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112-673: Interracial unions in South Africa began from the 17th century in the Dutch Cape Colony where the Dutch married the Khoi Khoi , Bantu and Asians and mixed-race children were conceived. Eventually, interracial unions happened throughout South Africa and the rest of Southern Africa with various other European nationals that also contributed to the growing mixed-race people, who would later be officially classified as 'Coloured' by

224-416: A "subrace" of the "Malay" race) were also now being treated as a separate "Ethiopian" race by authors like Georges Cuvier , Conrad Malte-Brun , Julien-Joseph Virey , and René Lesson . The British naturalist James Cowles Prichard originally followed Blumenbach by treating Papuans and Native Australians as being descendants of the same stock as Austronesians. But by his third edition of Researches into

336-601: A Dutch pidgin , to its subsequent creolisation and use as "Kitchen Dutch" by slaves and serfs of the colonials, and its later use in Cape Islam by them when it first became a written language that used the Arabic letters . By the time of British rule after 1795, the sociopolitical foundations were firmly laid. In 1795, France occupied the Dutch Republic . This prompted Great Britain , at war with France, to occupy

448-510: A change in which the Coloured minority was to be allowed limited rights and self-governance in "Coloured areas", but continuing the policy of denationalising the Black majority and making them involuntary citizens of independent homelands. The internal rationale was that South African whites, more numerous at the time than Coloureds and Indians combined, could bolster its popular support and divide

560-477: A colonially admixed population cluster, hence the concatenation, and is not a straightforward reference to ancient African pastoralist and hunter ancestry, which is often demarcated by the L0 haplogroup ancestry common in the general South African native population which is also integral part of other aboriginal genetic reference cluster terms like "South-East African Bantu". In the 21st century, Coloured people constitute

672-680: A plurality of the population in the provinces of Western Cape (48.8%), and a large minority in the Northern Cape (40.3%), both areas of centuries of mixing among the populations. In the Eastern Cape , they make up 8.3% of the population. Interracial unions solely between the European men and Khoi Khoi women in the Cape formed mixed race descendants that became the Griqua people. Most of

784-633: A provincial leader of the New National Party) has sought to portray his New Labour Party as the political voice for Coloured people. Coloured people supported and were members of the African National Congress before, during and after the apartheid era: notable politicians include Ebrahim Rasool (previously Western Cape premier), Beatrice Marshoff , John Schuurman, Allan Hendrickse and Trevor Manuel , longtime Minister of Finance. The Democratic Alliance won control over

896-538: A result of attempts at redress such as Black Economic Empowerment and Employment Equity . In the Western Cape , a distinctive Cape Coloured and affiliated Cape Malay culture developed. Genetic studies suggest the group has the highest levels of mixed ancestry in the world. The majority of Coloureds are found in the Western Cape but are prevalent throughout the country. In Cape Town, they form 43.2% of

1008-483: A result, the Cape Coloureds ended up having the most diverse ancestry in the world with a blend of so many different cultures mixed together. However, not all Coloureds in the Cape region have the same ancestry. At least one genetic study indicates that most Cape Coloureds have ancestries from the following ethnic groups: It is important to note here that genetic reference cluster term "Khoisan" itself refers to

1120-419: A separate ethnic group that are sometimes considered a sub-group of the Coloured population of that country. Under South African rule, the policies and laws of apartheid were extended to what was then called South West Africa . In Namibia, Coloureds were treated by the government in a way comparable to that of South African Coloureds. In Zimbabwe and to a lesser extent Zambia , the term Coloured or Goffal

1232-650: A separate voters' roll from the 1958 election to the House of Assembly and forward. They could elect four Whites to represent them in the House of Assembly . Two Whites would be elected to the Cape Provincial Council and the governor general could appoint one senator . Both blacks and Whites opposed this measure, particularly from the United Party  and more liberal opposition. The Torch Commando

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1344-467: A significant proportion of marriages were interracial, this is at least partially attributed to a lack of 'White' or 'Christian' women within the colony. What later became the racial division between 'White' and 'non-White' populations originally began as a division between Christian and non-Christian populations. The Geslags-registeers estimated that seven percent of the Afrikaner gene pool in 1807

1456-494: A significant role in defining racial identities in the country. One of the most noteworthy aspects of this census was the instructions given to enumerators on how to classify individuals into different racial categories. The category of "Coloured persons" was used to refer to all people of mixed race, and this category included various ethnic groups such as Hottentots , Bushmen , Cape Malays , Griquas , Korannas , Creoles , Negroes , and Cape Coloureds . Of particular importance

1568-471: A son named Henry, he also fathered multiple mixed-race children with his Zulu concubines at his kraal near Umkomaas . Eventually, mixed race people in Natal also became 'coloured'. During the apartheid era in South Africa of the second half of the 20th century, the government used the term "Coloured" to describe one of the four main racial groups it defined by law (the fourth was "Asian," later "Indian"). This

1680-563: A while if at all. The average family size of six does not differ from those of other Western families and, as with the latter, is generally related to socio-economic status. Extended families are common. Coloured children are often expected to refer to any extended relatives as their "auntie" or "uncle" as a formality. While many affluent families live in large, modern, and sometimes luxurious homes, many urban coloured people rely on state-owned economic and sub-economic housing. There are many singing and choir associations as well as orchestras in

