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132-663: The organizational structure of the College Republicans has changed significantly since its founding in 1892. Founded as an organization for the Republican National Committee , the College Republicans now operate as an independent 527 group . After the Young Republican National Federation was spun off from the College Republicans organization in 1972, the groups operate independently of one another. "There

264-779: A non-profit or community organization . It is used in order to encourage participation and help to empower people who normally experience oppression in groups. Still other theorists are developing a resurgence of interest in complexity theory and organizations , and have focused on how simple structures can be used to engender organizational adaptations. For instance, Miner et al. (2000) studied how simple structures could be used to generate improvisational outcomes in product development. Their study makes links to simple structures and improviser learning. Other scholars such as Jan Rivkin and Sigglekow, and Nelson Repenning revive an older interest in how structure and strategy relate in dynamic environments. A functional organizational structure

396-438: A wirearchy , enabling the flow of power and authority to be based not on hierarchical levels, but on information, trust, credibility, and a focus on results. In general, over the last decade, it has become increasingly clear that through the forces of globalization, competition and more demanding customers, the structure of many companies has become flatter, less hierarchical, more fluid and even virtual. The Flat organization

528-658: A 2002 Deseret News interview, Rove explained, "I was the Olympus High chairman for (former U.S. Sen.) Wallace F. Bennett 's re-election campaign, where he was opposed by the dynamic, young, aggressive political science professor at the University of Utah , J.D. Williams." Bennett was reelected to a third six-year term in November 1968. Through Rove's campaign involvement, Bennett's son, Robert "Bob" Foster Bennett —a future United States Senator from Utah —would become

660-528: A Houston lawyer (later President George H. W. Bush's Secretary of State). The PAC eventually became the genesis of the Bush-for-President campaign of 1979–1980. His work for Bill Clements during the Texas gubernatorial election of 1978 helped Clements become the first Republican Governor of Texas in over 100 years. Clements was elected to a four-year term, succeeding Democrat Dolph Briscoe . Rove

792-711: A Republican congressman and United States Senator . Rove operated his consulting business until 1999, when he sold the firm to take a full-time position in George W. Bush's presidential campaign. Between 1981 and 1999, Rove worked on hundreds of races. Most were in a supporting role, doing direct mail fundraising. A November 2004 Atlantic Monthly article estimated that he was the primary strategist for 41 statewide, congressional, and national races, and Rove's candidates won 34 races. Rove also did work during those years for non-political clients. From 1991 to 1996, Rove advised tobacco giant Philip Morris , and ultimately earned $ 3,000

924-548: A Republican in 1983, defeat Republican Ron Paul in the primary and Democrat Lloyd Doggett in the race for U.S. Senate. Rove handled direct-mail for the Reagan -Bush campaign. In 1986, Rove helped Clements become governor a second time. In a strategy memo Rove wrote for his client prior to the race, now among Clements' papers in the Texas A&;M University library, Rove quoted Napoleon : "The whole art of war consists in

1056-558: A coffee break". Former Nixon White House Counsel John Dean , has been quoted as saying "based on my review of the files, it appears the Watergate prosecutors were interested in Rove's activities in 1972, but because they had bigger fish to fry they did not aggressively investigate him." On September 6, 1973, three weeks after announcing his intent to investigate the allegations against Rove, George H. W. Bush chose him to be chairman of

1188-547: A friend. Williams would later become a mentor to Rove. In the fall of 1969, Rove entered the University of Utah , on a $ 1,000 scholarship, as a political science major and joined the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity. Through the university's Hinckley Institute of Politics , he got an internship with the Utah Republican Party . That position, and contacts from the 1968 Bennett campaign, helped him secure

1320-414: A good time for nothing", and distributed them at rock concerts and homeless shelters, with the effect of disrupting Dixon's rally. (Dixon eventually won the election.) Rove's role would not become publicly known until August 1973 when Rove told The Dallas Morning News . In 1999 he said, "It was a youthful prank at the age of 19 and I regret it." In his memoir, Rove wrote that when he was later nominated to

1452-543: A hierarchy and a community structure, both equally well established and occurring extensively throughout the organisation. On the practical level, it utilises the organizational chart to study the hierarchical structure which brings across individuals’ roles and formal authority within their designated space at the workplace, and social network analysis to map out the community structure within the organisation, identifying individuals’ informal influences which usually do not respect workplace boundaries and at many times extend beyond

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1584-704: A hotly-contested run-off election, during which vandals defaced her campaign signs with swastikas due to Shapiro's Jewish faith. In 1991, United States Attorney General Dick Thornburgh resigned to run for a Senate seat in Pennsylvania , one made vacant by John Heinz 's death in a helicopter crash. Rove's company worked for the campaign, but it ended with an upset loss to Democrat Harris Wofford . Rover had been hired by an intermediary Murray Dickman to work for Thornburgh's campaign. Subsequently, Rove sued Thornburgh directly, alleging non-payment for services rendered. The Republican National Committee , worried that

1716-433: A job in 1970 on Ralph Tyler Smith 's unsuccessful re-election campaign for Senate from Illinois against Democrat Adlai E. Stevenson III . In the fall of 1970, Rove used a false identity to enter the campaign office of Democrat Alan J. Dixon , who was running for Treasurer of Illinois . He stole 1000 sheets of paper with campaign letterhead, printed fake campaign rally fliers promising "free beer, free food, girls and

