-462: The common law intact. In the United States and other common law countries that have adopted similar legislative practices, a code of law is a standing body of statute law on a particular area, which is added to, subtracted from, or otherwise modified by individual legislative enactments. The legal code was a common feature of the legal systems of the ancient Middle East. Tablets discovered in

936-512: The dissolution of the Qing state. The newly founded Republic of China adopted the existing German-based legal codes from the Qing era, but these codes were not immediately put into practice. Following the overthrow of the Qing dynasty in 1912, China came under the control of rival warlords and had no government strong enough to establish a legal code to replace the Qing Code. Finally, in 1927, Chiang Kai-shek 's Kuomintang government attempted to develop Western-style legal and penal systems. Few of

975-720: The earliest and best preserved legal codes, originating from Sumer , Mesopotamia (now Iraq ). In the Roman empire , a number of codifications were developed, such as the Twelve Tables of Roman law (first compiled in 450 BC) and the Corpus Juris Civilis of Justinian, also known as the Justinian Code (429–534 AD). However, these law codes did not exhaustively describe the Roman legal system. The Twelve Tables were limited in scope, and most legal doctrines were developed by

1014-478: The earliest of these revisions was in 1660, completed by the Qing official Wei Zhouzuo and the noble Bahana. The Qing Code was the last legal code of Imperial China . By the end of the Qing dynasty, it had been the only legal code enforced in China for nearly 270 years. Even with the fall of the imperial Qing in 1912, the Confucian philosophy of social control enshrined in the Qing Code remained influential in

1053-400: The highest level of Imperial Chinese bureaucracy that had existed for at least a thousand years. The Great Qing Code comprises 436 articles divided into seven parts, further subdivided into chapters. The first part (Names and General Rules) is a General Part, similar to that of Germany's Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch , which contains the general legal rules, principles, and concepts applied to

1092-441: The influence of probable action by the court. The Great Qing Legal Code was the first written Chinese work directly translated into English . The translation, known as Fundamental Laws of China was completed by English traveller Sir George Staunton in 1810. It was the first time the Qing Code had been translated into a European language. The French translation was published in 1812. The First and Second Opium Wars between

1131-604: The late Qing dynasty, there was a concerted effort to establish legal codes based on European models as a part of the Self-Strengthening Movement . Due to the German victory in the Franco-Prussian War and because Imperial Japan was used as the model for political and legal reform, the adopted legal code was modeled closely on that of Germany . In the early 20th century, with the advent of

1170-570: The law, but this premise proved more rhetorical than substantive. Law in the Republic of China on Taiwan today is based on the German-based legal system brought by the Kuomintang. The influence of the Qing Code manifests itself in the form of an exceptionally detailed penal code, with many offenses punishable by death . For example, in addition to the offense of piracy , there are also "piracy causing grievous bodily harm" (punishable by death or life imprisonment under Section 3 of Article 333 of

1209-539: The magistrates' legal work was in civil disputes and that there was an elaborate system of civil law which used the Qing Code to establish torts . The Qing Code was in the form of exclusively a criminal code. Its statutes throughout stated prohibitions and restrictions, violations of which were subject to a range of punishments by a legalist state. In practice, however, large sections of the code and its sub-statutes dealt with matters that would properly be characterized as civil law. The populace made extensive use (perhaps

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1248-573: The rest of the Code. The other six parts are named after the Six Ministries of government, and each part contains laws that are perceived as applicable to each ministry. The Five Punishments in the Code contained in Article 1 are: A traditional Chinese legal system was largely in place during the Qin dynasty . Amalgamation of a Confucian worldview and a legal code was considered complete by

1287-709: The rise of nation-states after the Treaty of Westphalia . Prominent national civil codes include the French Napoleonic Code ( code civil ) of 1804, the Austrian civil code ( Allgemeines Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch ) of 1812, the German civil code ( Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch ) of 1900 and the Swiss codes . The European codifications of the 1800s influenced the codification of Catholic canon law resulting in

1326-407: The state after the law was changed in 1990 to allow access to the legislative database for a large fee. On March 4, 2016, the Committee on Legal Services suspended its practice of copyright registration of the original publications and ancillary editorial work, and also suspended the fee for the statutory database containing the official text of the statutes. In Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.

1365-676: The subsequent German law -based legal system of the Republic of China , and later, the Soviet -based system of the People's Republic of China . Part of the Qing Code was also used in British Hong Kong until 1971. The code resulted from a complex legal culture and occupied the central position of the Qing legal system. It showed a high level of continuity with the Tang Legal Code , which indicated an active legal tradition at

1404-402: The traditional Chinese criminal justice system is the notion that criminal law has a moral purpose: to get the convicted to repent and see the error of his ways. In the traditional Chinese legal system, a person could not be convicted of a crime unless confessed. This often led to using torture , to extract the necessary confession. An example of the use of torture and the risk of false confession

1443-607: The world along with European cultural and military dominance in recent centuries. During the Meiji Restoration , Japan adopted a new Civil Code (1898), based primarily on the French civil code and influenced by the German code. After the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 in China, the new Republic of China government abandoned the imperial code tradition and instead adopted a new civil code strongly influenced by

1482-562: Was issued. In Hong Kong, after the establishment of British rule in 1841, the Great Qing Legal Code remained in force for the local Chinese population. Until the end of the 19th century, Chinese offenders were still executed by decapitation , whereas British offenders would be put to death by hanging . Even long into the 20th century and well after the fall of the Qing dynasty in China, Chinese men in Hong Kong could still practice concubinage and polygamous kim-t'iu marriages permitted by

1521-497: Was seen in The Chinese Sorcery Scare of 1768 . These elements still influence modern Chinese views toward law. All death sentences were reported to the capital and required the personal approval of the emperor . There was no civil code separate from the criminal code , which led to the now discredited belief that traditional Chinese law had no civil law . More recent studies have demonstrated that most of

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