1792-519: Is John Robert Dunn , a white trader with Scottish parents who became a Zulu chief with 48 Zulu wives and 118 mixed race children; and most of his mixed-race descendants (who became 'Coloureds' in Natal) still live in present-day KwaZulu-Natal . Another British man who practised polygamy was Henry Fynn who had four Zulu wives and multiple mixed-race children. Although Henry Ogle (a British trader from Yorkshire ) married an English wife named Janie and had

1904-561: Is also used in Eswatini . As far as family life, housing, eating habits, clothing and so on are concerned, the Christian Coloureds generally maintain a Western lifestyle. Marriages are strictly monogamous, although extramarital and premarital sexual relationships can occur and are perceived differently from family to family. Among the working and agrarian classes, permanent relationships are often officially ratified only after

2016-493: Is now completely rejected by modern anthropologists, the misconception remains and most Filipinos still conflate Malay with Austronesian identity, almost always equating the two. Common usage of term "Malay" does not just refer to the ethnic Malays of other Southeast Asian countries. The academic term "Austronesian" remains unfamiliar to most Filipinos. In the United States , the racial classification "Malay race"

2128-437: Is the fact that the instruction to classify "coloured persons" as a distinct racial group included individuals of African descent, commonly referred to as Negroes . Therefore, it is important to note that Cape Coloureds, as a group of mixed-race individuals, also have African ancestry and can be considered as part of the broader African diaspora . Although the apartheid government recognised various Coloured subgroups, including

2240-480: Is their language (with variants of Indonesian language dialects that exist among them), their culture norms, and for some Islam . In Malaysia, the early colonial censuses listed separate ethnic groups , such as "Malays, Boyanese, Achinese, Javanese, Bugis, Manilamen (Filipino) and Siamese". The 1891 census merged these ethnic groups into the three racial categories used in modern Malaysia—Chinese, ‘Tamils and other natives of India’, and ‘Malays and other Natives of

2352-631: The African National Congress and the United Democratic Front . Whether in these organisations or others, many Coloured people were active in the fight against apartheid. The political rights of Coloured people varied by location and over time. In the 19th century they theoretically had similar rights to Whites in the Cape Colony (though income and property qualifications affected them disproportionately). In

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2464-596: The Amersfoort in 1658. Later on, the school was also attended by the children of the indigenes and the Free Burghers. The Dutch language was taught at schools as the main medium for commercial purposes, with the result that the indigenous people and even the French settlers found themselves speaking Dutch more than their native languages. The principles of Christianity were also introduced at the school resulting in

2576-519: The Boers , and the Cape Dutch who collectively became modern-day Afrikaners . At the time of first European settlement in the Cape, the southwest of Africa was inhabited by Khoikhoi pastoralists and hunters. Disgruntled by the disruption of their seasonal visit to the area for which purpose they grazed their cattle at the foot of Table Mountain only to find European settlers occupying and farming

2688-567: The Cape of Good Hope , from where it derived its name. The original colony and the successive states that the colony was incorporated into occupied much of modern South Africa . Between 1652 and 1691, it was a Commandment, and between 1691 and 1795, a Governorate of the VOC. Jan van Riebeeck established the colony as a re-supply and layover port for vessels of the VOC trading with Asia. The Cape came under VOC rule from 1652 to 1795 and from 1803 to 1806

2800-629: The Democratic Alliance (DA). The Western Cape is considered as an area in which this party might gain ground against the dominant African National Congress. The Democratic Alliance drew in some former New National Party voters and won considerable Coloured support. The New National Party collapsed in the 2004 elections. Coloured support aided the Democratic Alliance's victory in the 2006 Cape Town municipal elections. Patricia de Lille, who became mayor of Cape Town in 2011 on

2912-660: The Edict of Fontainebleau in October 1685 (revoking the Edict of Nantes of 1598), thereby ending protection of the right of Huguenots in France to practise Protestant worship without persecution from the state, the colony attracted many Huguenot settlers , who eventually mixed with the general Vryburgher population. Due to the authoritarian rule of the company (telling farmers what to grow for what price, controlling immigration , and monopolising trade), some farmers tried to escape

3024-797: The German linguist Franz Bopp in 1841 ( German : malayisch-polynesisch ). The connections between Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands were also noted by other European explorers, including the orientalist William Marsden and the naturalist Johann Reinhold Forster . In his 1775 doctoral dissertation titled De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa (trans: On the Natural Varieties of Mankind ), Blumenbach outlined Johann Friedrich Blumenbach main human races by skin color, geography, and skull measurements; namely " Caucasians " (white), " Ethiopians " (black), " Americans " (red), and

3136-469: The German physician Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752–1840), and classified as a brown race . Malay is a loose term used in the late 19th century and early 20th century to describe the Austronesian peoples . Since Blumenbach, many anthropologists have rejected his theory of five races , citing the enormous complexity of classifying races . The concept of a "Malay race" differs with that of

3248-526: The Karoo during the 18th century and after British annexation of the Cape in the 19th century. By the mid 18th century, the territory of the Dutch Cape Colony had reached to present-day Swellendam and by the end of the Dutch rule (after British annexation in 1814), the territory of the Cape had already reached certain parts of the Eastern Cape and the Northern Cape . With the gradual expansion of