1848-635: A letter published by the National Review , Thornton used his powers as chairman to interpret CRNC bylaws in an unprecedented fashion in order to help elect Britt. British Magazine The Spectator claims that Thornton "groomed" Britt for a chairperson role within the organization. Along with this, the CRNC was accused of mismanaging funds, having allocated $ 1,050,000 to "digital marketing" over 2018 to 2021, despite having spent $ 164 on digital marketing in that time frame. According to OpenSecrets , in 2022

1980-619: A majority of CRNC expenditures were for "fundraising mailings & calls," with no money being spent on digital advertising and only 2.6% of expenditures being spent on any sort of media. Along with this, the NYFCR's "2021 CRNC Dossier" alleges other financial crimes had been committed by the CRNC. The College Republican National Committee is a member of the International Young Democrat Union . The College Republican National Committee (CRNC), has historically been

2112-547: A means to gain positive earned media attention for a candidate. Organizational structure An organizational structure defines how activities such as task allocation , coordination, and supervision are directed toward the achievement of organizational aims. Organizational structure affects organizational action and provides the foundation on which standard operating procedures and routines rest. It determines which individuals get to participate in which decision-making processes, and thus to what extent their views shape

2244-401: A month via a consulting contract. In a deposition , Rove testified that he severed the tie in 1996 because he felt awkward "about balancing that responsibility with his role as Bush's top political advisor" while Bush was governor of Texas and Texas was suing the tobacco industry . Rove advised the younger Bush during his unsuccessful Texas congressional campaign in 1978. In 1977, Rove was

2376-480: A narrow allocation of decision rights, restricted patterns of interaction among organization members, and a restricted flow of information. Mintzberg's Adhocracy, on the other hand, represents a more networked and less centralized approach to C2, with more individual initiative and self-synchronization. It involves a broader allocation of decision rights, broader interaction patterns, and broader information distribution. Mintzberg's other organization types (for example,

2508-413: A negative story with columnist Robert Novak about dissatisfaction with campaign fundraising chief Robert Mosbacher Jr. Novak's column suggested a motive when it described the firing of Mosbacher by former Senator Phil Gramm : "Also attending the session was political consultant Karl Rove, who had been shoved aside by Mosbacher." Novak and Rove denied that Rove leaked, but Mosbacher maintained that "Rove

2640-510: A network of alliances, using the Internet. This means while the core of the organization can be small but still the company can operate globally be a market leader in its niche. According to Anderson, because of the unlimited shelf space of the Web, the cost of reaching niche goods is falling dramatically. Although none sell in huge numbers, there are so many niche products that collectively they make

2772-524: A set of car keys to his son George W. Bush , who was visiting home during a break from Harvard Business School . It was the first time the two met. "Huge amounts of charisma, swagger, cowboy boots, flight jacket, wonderful smile, just charisma – you know, wow", Rove recalled years later. In 1976, Rove left D.C. to work in Virginian politics. Initially, Rove served as the Finance Director for

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2904-400: A significant profit, and that is what made highly innovative Amazon.com so successful. In the 21st century, even though most, if not all, organizations are not of a pure hierarchical structure, many managers are still blind to the existence of the flat community structure within their organizations. The business is no longer just a place where people come to work. For most of the employees,

3036-630: A simpler process if they need to change the size of the business by either adding or removing divisions. When divisional structure is utilized more specialization can occur within the groups. When divisional structure is organized by product, the customer has their own advantages especially when only a few services or products are offered which differ greatly. When using divisional structures that are organized by either markets or geographic areas they generally have similar functions and are located in different regions or markets. This allows business decisions and activities coordinated locally. The disadvantages of

3168-583: A small business could make components used in production of its products instead of buying them. Even though functional units often perform with a high level of efficiency, their level of cooperation with each other is sometimes compromised. Such groups may have difficulty working well with each other as they may be territorial and unwilling to cooperate. The occurrence of infighting among units may cause delays, reduced commitment due to competing interests, and wasted time, making projects fall behind schedule. This ultimately can bring down production levels overall, and

3300-537: A team. Larger bureaucratic organizations can benefit from the flexibility of teams as well. Xerox , Motorola , and DaimlerChrysler are all among the companies that actively use teams to perform tasks. However, studies shows that this structure may have challenges for an organization. The scattered nature of team-based organizations makes it difficult for them to communicate and share information across borders, where knowledge exchange between and among teams and stakeholders becomes crucial as team-based organizing becomes

3432-432: A tremendous control over organizational structure decisions. This works best for managers who have a command and control style of managing. Strategic decision-making is also faster because there are fewer people it has to go through to approve. A disadvantage in bureaucratic structures is that it can discourage creativity and innovation in the organization. This can make it hard for a company to adapt to changing conditions in

3564-635: A version of the Midwestern College Republicans constitution which differed significantly from the constitution that the Edgeworth forces were using, in order to justify the unseating of the Edgeworth delegates on procedural grounds, including delegations, such as Ohio and Missouri, which had been certified earlier by Rove himself. In the end, there were two votes, conducted by two convention chairs, and two winners—Rove and Edgeworth, each of whom delivered an acceptance speech. After

3696-639: A vital force in conservative politics. You are the vanguard of the Republican Party. I know that the strength of young people's support for our Party will ensure the continued success of Republican goals as you begin to assume leadership roles in the Party and in our Nation." Ronald Reagan to the College Republican National Committee, June 2, 1987 By 1980, only 20 active College Republican chapters remained. By

3828-493: A well-reasoned and extremely circumspect defensive, followed by rapid and audacious attack." In 1986, just before a crucial debate in the campaign, Rove claimed that his office had been bugged by Democrats. The police and FBI investigated and discovered that the bug's battery was so small that it needed to be changed every few hours, and the investigation was dropped. Critics, including other Republican operatives, suspected Rove had bugged his own office to garner sympathy votes in