3360-653: The Malay ethnic group , but embracing the people of a large yet unspecified part of the South East Asian archipelago. Raffles formed a vision of Malays as a language-based 'nation', in line with the views of the English Romantic movement at the time, and in 1809 sent a literary essay on the topic to the Asiatic Society. After he mounted an expedition to the former Minangkabau seat of royalty in

3472-670: The Native Australians ), and the "Pelagian or Oceanic Negroes" (the Melanesians and western Polynesians). Despite this, he acknowledges that "Malayo-Polynesians" and "Pelagian Negroes" had "remarkable characters in common", particularly in terms of language and craniometry . In 1899, the Austrian linguist and ethnologist Wilhelm Schmidt coined the term "Austronesian" (German: austronesisch , from Latin auster , "south wind"; and Greek νῆσος , "island") to refer to

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3584-617: The Pagaruyung , he declared it was ‘the source of that power, the origin of that nation, so extensively scattered over the Eastern Archipelago’. In his later writings he moved the Malays from a nation to a race. In Brunei , "indigenous Malays" ( Malay : Melayu Jati ) refer to people who belong to one of the seven ethnic groups: Brunei Malay , Kedayan , Tutong , Dusun , Belait , Bisaya and Murut . In Indonesia ,

3696-613: The Transvaal Republic or the Orange Free State , they had few rights. Coloured members were elected to Cape Town's municipal authority (including, for many years, Abdurahman). The establishment of the Union of South Africa gave Coloured people the franchise, although by 1930 they were restricted to electing White representatives. They conducted frequent voting boycotts in protest. Such boycotts may have contributed to

3808-429: The apartheid government in the 1950s. Modern science regards race as a social construct , an identity which is assigned based on rules made by society. While partly based on physical similarities within groups, race does not have an inherent physical or biological meaning. The concept of race is foundational to racism, the belief that humans can be divided based on the superiority of one race over another. Coloured

3920-483: The ethnic Malays centered on Malaya and parts of the Malay Archipelago 's islands of Sumatra and Borneo . The linguistic connections between Madagascar , Polynesia and Southeast Asia were recognized early in the colonial era by European authors, particularly the remarkable similarities between Malagasy , Malay , and Polynesian numerals . The first formal publications on these relationships

4032-411: The " Mongolians " (yellow). Blumenbach added Austronesians as the fifth category to his "varieties" of humans in the second edition of De Generis (1781). He initially grouped them by geography and thus called Austronesians the "people from the southern world." In the third edition published in 1795, he named Austronesians the "Malay race" or the " brown race ," after studies done by Joseph Banks who

4144-522: The "Malay race" and were not enumerated in the list of races for whom marriage with whites was illegal. The California legislature soon after amended the laws to extend the prohibition against interracial marriage to whites and Filipinos. Many anti-miscegenation laws were gradually repealed after the Second World War, starting with California in 1948. In 1967, all remaining bans against interracial marriage were judged to be unconstitutional by

4256-584: The 17th century (in this case, from 1652-1700), the Dutch Cape Colony consisted only of present-day Cape Town with its surrounding areas such as Paarl , Stellenbosch and Franschhoek . However, from the 18th century until the formation of the Union of South Africa in the year 1910, the territory of the Cape expanded gradually to the North and to the East. This happened, especially after the Trekboers migrated into

4368-595: The ANC." In the 2004 election, voter apathy was high in historically Coloured areas. The ANC faces the dilemma of having to balance the increasingly nationalistic economic aspirations of its core black African support base, with its ambition to regain control of the Western Cape, which would require support from Coloureds. The term Coloured is also used in Namibia, to describe persons of mixed race, specifically part Khoisan, and part European. The Basters of Namibia constitute

4480-597: The Archipelago’. This was based upon the European view at the time that race was a biologically based scientific category. For the 1901 census, the government advised the word "race" should replace "nationality" wherever it occurs. After a period of generations of being classified in these groups, individual identities formed around the concept of bangsa Melayu (Malay race). For younger generations of people, they saw it as providing unity and solidarity against colonial powers, and non-Malay immigrants. The Malaysian nation

4592-646: The Batavian Republic (which he would replace with a monarchy later that year). The British established their colony to control the Far East trade routes. In 1814 the Dutch government formally ceded sovereignty over the Cape to the British, under the terms of the Convention of London . The Dutch Cape Colony was divided into four districts. In 1797 their "recorded" populations were: During this period

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4704-595: The Batavian Republic, led the British to hand the Cape Colony over to the Batavian Republic in 1803, under the terms of the Treaty of Amiens . In 1806, the Cape, now nominally controlled by the Batavian Republic, was occupied again by the British after their victory in the Battle of Blaauwberg . The peace between Britain and Napoleonic France had broken after one year, while Napoleon had been strengthening his influence on

4816-499: The Boer republic Natalia got annexed by the British rulers, it became Natal in 1845. When the British started settling in Natal from the mid-19th century, they established sugarcane plantations especially in the coastal regions (such as Durban , Stanger etc.) and these plantations required intensive labour as well. Struggling to find labour from the local Zulu , the British decided to import thousands of labourers from India to work on

4928-844: The Cape Coloured community, a small minority of them have retained their community and culture, therefore, they became known as the Cape Malay . However, during the Apartheid regime , the Cape Malays were classified as a sub-group of the Cape Coloured due to similar ancestries and because South Africa's population was grouped into four races under the Population Registration Act, 1950 : Black , White , Coloured and Indian . Therefore, many Cape Malays were forced to live in Coloured townships of Cape Town. During

5040-409: The Cape Malays and Cape Coloureds, the Coloured population, was for many purposes treated as a single group, despite their varying ancestries and cultures. Also during apartheid, many Griqua began to self-identify as Coloureds during the apartheid era, because of the benefits of such classification. For example, Coloureds did not have to carry a dompas (a pass, an identity document designed to limit

5152-569: The Cape and the additional arrival of various European nationalities (such as the British, Irish etc.), there were more interracial unions, this time between the white and the Khoisans in the Northern Cape and between the white and the Xhosa in the Eastern Cape with more mixed race children being conceived, adding on to the Coloured population of the entire Cape. After British annexation in

5264-528: The Cape grew up and married amongst themselves, forming a community that would later be known as the " Cape Coloured ". The first interracial marriage in the Cape was between Krotoa (a Khoi Khoi woman who was a servant, a translator and a crucial negotiator between the Dutch and the Khoi Khoi. Her Dutch name was "Eva Van Meerhof") and Peter Havgard (a Danish surgeon whom the Dutch renamed as "Pieter Van Meerhof"). Having conceived 3 mixed-race children, Krotoa

5376-456: The Cape initiated the decline of the nomadic lifestyle of the Khoi and Tuu speaking peoples since food was produced at a fixed location. Thus by 1672, the permanent indigenous residents living at the Cape had grown substantially. The first school to be built in South Africa by the settlers were for the sake of the slaves who had been rescued from a Portuguese slave ship and arrived at the Cape with

5488-710: The Cape. Some of the Khoi Khoi became labourers in the Cape. Despite this, there was resistance by the Khoi Khoi, which led to the Khoikhoi-Dutch Wars . As a result of this resistance, the Dutch imported slaves from other parts of the world, especially the Bantu people from other parts of southern Africa and Malay people from present-day Indonesia. To a smaller extent, slaves were also imported from Malaysia, Sri Lanka, India, Madagascar, Mauritius and other parts of Africa. The slaves were almost invariably given Christian names but their places of origin were indicated in

5600-551: The Cape. There was also interracial mixing between the slaves and mixed-race children were also conceived from these unions as well because the slaves were of different races ( African and Asian ). . Unlike the One-drop rule in the USA, mixed-race children in the Cape were not viewed as "white enough to be white", "black enough to be black" nor "asian enough to be asian", therefore, mixed race children from all these interracial unions in

5712-546: The Coloured community. The Eoan Group Theatre Company performs opera and ballet in Cape Town. The Kaapse Klopse carnival, held annually on 2 January in Cape Town, and the Cape Malay choir and orchestral performances are an important part of the city's holiday season. Kaapse Klopse consists of several competing groups that have been singing and dancing through Cape Town's streets on New Year's Day earlier this year. Nowadays

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5824-521: The Coloureds elected forty onto the council to supplement the twenty nominated by the government, taking the total number to sixty. Following the 1983 referendum , in which 66.3% of White voters supported the change, the Constitution was reformed to allow the Coloured and Indian minorities limited participation in separate and subordinate Houses in a tricameral Parliament . This was part of

5936-476: The Company station, nomadic European livestock farmers, or Trekboeren, moved more widely afield, leaving the richer, but limited, farming lands of the coast for the drier interior tableland. There they contested still wider groups of Khoe-speaking cattle herders for the best grazing lands. The Cape society in this period was thus a diverse one. The emergence of Afrikaans reflects this diversity, from its roots as

6048-656: The Griqua people moved from the Cape (present-day Western Cape ) to other areas in South Africa, especially in present-day Northern Cape where they established a Griqua state called Griqualand West during the mid 19th century. They also established another state called Griqualand East in between present-day KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Cape with Kokstad being its capital. The Griqua were subjected to an ambiguity of other creole people within Southern African social order. According to Nurse and Jenkins (1975),

6160-463: The Malacca peninsula, as well as the Sandwich, the Society, and the Friendly Islanders, and also the Malambi of Madagascar down to the inhabitants of Easter Island, use the Malay idiom. By the 19th century, however, scientific racism was favoring a classification of Austronesians as being a subset of the "Mongolian" race, as well as polygenism . The Australo-Melanesian populations of Southeast Asia and Melanesia (whom Blumenbach initially classified as

6272-628: The Malay race, and a number of Southern states committed to racial segregation followed suit. Eventually, nine states ( Arizona , California , Georgia , Maryland , Nevada , South Dakota , Utah , Virginia , and Wyoming ) explicitly prohibited marriage between Caucasians and Filipinos. In California, there was some confusion over whether pre-existing state laws prohibiting marriage between whites and " Mongolians " also prohibited marriage between whites and Filipinos. A 1933 Supreme Court of California case Roldan v. Los Angeles County concluded that such marriages were legal as Filipinos were members of