3960-416: A wrong organizational structure may hamper cooperation and thus hinder the completion of orders in due time and within limits of resources and budgets. Further, the informal organization, which is the structure of social interactions that emerges within organizations, may be subject to restrictions also tends to lag in its integration into the newly established formal organisation, whereas formal organization or

4092-609: Is a structure that consists of activities such as coordination, supervision and task allocation. The organizational structure determines how the organization performs or operates. The term "organizational structure" refers to how the people in an organization are grouped and to whom they report. One traditional way of organizing people is by function. Some common functions within an organization include production, marketing , human resources, and accounting. This organizing of specialization leads to operational efficiency, where employees become specialists within their own realm of expertise. On

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4224-400: Is best used to solve simple tasks, such as sales. The structure is totally centralized. The strategic leader makes all key decisions and most communication is done by one on one conversations. It is particularly useful for new (entrepreneurial) business as it enables the founder to control growth and development. They are usually based on traditional domination or charismatic domination in

4356-454: Is common in small companies (entrepreneurial start-ups, university spin offs). As companies grow they tend to become more complex and hierarchical, which lead to an expanded structure, with more levels and departments. However, in rare cases, such as the examples of Valve , GitHub, Inc. and 37signals , the organization remains very flat as it grows, eschewing middle managers . (However, GitHub subsequently introduced middle managers). All of

4488-412: Is in charge and what their responsibilities are for every situation. Decisions are made through an organized bureaucratic structures, the authority is at the top and information is then flowed from top to bottom. This causes for more rules and standards for the company which operational process is watched with close supervision. Some advantages for bureaucratic structures for top-level managers are they have

4620-546: Is no such school for political education as the college and university. What is inculcated here penetrates every corner of the country where the college man goes. He goes everywhere and where he goes he is a mighty force in making and molding public sentiment." William McKinley at the founding of the American Republican College League in 1892. The College Republicans were founded as the American Republican College League on May 17, 1892, at

4752-537: Is outsourcing its clothing to a network of 700 suppliers, more than two-thirds of which are based in low-cost Asian countries. Not owning any factories, H&M can be more flexible than many other retailers in lowering its costs, which aligns with its low-cost strategy. The potential management opportunities offered by recent advances in complex networks theory have been demonstrated including applications to product design and development, and innovation problem in markets and industries. For these benefits to be realised,

4884-399: Is that it uses delegated authority so the performance can be directly measured with each group. This results in managers performing better and high employee morale. Another advantage of using divisional structure is that it is more efficient in coordinating work between different divisions, and there is more flexibility to respond when there is a change in the market. Also, a company will have

5016-550: Is the only one with a motive to leak this. We let him go. I still believe he did it." During testimony before the CIA leak grand jury , Rove apparently confirmed his prior involvement with Novak in the 1992 campaign leak, according to National Journal reporter Murray Waas . 1993 Kay Bailey Hutchison senatorial campaign Rove helped Hutchison win a special Senate election in June 1993. Hutchison defeated Democrat Bob Krueger to fill

5148-437: Is very much dependent on the expression of the strategies and behavior of the management and the workers as constrained by the power distribution between them, and influenced by their environment and the outcome. There are correspondences between Mintzberg's organizational archetypes and various approaches to military Command and Control (C2). Mintzberg's Machine Bureaucracy represents a highly centralized approach to C2, with

5280-617: The Michigan Daily . The events included, "Catch an Illegal Immigrant Day" and "Fun with Guns Day," where students were to shoot cardboard cutouts of prominent Democrats. This incident ultimately became a major news story on several national media outlets. Several sources, including the Michigan Daily incorrectly identified Ms. Wilkins as an employee of the Republican National Committee, rather than

5412-425: The National Review between the women and the senior official and CRNC Chairman Emeritus Chandler Thornton confirmed the allegations brought forth by the two women. Britt stated that the scandal was a "false narrative" and that "If some grand conspiracy to accuse my former political opponent of sexual misconduct existed, I was certainly never aware of it" in response to accusations of her involvement. According to

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5544-521: The Democratic Party through the 1930s through the 1960s coincided with a precipitous drop in the membership and effectiveness of the College Republicans. In 1931, the College Republicans were absorbed as an arm of the Hoover campaign . For the next several years the organization operated alternately under the auspices of the "Republican National League," "Young Republican National Committee," and

5676-456: The District of Columbia . The CRNC does not directly make which chapters have chartered with the organization public. Many state federations, such as that of New York, Texas, Mississippi, and North Dakota, as well as the federation for U.S. territory of Puerto Rico, are independent from the CRNC, with some a part of rival organizations such as the "National Federation of College Republicans" or

5808-654: The Lake of the Ozarks resort in Missouri was quite contentious. Rove's opponent was Robert Edgeworth of Michigan . The other major candidate, Terry Dolan of California , dropped out, supporting Edgeworth. A number of states had sent two competing delegates, because Rove and his supporters had made credential challenges at state and regional conventions. For example, after the Midwest regional convention, Rove forces had produced

5940-671: The Office of Public Liaison , and the White House Office of Strategic Initiatives . Rove was one of the architects of the Iraq War . Prior to his White House appointments, he is credited with the 1994 and 1998 Texas gubernatorial victories of George W. Bush , as well as Bush's 2000 and 2004 successful presidential campaigns. In his 2004 victory speech, Bush referred to Rove as "the Architect". Rove has also been credited for