6384-402: The NNP into the ANC in 2005, Coloured voters have generally drawn to the Democratic Alliance , with some opting for minor parties such as Vryheidsfront and Patricia de Lille 's Independent Democrats , with lukewarm support for the ANC. Since the late 20th century, Coloured identity politics have grown in influence. The Western Cape has been a site of the rise of opposition parties, such as

6496-439: The North", continued the impetus to restrict Coloured rights, in order to entrench the new-won National Party majority. Coloured participation on juries was removed in 1954, and efforts to abolish their participation on the common voters' roll in the Cape Province escalated drastically; it was accomplished in 1956 by a supermajority amendment to the 1951 Separate Representation of Voters Act , passed by Malan but held back by

6608-449: The Northern open frontier war above the Great Escarpment. Some worked for the colonists, mostly as shepherds and herdsmen. The VOC favoured the idea of freemen at the Cape and many settlers requested to be discharged in order to become free burghers; as a result, Jan van Riebeeck approved the notion on favorable conditions and earmarked two areas near the Liesbeek River for farming purposes in 1657. The two areas which were allocated to

6720-447: The Philippines, also influenced and might be shared by some Indonesians in the spirit of inclusivity and solidarity, commonly coined as puak Melayu or rumpun Melayu . However, the idea and the degree of 'Malayness' also varies in Indonesia, from covering the vast area of Austronesian people to confining it only within the Jambi area where the name ' Malayu ' was first recorded. Today, the common identity that binds Malay people together

6832-407: The Physical History of Man (1836-1847), his work had become more racialized due to the influence of polygenism. He classified the peoples of Austronesia into two groups: the "Malayo-Polynesians" (roughly equivalent to the Austronesian peoples) and the "Kelænonesians" (roughly equivalent to the Australo-Melanesians ). He further subdivided the latter into the "Alfourous" (also "Haraforas" or "Alfoërs",

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6944-479: The Senate to 77 in total. The Appellate Division Quorum Bill increased the number of judges necessary for constitutional decisions in the Appeal Court from five to eleven. Strijdom, knowing that he had his two-thirds majority, held a joint sitting of parliament in May 1956. The entrenchment clause regarding the Coloured vote, known as the South Africa Act, were thus eliminated and the Separate Representation of Voters Act passed, now successfully. Coloureds were placed on

7056-412: The VOC agreed in 1780 to make the Great Fish River the boundary of the colony. In 1795, after the Battle of Muizenberg in present-day Cape Town , the British occupied the colony. Under the terms of the Peace of Amiens of 1802, Britain ceded the colony back to the Dutch on 1 March 1803, but as the Batavian Republic had since nationalized the United East India Company (1796), the colony came under

7168-428: The Western Cape during the 2009 National and Provincial Elections and subsequently brokered an alliance with the Independent Democrats. The ANC has had some success in winning Coloured votes, particularly among labour-affiliated and middle-class Coloured voters. Some Coloureds express distrust of the ANC with the comment, saying that the Coloured were considered "not white enough under apartheid and not black enough under

7280-461: The act as a subgroup of Coloured. As a consequence of Apartheid policies and despite the abolition of the Population Registration Act in 1991, Coloureds are regarded as one of four race groups in South Africa. These groups ( blacks , whites , Coloureds and Indians) still tend to have strong racial identities and to classify themselves and others as members of these race groups. The classification continues to persist in government policy, to an extent, as

7392-422: The baptisms of many slaves and indigenous residents. Conflicts with the settlers and the effects of smallpox decimated their numbers in 1713 and 1755, until gradually the breakdown of their society led them to be scattered and ethnically cleansed beyond the colonial frontiers: both beyond the Eastward-expanding frontier (to form eventually the future resisting population of the frontier wars ), as well as beyond

7504-404: The command of Jan van Riebeeck , were the first people to establish a European colony in South Africa. The Cape settlement was built by them in 1652 as a re-supply point and way-station for United East India Company vessels on their way back and forth between the Netherlands and Batavia (Jakarta) in the Dutch East Indies . The support station gradually became a settler community, the forebears of

7616-448: The company, an employee could lease a piece of land in the colony as a Vryburgher ('free citizen'), on which he had to cultivate crops that he had to sell to the United East India Company for a fixed price. As these farms were labour-intensive, Vryburghers imported slaves from Madagascar , Mozambique and Asia ( Dutch East Indies and Dutch Ceylon ), which rapidly increased the number of inhabitants. After King Louis XIV of France issued

7728-408: The culture and language shared by White and Coloured New National Party members, who both spoke Afrikaans. In addition, both groups opposed affirmative action programmes that might give preference to Black South Africans, and some Coloured people feared giving up older privileges, such as access to municipal jobs, if African National Congress gained leadership in the government. After the absorption of

7840-435: The democratic opposition while maintaining a working majority. The effort largely failed, with the 1980s seeing increased disintegration of civil society and numerous states of emergency, with violence increasing from all racial groups. The separate arrangements were removed by the negotiations which took place from 1990 to hold the first universal election . During the 1994 all-race elections, Coloured people voted heavily for

7952-441: The direct rule of The Hague. Dutch control did not last long, however, as the outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars (18 May 1803) invalidated the Peace of Amiens. In January 1806, the British occupied the colony for a second time after the Battle of Blaauwberg at present-day Bloubergstrand . The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 confirmed the transfer of sovereignty to Great Britain. Traders of the United East India Company ( VOC ), under

8064-496: The drumlines in cheerful, brightly Coloured costumes perform in a stadium. Christmas festivities take place in a sacred atmosphere but are no less vivid, mainly including choirs and orchestras that sing and play Christmas songs in the streets. In the field of performing arts and literature, several Coloureds performed with the CAPAB (Cape Performing Arts Board) ballet and opera company, and the community yielded three major Afrikaans poets

8176-640: The early 19th century, slavery was abolished in the Cape, which lead to the Great Trek when the Boere left the Cape as Voortrekkers and migrated into the interior of South Africa to form the Boer republics . Most of the freed slaves(who became Cape Coloureds) remained behind. Many freed slaves moved to an area in Cape Town that became known as District Six and by the turn of the 20th century, District six became more established and populated. Although its population

8288-643: The establishment of a language family linking the Malayan Peninsula , the Maldives , Madagascar , the Sunda Islands , Moluccas , the Philippines , and the Pacific Islands eastward to Easter Island . Multiple other authors corroborated this classification (except for the erroneous inclusion of Maldivian ), and the language family came to be known as "Malayo-Polynesian," first coined by

8400-867: The face when seen in profile, sufficiently prominent and distinct from each other. This last variety includes the islanders of the Pacific Ocean, together with the inhabitants of the Mariannas, the Philippine, the Molucca and the Sunda Islands, and of the Malayan peninsula. I wish to call it the Malay, because the majority of the men of this variety, especially those who inhabit the Indian islands close to

8512-464: The freemen, for agricultural purposes, were named Groeneveld and Dutch Garden. These areas were separated by the Amstel River (Liesbeek River). Nine of the best applicants were selected to use the land for agricultural purposes. The freemen or free burghers as they were afterwards termed, thus became subjects, and were no longer servants, of the company. After the first settlers spread out around

8624-614: The government relocated Coloured from the urban Cape Town areas of District Six , which was later bulldozed. Other areas they were forced to leave included Constantia , Claremont , Simon's Town . Inhabitants were moved to racially designated sections of the metropolitan area on the Cape Flats . Additionally, under apartheid, Coloured people received education inferior to that of Whites. It was, however, better than that provided to Black South Africans. J. G. Strijdom , known as "the Lion of

8736-598: The judiciary as unconstitutional under the South Africa Act , the Union's effective constitution. In order to bypass this safeguard, enforced since 1909 to ensure Coloured political rights in the then-British Cape Colony , Strijdom's government passed legislation to expand the number of Senate seats from 48 to 89. All of the additional 41 members hailed from the National Party, increasing its representation in

8848-414: The land, leading to the first Khoi-Dutch War as part of a series of Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars . After the war, the natives ceded the land to the settlers in 1660. During a visit in 1672, the high-ranking Commissioner Arnout van Overbeke made a formal purchase of the Cape territory, although already ceded in 1660, his reason was to "prevent future disputes". The ability of the European settlers to produce food at

8960-421: The language family. The term "Austronesian", or more accurately "Austronesian-speaking peoples", came to refer the people who speak the languages of the Austronesian language family . The view of Malays held by Stamford Raffles had a significant influence on English-speakers, lasting to the present day. He is probably the most important voice who promoted the idea of a ‘Malay’ race or nation, not limited to

9072-454: The largest phase of interracial marriages / Miscegenation in South Africa happened in the Dutch Cape Colony which began from the 17th century, shortly after the arrival of Dutch settlers, who were led by Jan van Riebeeck . When the Dutch settled in the Cape in 1652, they met the Khoi Khoi who were the natives of the area. After settling in the Cape, the Dutch established farms that required intensive labour therefore, they enforced slavery in

9184-481: The leader of this "mixed" group, Adam Kok I , was a former slave of the Dutch governor who was manumitted and provided land outside Cape Town in the eighteenth century. With territories beyond the Dutch East India Company 's administration, Kok provided refuge to deserting soldiers, runaway slaves, and remaining members of various Khoikhoi tribes. In South Africa and many neighbouring countries,

9296-528: The mixed-race populations as a separate group, and a growing number of mixed-race people also embraced a shared identity. Another phase of interracial marriages/miscegenation in South Africa happened in the Colony of Natal (present-day KwaZulu-Natal ) during the 19th century and early 20th century. This time, it was mainly between British and the Zulu , with an addition of British intermixing with Indians . After

9408-586: The movements of the black population), while the Griqua, who were seen as an indigenous African group, though heavily mixed, did. Zimbabwean Coloureds are descended from Shona or Ndebele , British and Afrikaner settlers, as well as Arab and Asian people. Coloured people played an important role in the struggle against apartheid and its predecessor policies. The African Political Organisation , established in 1902, had an exclusively Coloured membership; its leader Abdullah Abdurahman rallied Coloured political efforts for many years. Many Coloured people later joined

9520-457: The new voters' roll and the number of Coloured voters dropped dramatically. In the next election, only 50.2% of them voted. They had no interest in voting for White representatives — an activity which many of them saw as pointless, and only persisted for ten years. Under the Population Registration Act , as amended, Coloureds were formally classified into various subgroups, including Cape Coloureds , Cape Malays and "other coloured". A portion of