6072-547: The University of Michigan . The organization was spearheaded by law student James Francis Burke , who would later serve as a Congressman from Pennsylvania. The inaugural meeting was attended by over 1,000 students from across the country, from Stanford University in the west to Harvard University in the east. Contemporary politicians also attended the meeting, including Judge John M. Thurston , Senator Russell A. Alger , Congressman J. Sloat Fassett , Congressman W. E. Mason , John M. Langston , and Abraham Lincoln's successor in

6204-449: The multinational design, common in global companies, such as Procter & Gamble , Toyota and Unilever . This structure can be seen as a complex form of the matrix, as it maintains coordination among products, functions and geographic areas. With the growth of the internet, and the associated access that gives all levels of an organization to information and communication via digital means, power structures have begun to align more as

6336-484: The "College Republicans of America." In 2022, the Colorado Federation of College Republicans' was expelled from the CRNC, marking the first time this action had occurred. The state federation leadership team, which includes a state chairperson and other officers, serve as the primary link between local university chapters and the national College Republican National Committee. The state chairman serves as

6468-483: The "Division of Young Republican Activities." In 1935, the College Republicans were merged into the newly created Young Republican National Federation, encompassing both college students and young professionals. College Republican operations continued under the Young Republicans until the 1965 founding of the "College Republican National Committee." In 1967, Morton Blackwell , then a field representative for

6600-464: The 2005 election for National Chairman, which was won by former CRNC Treasurer, Paul Gourley , whose signature was on the questionable fundraising letters. Morgan Wilkins, a CRNC field representative for election 2006 was placed on probation by the CRNC after suggesting several controversial events might be held on the University of Michigan – Ann Arbor Campus, to that school's student newspaper,

6732-572: The Board for International Broadcasting by President George H.W. Bush, Senator Dixon did not kill his nomination. In Rove's account, "Dixon displayed more grace than I had shown and kindly excused this youthful prank." In June 1971, after the end of the semester, Rove dropped out of the University of Utah to take a paid position as the executive director of the College Republican National Committee . Joe Abate, who

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6864-502: The CRNC Board of Directors consists of: The CRNC organizes election-year field representative programs to send paid staffers to recruit and train students and chapters nationwide. Former national chair Jack Abramoff founded the field representative program in 1981. The program faltered during the 1980s and was revived during the late 1990s. During the election season, campus chapters are responsible for organizing and implementing

6996-479: The CRNC to Kentucky, developed many of the principles now used by the College Republicans. As the college organizer supporting Louie Nunn's campaign for Governor of Kentucky , Blackwell organized approximately 5,000 college student volunteers who dropped 93,000 pieces of literature, posted 20,000 flyers, mailed 15,000 hand-addressed and signed postcards to friends of known student supporters of Nunn, and processed over 8,000 absentee ballots. On election day, Nunn became

7128-459: The CRNC to vastly expand its fundraising efforts. During its first two years, the CRNC raised $ 17.3 million, most going to pay fundraising costs and other administrative costs, while leaving more than $ 2 million to expand the field representative program and to improve pay for the full-time positions. The CRNC was criticized for its relationship with Response Dynamics , a Virginia -based direct mail company. The relationship became an issue during

7260-572: The CRNC's budget came from the RNC. Prompted by the 2002 Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act , the CRNC officially left the control of the RNC by reconstituting as a 527 group , allowing it to operate independently and raise unlimited amount of money for issue-advocacy work. As a 527 group, the organization is prohibited from coordinating directly with a particular campaign and its recent focus has turned towards developing volunteers and other support activities rather than outright campaigning. The shift has allowed

7392-495: The CRNC, eliciting an outcry from Democratic National Committee Chairman, Howard Dean . In return, GOP Chairman Ken Mehlman condemned Wilkins' activities, as well as Governor Dean . Keith Olbermann named Wilkins his "Worst Person in the World." She was suspended for the incident, and later fired by the CRNC for later creating a Facebook group in which she promised to make out with individuals who signed up volunteers for get out

7524-476: The College Republican's executive director, and who would become Bush's main campaign strategist in future years. Bush hired Rove as a Special Assistant in the Republican National Committee, a job Rove left in 1974 to become Executive Assistant to the co-chair of the RNC, Richard D. Obenshain . As Special Assistant, Rove performed small personal tasks for Bush. In November 1973, he asked Rove to take

7656-483: The College Republicans. Bush then wrote Edgeworth a letter saying that he had concluded that Rove had fairly won the vote at the convention. Edgeworth wrote back, asking about the basis of that conclusion. Not long after that, Edgeworth stated "Bush sent me back the angriest letter I have ever received in my life. I had leaked to The Washington Post , and now I was out of the Party forever." As National Chairman, Rove introduced Bush to Atwater, who had taken Rove's job as

7788-707: The Illinois State Legislature, A. J. Lester . Then-Governor of Ohio William McKinley gave a rousing keynote speech. The College Republicans quickly pursued a strategy of sending college students to vote in their home districts and registering others to vote where they schooled to swing closely contested districts. This strategy was successfully implemented for the 1900 presidential election between William McKinley and William Jennings Bryan , helping win Bryan's home state of Nebraska for McKinley. The College Republicans were financed, at least in part, by

7920-753: The Professional Bureaucracy and the Simple Structure) fall in between these two. Moreover, Walker et. al states the event analysis for systematic teamwork (EAST) method as one of the military command and control approach provides a means of describing emergent system-level features that result from the intricate interactions of system constituents (human and technical). They are modelled using task, social, and propositional networks and presented using an integrated methodologies approach. The social and technical principle of function and approximation, which states that similar individuals and