9632-622: The people of Madagascar and the Pacific Islands . Although Blumenbach's work was later used in scientific racism , Blumenbach was a monogenist and did not believe the human "varieties" were inherently inferior to each other. However he believed in the " degenerative hypothesis ", and believed that the Malay race were a transitory form between Caucasians and Ethiopians. Malay variety. Tawny-coloured; hair black, soft, curly, thick and plentiful; head moderately narrowed; forehead slightly swelling; nose full, rather wide, as it were diffuse, end thick; mouth large, upper jaw somewhat prominent with parts of

9744-424: The platform of the now-defunct Independent Democrats , does not use the label Coloured but many observers would consider her as Coloured by visible appearance. The Independent Democrats party sought the Coloured vote and gained significant ground in the municipal and local elections in 2006, particularly in districts in the Western Cape with high proportions of Coloured residents. The firebrand Peter Marais (formerly

9856-521: The records of sales and other documents so that it is possible to get an idea of the ratio of slaves from different regions. These slaves were, however, dispersed and lost their cultural identity over the course of time. Because most of the Dutch settlers in the Cape were men, many of them married and conceived mixed-race children with the Khoi Khoi, the Southern African Bantu, the Malay from Indonesia and other enslaved ethnic groups in

9968-495: The rule of the company by moving further inland. The company, in an effort to control these migrants, established a magistracy at Swellendam in 1745 and another at Graaff Reinet in 1786, and declared the Gamtoos River as the eastern frontier of the colony, only to see the Trekboers cross it soon afterwards. In order to keep out Cape native pastoralists, organised increasingly under the resisting, rising house of Xhosa,

10080-509: The small Chinese South African community was also classified as a coloured subgroup. In 1958, the government established the Department of Coloured Affairs, followed in 1959 by the Union for Coloured Affairs. The latter had 27 members and served as an advisory link between the government and the Coloured people. The 1964 Coloured Persons Representative Council turned out to be a constitutional hitch which never really got going. In 1969,

10192-471: The sugarcane plantations of Natal. Just like the Dutch settlers in the Cape, most of the British settlers in Natal were men, therefore, many of them married the Zulu while some married Indians and mixed-race children were also conceived. Some of the British men with interracial marriages in Natal practised polygamy, having multiple Zulu wives while others had multiple Zulu concubines. The perfect example of this

10304-1048: The term "Malay" ( Indonesian : Melayu ) is more associated with ethnic Malay than 'Malay race'. Historically the term 'Malay race' was first coined by foreign scientists in colonial times. However during the Dutch East Indies era, all natives were grouped under the category inlanders or pribumi to describe native Indonesians in contrast to Eurasian Indo people and Asian immigrants ( Chinese , Arab and Indian origin). Native Indonesian were diverse and included ethnicities that have their own culture, identity, traditions and languages that are very different from coastal Malay people . Thus, making Malay just as one of myriad Indonesian ethnicities, sharing common status with Javanese (including their sub-ethnic such as Osing and Tenggerese ), Sundanese , Minangkabau , Batak tribes, Bugis , Dayak peoples, Acehnese , Balinese , Torajan , Moluccans and Papuans . Hence Indonesian nationalism and identity that manifested afterward

10416-609: The territory that same year as a way to better control the seas on the way to India . The British sent a fleet of nine warships which anchored at Simon's Town and, following the defeat of the Dutch militia at the Battle of Muizenberg , took control of the territory. The United East India Company transferred its territories and claims to the Batavian Republic (the Dutch sister republic established by France) in 1798, then ceased to exist in 1799. Improving relations between Britain and Napoleonic France , and its vassal state

10528-565: The total population, according to the South African National Census of 2011 . South Africa is known as a " Rainbow Nation " because of its massive diversity with so many different regions , cultures , tribes , races , religions and nationalities . Due to this massive diversity, Coloured people have different ancestries as they come from different regions in South Africa that has different groups of people that went through different phases of history. The first and

10640-472: The victory of the National Party in 1948. It carried out an apartheid programme that stripped Coloured people of their remaining voting powers. The term " kaffir " is a racial slur used to refer to Black African people in South Africa. While it is still used against black people, it is not as prevalent as it is against coloured people. Coloured people were subject to forced relocation. For instance,

10752-647: The well-known poets, Adam Small, S.V. Petersen , and P.J. Philander . In 1968, the Culture and Recreation Council was established to promote the cultural activities of the Coloured Community. Until 1841 missionary societies provided all the school facilities for Coloured children. Dutch Cape Colony The Dutch Cape Colony ( Dutch : Kaapkolonie ) was a Dutch United East India Company (VOC) colony in Southern Africa , centered on

10864-513: The white National Party , which in its first contest with a non-white majority won 20% of the vote and a majority in the new Western Cape province – much due to Cape Coloured support. The National Party recast itself as the New National Party after De Klerk's departure in 1996, partly to attract non-White voters, and grew closer to the ANC. This political alliance, often perplexing to outsiders, has sometimes been explained in terms of