8052-431: The RNC. In 1973, Karl Rove ran for chair of the College Republicans. He challenged the front-runner's delegates, throwing the national convention into disarray, after which both he and his opponent, Robert Edgeworth, claimed victory. The dispute was resolved when Rove was selected through the direct order of the chairman of the Republican National Committee, who at the time was George H W Bush . "College Republicans are

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8184-583: The Republican National Committee throughout much of its history. James Francis Burke received significant funding from the RNC to support the American Republican College League's founding and to maintain the organization's early offices in New York City and Chicago . By 1924, the organization was operating directly under the auspices of the RNC as the Associated University Republican Clubs. The relative dominance of

8316-546: The Republican Party of Virginia. Rove describes this as the role in which he discovered his love for direct mail campaigns. Rove's initial job in Texas was in 1977 as a legislative aide for Fred Agnich , a Texas Republican state representative from Dallas . Later that same year, Rove got a job as executive director of the Fund for Limited Government, a political action committee (PAC) in Houston headed by James A. Baker, III ,

8448-613: The Republicans was unprecedented in the state, which had previously only seen low-key contests. After the election, a court battle over absentee and other ballots followed that lasted more than 11 months. It ended when a federal appeals court judge ruled that disputed absentee ballots could not be counted, and ordered the Alabama Secretary of State to certify the Republican candidate for Chief Justice, Perry Hooper , as

8580-463: The US presidential election in 1980, that number had increased to 1,000 active clubs, helping Reagan win 98 of 105 mock elections and recruiting thousands of voters. This success led to $ 290,000 in financial assistance from the RNC, mainly to implement Jack Abramoff's field representative program. Abramoff's fund-raising efforts brought in an additional $ 1,160,000 during the next two years. By 1983, only 10% of

8712-551: The aforementioned organizations operate in the field of technology, which may be significant, as software developers are highly skilled professionals , much like lawyers . Senior lawyers also enjoy a relatively high degree of autonomy within a typical law firm , which is typically structured as a partnership rather than a hierarchical bureaucracy. Some other types of professional organizations are also commonly structured as partnerships, such as accountancy companies and GP surgeries . Often, growth would result in bureaucracy ,

8844-703: The back of a convertible inside the school gymnasium sitting between two attractive girls before his election speech. While at Olympus High School , he was elected student council president his junior and senior years. Rove was also a Teenage Republican and served as Chairman of the Utah Federation of Teenage Republicans. During this time, his father got a job in Los Angeles and visited the family during holidays. Rove's mother suffered from depression and had contemplated suicide more than once in her life. Rove has stated that although he loved his mother, she

8976-404: The bi-annual College Republican Convention and are assisted by a full-time office staff. There are 7 verifiably non-defunct College Republican State federations still chartered with the CRNC, including Oregon, New Hampshire, Vermont, Kansas, Minnesota, and Maine. These CRNC-affiliated College Republican state federations each administer the College Republican activities at the state level , and in

9108-526: The campus canvas , running mock elections , managing the local get-out-the-vote efforts. At other times, the campus chapters will organize issue advocacy and lobbying efforts, welcome conservative guest speakers to campus, and organize social events and other recruitment activities. During the election season, the CRNC focuses on developing a "mass based youth effort" directed toward electing Republican candidates. The CRNC often sends paid field representatives to individual campuses to assist in organizing

9240-560: The campus chapters are affiliated with their local Republican Party, but are not official arms of that organization. The chapter chairperson and leadership team are responsible for maintaining the campus club's credentials and constitution , and representing the College Republicans when dealing with university administration , other student groups, and in the surrounding community. The campus chapter leadership team might include many members, with administrative responsibilities delegated to dormitory and Greek chapter chairpersons. As of 2021,

9372-474: The close governor's race. In 1988, Rove helped Thomas R. Phillips become the first Republican elected as Chief Justice of the Texas Supreme Court. Phillips had been appointed to the position in November 1987 by Clements. Phillips was re-elected in 1990, 1996 and 2002. Phillips' election in 1988 was part of an aggressive grassroots campaign called "Clean Slate '88", a conservative effort that

9504-1027: The company-wide employee commitment toward meeting organizational goals. The divisional structure or product structure consists of self-contained divisions. A division is a collection of functions which produce a product. It also utilizes a plan to compete and operate as a separate business or profit center. According to Zainbooks.com, divisional structure in the United States is seen as the second most common structure for organization today. Employees who are responsible for certain market services or types of products are placed in divisional structure in order to increase their flexibility. Examples of divisions include regional (a U.S. Division and an EU division), consumer type (a division for companies and one for households), and product type (a division for trucks, another for SUVs, and another for cars). The divisions may also have their own departments such as marketing, sales, and engineering. The advantage of divisional structure

9636-431: The concept of Phenotype from genetics. "A phenotype refers to the observable characteristics of an organism. It results from the expression of an organism’s genes and the influence of the environment. The expression of an organism’s genes is usually determined by pairs of alleles. Alleles are different forms of a gene. In our model, each employee’s formal, hierarchical participation and informal, community participation within

9768-402: The convention, both Edgeworth and Rove appealed to Republican National Committee Chairman George H. W. Bush , each contending that he was the new College Republican chairman. While resolution was pending, Dolan went (anonymously) to The Washington Post with recordings of several training seminars for young Republicans where a co-presenter of Rove's, Bernie Robinson, cautioned against doing

9900-403: The core tenets of Bureaucracy. Hierarchies still exist, authority is still Weber's rational, legal type, and the organization is still rule bound. Heckscher, arguing along these lines, describes them as cleaned up bureaucracies, rather than a fundamental shift away from bureaucracy. Gideon Kunda, in his classic study of culture management at 'Tech' argued that 'the essence of bureaucratic control -