10976-413: The white minority governments historically segregated Africans from Europeans after settlement had progressed, and increasingly classified all mixed race people together into a third group, despite their numerous ethnic and national differences in ancestry. The imperial and apartheid governments categorized them as Coloured. In addition, other distinctly homogeneous ethnic groups also traditionally viewed

11088-493: Was a civic nationalism rather than ethnic nationalism based on Malay race. This was expressed by Youth Pledge during 2nd Youth Congress in 1928 with the proclamation of a united motherland of Indonesia, united Indonesia nation or bangsa Indonesia rather than ethnic identities, and advocated the use of local Malay language dialect as Indonesian language . The concept of the Malay race as in Malaysia and to some degree,

11200-410: Was a legally defined racial classification during apartheid referring to anyone not white or of the black Bantu tribes, which effectively largely meant people of colour. The apartheid-era Population Registration Act, 1950 and subsequent amendments, codified the Coloured identity and defined its subgroups, including Cape Coloureds and Malays. Indian South Africans were initially classified under

11312-415: Was an effort to impose white supremacy and maintain racial divisions. Individuals were classified as White South Africans (formally classified as "European"), Black South Africans (formally classified as "Native", "Bantu" or simply "African" and constituting the majority of the population), Coloureds (mixed-race) and Indians (formally classified as "Asian"). The census in South Africa during 1911 played

11424-502: Was in 1708 by the Dutch Orientalist Adriaan Reland , who recognized a "common language" from Madagascar to western Polynesia; although the Dutch explorer Cornelis de Houtman also realized the linguistic links between Madagascar and the Malay Archipelago prior to Reland in 1603. The Spanish philologist Lorenzo Hervás y Panduro later devoted a large part of his Idea dell' Universo (1778–1787) to

11536-566: Was in turn propagated by Filipino historians and is still taught in many schools. However, the prevalent consensus among contemporary anthropologists, archaeologists, and linguists actually proposes the reverse; namely that ancestors of the Austronesian peoples of the Sunda Islands , Madagascar , and Oceania had originally migrated south from the Philippines during the prehistoric period from an origin in Taiwan . Although Beyer's theory

11648-468: Was introduced in the early twentieth century into the anti-miscegenation laws of a number of western US states. Anti-miscegenation laws were state laws that prohibited marriage between European Americans and African Americans and in some states also other non-whites. After an influx of Filipino immigrants, these existing laws were amended in a number of western states to prohibit marriage between Caucasians and Filipinos, who were designated as members of

11760-603: Was known as the mother that gave birth to the Coloured community in South Africa. With the arrival of more Europeans (such as the French Huguenots and the Germans ) and the arrival of more African and Asian slaves in the Cape Colony, there were more interracial unions, whose mixed-race children got absorbed into the Cape Coloured community. The predominant Asian slaves in the Cape were the Malay that came from Indonesia. Although most of them got interracially mixed into

11872-525: Was later formed with the bangsa Melayu having the central and defining position within the country. In the Philippines , many Filipinos consider the term "Malay" to refer to the indigenous population of the country as well as the indigenous populations of neighboring Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei. This misconception is due in part to American anthropologist H. Otley Beyer , who had proposed that Filipinos were actually Malays who migrated north from what are now Indonesia and Malaysia. This idea

11984-401: Was non-White. The title of the founder of the Cape Colony, Jan van Riebeeck, was installed as "Commander of the Cape", a position he held from 1652 to 1662. During the tenure of Simon van der Stel , the colony was elevated to the rank of a governorate, hence he was promoted to the position of "Governor of the Cape". Malay race The concept of a Malay race was originally proposed by

12096-571: Was part of the first voyage of James Cook . Blumenbach used the term "Malay" due to his belief that most Austronesians spoke the "Malay idiom" (i.e. the Austronesian languages ), though he inadvertently caused the later confusion of his racial category with the Melayu people . Blumenbach's definition of the Malay race is largely identical to the modern distribution of the Austronesian peoples, including not only Islander Southeast Asians, but also

12208-471: Was predominantly Cape Coloured, District Six (just like many places in the Cape) was diverse with different ethnicities, races and nationalities living there (this includes Blacks, Whites, Asians etc.). Many of these groups got absolved into the Cape coloured community. The Cape also attracted many European immigrants, many of whom married into the Cape Coloured, adding on to the ancestry of the Cape Coloured. As

12320-581: Was ruled by the Batavian Republic . Much to the dismay of the shareholders of the VOC, who focused primarily on making profits from the Asian trade, the colony rapidly expanded into a settler colony in the years after its founding. As the only permanent settlement of the Dutch United East India Company not serving as a trading post, it proved an ideal retirement place for employees of the company. After several years of service in

12432-432: Was used to refer to people of mixed race. Most are descended from mixed African and British, or African and Indian, progenitors. Some Coloured families descended from Cape Coloured migrants from South Africa who had children with local women. Under Rhodesia 's predominantly white government, Coloureds had more privileges than black Africans, including full voting rights, but still faced social discrimination. The term Coloured

12544-472: Was very prominent, while the Black Sash (White women, uniformly dressed, standing on street corners with placards) also made themselves heard. In this way, the question of the Coloured vote became one of the first measures of the regime's unscrupulous nature and flagrant willingness to manipulate its inherited Westminster system . It would remain in power until 1994. Many Coloureds refused to register for

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