10032-541: The country. He was an active participant in Richard Nixon 's 1972 presidential campaign . A CBS report on the organization of the Nixon campaign from June 1972 includes an interview with a young Rove working for the College Republican National Committee. Rove held the position of executive director of the College Republicans until early 1973. He left the job to spend five months, without pay, campaigning full-time for

10164-469: The creation of a different sort of structure, one in which the needs, knowledge, and opinions of employees might be given greater recognition." However, a different view arose in the 1960s, suggesting that the organizational structure is "an externally caused phenomenon, an outcome rather than an artifact." In the 21st century, organizational theorists such as Lim, Griffiths, and Sambrook (2010) are once again proposing that organizational structure development

10296-464: The different relations required for the network structure contrast too greatly it may lead to confusion, delays, and unnecessary increases in complexity. Due to the network structure relying on many different individuals or teams working together independently, effective supervision is needed to avoid shirking or free riding. Similarly, some individuals and teams coordinate poorly, resulting in communication breakdowns and misunderstanding, which only hinders

10428-564: The divisional structure is that it can support unhealthy rivalries among divisions. This type of structure may increase costs by requiring more qualified managers for each division. Also, there is usually an over-emphasis on divisional more than organizational goals which results in duplication of resources and efforts like staff services, facilities, and personnel. The matrix structure groups employees by both function and product simultaneously. A matrix organization frequently uses teams of employees to accomplish work, in order to take advantage of

10560-518: The election efforts. Generally the hired field representative or chapter chair begins the school year with membership tables on campus for recruitment. Members use door-to-door canvassing and word of mouth to identify and register as many Republican voters among the student body as possible. These individuals are encouraged to vote through an absentee ballot and assist the candidates with election day Get Out The Vote efforts. Chapters occasionally run student mock elections and other special events as

10692-440: The expressed allocation of responsibilities for different functions and processes to different entities such as the branch , department , workgroup , and individual . Organizations need to be efficient, flexible, innovative and caring in order to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. Pre-bureaucratic (entrepreneurial) structures lack standardization of tasks. This structure is most common in smaller organizations and

10824-560: The firm confers on them that sense of belonging and identity –– the firm has become their “village”, their community. The firm of the 21st century is not just a hierarchy which ensures maximum efficiency and profit; it is also the community where people belong to and grow together, where their affective and innovative needs are met. Lim, Griffiths, and Sambrook (2010) developed the Hierarchy-Community Phenotype Model of Organizational Structure borrowing from

10956-527: The first Republican governor of Kentucky in 20 years. The New York Times and Louie Nunn himself credited the efforts of Blackwell's volunteers. In 1970, the Young Republican National Federation was permanently spun off from the College Republicans in 1970 to prevent counter-productive infighting among the two groups. In 1972 the Republican National Committee made the College Republican National Committee an auxiliary arm of

11088-436: The first person hired by George H. W. Bush for his unsuccessful 1980 presidential campaign , which ended with Bush as the vice-presidential nominee. In 1982, Rove returned to assisting Governor Bill Clements in his run for reelection, but was defeated by Democrat Mark White . In 1982, Phil Gramm was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives as a conservative Texas Democrat. In 1984, Rove helped Gramm, who had become

11220-505: The formalization, codification and enforcement of rules and regulations - does not change in principle.....it shifts focus from organizational structure to the organization's culture'. Another smaller group of theorists have developed the theory of the Post-Bureaucratic Organization, which attempts to describe an organization that is fundamentally not bureaucratic. Charles Heckscher has developed an ideal type,

11352-618: The hierarchical aspects of other structures and are characterized by clusters of interconnected teams and individuals that come together to form unique teams and complete certain projects or achieve common goals. Participating agents are constrained by their specialization and role within the organization, but their influence varies with the development and dissolution of the projects and teams. For example, although an organization may have separate sales and marketing teams which each operate independently, certain projects will require individuals from those teams to work together and form partnerships for

11484-419: The importance of structure for effectiveness and efficiency and assumed without the slightest question that whatever structure was needed, people could fashion accordingly. Organizational structure was considered a matter of choice... When in the 1930s, the rebellion began that came to be known as human relations theory, there was still not a denial of the idea of structure as an artifact, but rather an advocacy of

11616-653: The investigation and with airing all of this has stuck around because it is convenient for some to blame me rather than those aides who ran afoul of the law. Rove was campaign manager for Florence Shapiro 's 1992 campaign for District 2 in the Texas Senate , which included Collin County and counties in East Texas . Shapiro was the top vote-getter in the Republican primary against Don Kent and former Plano mayor Jack Harvard, then defeated Kent by 1 percentage point in

11748-578: The last two years of Lloyd Bentsen 's term. Bentsen had resigned to become Secretary of the Treasury in the Clinton administration. 1994 Alabama Supreme Court races In 1994, a group called the Business Council of Alabama hired Rove to help run a slate of Republican candidates for the state supreme court. No Republican had been elected to that court in more than a century. The campaign by

11880-554: The length of their duration. This extends out to businesses on a larger scale, where instead of teams within an organization, the network consists of organizations within a market. While business giants risk becoming too clumsy to proact (such as), act and react efficiently , a network organization can contract out any business function that can be done better or more cheaply. In essence, these types of network structures' managers spend most of their time coordinating and controlling external relations, usually by electronic means. H&M

12012-456: The main reason for the company restructuring into a matrix. One of the newest organizational structures developed in the 20th century is team and the related concept of team development or team building . In small businesses, the team structure can define the entire organization. Teams can be both horizontal and vertical. While an organization is constituted as a set of people who synergize individual competencies to achieve newer dimensions,

12144-482: The marketplace. The term of post bureaucratic is used in two senses in the organizational literature: one generic and one much more specific. In the generic sense the term post bureaucratic is often used to describe a range of ideas developed since the 1980s that specifically contrast themselves with Weber's ideal type bureaucracy . This may include total quality management , culture management and matrix management , amongst others. None of these however has left behind

12276-412: The matrix structure is higher manager to worker ratio that results in conflicting loyalties of employees. However, the matrix structure also has significant advantages that make it valuable for companies to use. The matrix structure may improve upon the "silo" critique of functional management in that it aims to diminish the vertical structure of functional and create a more horizontal structure which allows

12408-443: The matrix structure. Some of the disadvantages include tendencies towards anarchy , power struggles and 'sinking' to group and division levels. Matrices increase the complexity of the chain of command , which can present problems because of the differentiation between functional managers and project managers. This, in turn, can be confusing for employees to understand who is next in the chain of command. An additional disadvantage of

12540-495: The most prevalent structure in the past. It is still, however, relevant in former Soviet Republics, China, and most governmental organizations all over the world. Shell Group used to represent the typical bureaucracy: top-heavy and hierarchical. It featured multiple levels of command and duplicate service companies existing in different regions. All this made Shell apprehensive to market changes, leading to its incapacity to grow and develop further. The failure of this structure became

12672-434: The national organization, state federations operate as non-profit associations that are not legally affiliated with the Republican Party. The college and university-based chapters of the College Republicans operate in a dual capacity as student clubs associated with a particular campus and as members of their state federation and the College Republican National Committee. Like the state federations and national committee,

12804-458: The national steering organization and oversight body for all 50 state federations, reaching, at its apex, over 1,500 campus chapters, and 250,000 College Republicans in the country. The CRNC National Chairman and his or her national leadership team, including an executive director , political director, finance director , comptroller , national field director , national treasurer , national secretary , and 4 regional vice-chairs , are elected at

12936-516: The network structure relies on trust through shared values and norms, actively avoiding hold-up problems and opportunism risks. By eliminating the uncertainty that one agent will use any potential gain in bargaining power for their singular gain, a network structure can avoid the associated inefficiencies that would arise. However, the potential disadvantages for enterprises adopting the networked organizational structure include unreasonable design, insufficient supervision and poor linkage ability. If

13068-582: The norm. However, this can be tackled by concentrate on their internal tasks as well as their relationships and connections with their multiple stakeholders, both inside and external to the firm. Another modern structure is network . A network can be described as “long term purposeful arrangements among distinct but related for-profit organizations that allow those firms in them to gain or sustain competitive advantage” where “communication between people of different ranks tends to resemble later consultation rather than vertical command”. Network organizations lack

13200-610: The optimum point in the strictly bureaucratic administration.” Bureaucratic structures have a certain degree of standardization. They are better suited for more complex or larger scale organizations, usually adopting a tall structure. The tension between bureaucratic structures and non-bureaucratic is echoed in Burns and Stalker's distinction between mechanistic and organic structures. The Weberian characteristics of bureaucracy are: Bureaucratic structures have many levels of management ranging from senior executives to regional managers, all

13332-455: The organization's actions. Organizational structure can also be considered as the viewing glass or perspective through which individuals see their organization and its environment. Organizations are a variant of clustered entities . An organization can be structured in many different ways, depending on its objectives. The structure of an organization will determine the modes in which it operates and performs. Organizational structure allows

13464-433: The organization, as influenced by his or her environment, contributes to the overall observable characteristics (phenotype) of the organization. In other words, just as all the pair of alleles within the genetic material of an organism determines the physical characteristics of the organism, the combined expressions of all the employees’ formal hierarchical and informal community participation within an organization give rise to

13596-411: The organizational structure. Due to the vast potentially different combination of the employees’ formal hierarchical and informal community participation, each organization is therefore a unique phenotype along a spectrum between a pure hierarchy and a pure community (flat) organizational structure." "The Hierarchy-Community Phenotype Model of Organisational Structure views an organisation as having both

13728-466: The other hand, the most typical problem with a functional organizational structure is that communication within the company can be rather rigid, making the organization slow and inflexible. Therefore, lateral communication between functions becomes very important, so that information is disseminated not only vertically, but also horizontally within the organization. Communication in organizations with functional organizational structures can be rigid because of

13860-556: The position of National Chairman during the time he attended George Mason University . Lee Atwater , the group's Southern regional coordinator, who was two months younger than Rove, assisted with Rove's campaign. His campaign was managed by Daniel Mintz, of the Maryland College Republicans. Karl spent the spring of 1973 crisscrossing the country in a Ford Pinto , lining up the support of Republican state chairs. The College Republicans summer 1973 convention at

13992-473: The post-bureaucratic organization, in which decisions are based on dialogue and consensus rather than authority and command, the organization is a network rather than a hierarchy, open at the boundaries (in direct contrast to culture management); there is an emphasis on meta-decision-making rules rather than decision-making rules. This sort of horizontal decision-making by consensus model is often used in housing cooperatives , other cooperatives and when running

14124-466: The primary. In 1990, two other Rove candidates won: Rick Perry , the future governor of the state, became agricultural commissioner, and Kay Bailey Hutchison became state treasurer. One notable aspect of the 1990 election was the charge that Rove had asked the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to investigate major Democratic officeholders in Texas. In his 2010 autobiography, Rove called

14256-528: The progression of tasks. Virtual organization is defined as being closely coupled upstream with its suppliers and downstream with its customers such that where one begins and the other ends means little to those who manage the business processes within the entire organization. A special form of boundaryless organization is virtual . Hedberg, Dahlgren, Hansson, and Olve (1999) consider the virtual organization as not physically existing as such, but enabled by software to exist. The virtual organization exists within

14388-581: The quality of organizational structure revolves around the competencies of teams in totality. The team could classified into functional team structure, lightweight team structure, heavyweight team structure and autonomous team structure. For example, every one of the Whole Foods Market stores, the largest natural-foods grocer in the US developing a focused strategy, is an autonomous profit centre composed of an average of 10 self-managed teams, while team leaders in each store and each region are also

14520-406: The representative for College Republicans when dealing with the state Republican Party , local media , and governmental entities . State federations are responsible for organizing and assisting local chapters with securing proper credentials, recruitment efforts, and campus voter canvasses . It is a state federation's responsibility to organize and implement activities for statewide campaigns. Like

14652-557: The same technology may achieve the same objective via entirely distinct paths and entirely different starting points, is one important aspect of EAST. In addition, desirable emergent features, such as systems level "shared awareness", pace, agility, and self-synchronization might appear due to the indisputable reality that humans may adjust to the techno-organisational aspects of a particular system. The set organizational structure may not coincide with facts, evolving in operational action. Such divergence decreases performance, when growing as

14784-508: The same thing he had done: rooting through opponents' garbage cans. The tape with this story on it, as well as Rove's admonition not to copy similar tricks as Rove's against Dixon, was secretly recorded and edited by Rich Evans, who had hoped to receive an appointment from Rove's competitor in the CRNC chairmanship race. On August 10, 1973, in the midst of the Watergate scandal , the Post broke

14916-412: The sense of Max Weber 's tripartite classification of authority . Weber (1948, p. 214) gives the analogy that “the fully developed bureaucratic mechanism compares with other organizations exactly as does the machine compare with the non-mechanical modes of production. Precision, speed, unambiguity, … strict subordination, reduction of friction and of material and personal costs- these are raised to

15048-468: The spread of information across task boundaries to happen much quicker. It aims to allow specialization to increase depth of knowledge and allows individuals to be chosen according to project needs. Starbucks is one of the numerous large organizations that successfully developed the matrix structure supporting their focused strategy. Its design combines functional and product based divisions, with employees reporting to two heads. Some experts also mention

15180-575: The standardized ways of operation and the high degree of formalization. As a whole, a functional organization is best suited as a producer of standardized goods and services at large volume and low cost. Coordination and specialization of tasks are centralized in a functional structure, which makes producing a limited number of products or services efficient and predictable. Moreover, efficiency can further be realized as functional organizations integrate their activities vertically so that products are sold and distributed quickly and at low cost. For instance,

15312-526: The story in an article titled "GOP Party Probes Official as Teacher of Tricks". In response, then RNC Chairman George H.W. Bush, had an FBI agent question Rove. As part of the investigation, Atwater signed an affidavit , dated August 13, 1973, stating that he had heard a "20 minute anecdote similar to the one described in The Washington Post " in July 1972, but that "it was a funny story during

15444-521: The strengths, as well as make up for the weaknesses, of functional and decentralized forms. An example would be a company that produces two products, "product A" and "product B". Using the matrix structure, this company would organize functions within the company as follows: "product A" sales department, "product A" customer service department, "product A" accounting, "product B" sales department, "product B" customer service department, "product B" accounting department. There are advantages and disadvantages of

15576-527: The subjective norms system created by managers can be changed relatively quickly. Karl Rove Karl Christian Rove (born December 25, 1950) is an American Republican political consultant , policy advisor, and lobbyist. He was Senior Advisor and Deputy Chief of Staff during the George W. Bush administration until his resignation on August 31, 2007. He has also headed the Office of Political Affairs,

15708-531: The successful campaigns of John Ashcroft (1994 U.S. Senate election), Bill Clements (1986 Texas gubernatorial election), Senator John Cornyn (2002 U.S. Senate election), Governor Rick Perry (1990 Texas Agriculture Commission election), and Phil Gramm (1982 U.S. House and 1984 U.S. Senate elections). Since leaving the White House, Rove has worked as a political analyst and contributor for Fox News , Newsweek , and The Wall Street Journal . Rove

15840-483: The suit would make it hard to recruit good candidates, urged Rove to back off. When Rove refused, the RNC hired Kenneth Starr to write an amicus brief on Thornburgh's behalf. Karl Rove & Co. v. Thornburgh was heard by U.S. Federal Judge Sam Sparks , who had been appointed by George H.W. Bush in 1991. After a trial in Austin, Rove prevailed. Rove was fired from the 1992 Bush presidential campaign after he planted

15972-530: The vote efforts. In 2013, Alexandra Smith became the first elected female national chair of the College Republicans organization, and the first female national chair of the CRNC. In 2021, two women claimed a senior member of the CRNC asked them to falsely accuse Clay Smith, chairman challenger to current CRNC Chairwoman Courtney Britt (then chair of the CRNC-affiliated Virginia Federation), of sexual misconduct. Texts obtained by

16104-427: The way to department store managers. Since there are many levels, decision-making authority has to pass through more layers than flatter organizations. A bureaucratic organization has rigid and tight procedures, policies and constraints. This kind of structure is reluctant to adapt or change what they have been doing since the company started. Organizational charts exist for every department, and everyone understands who

16236-675: The whole thing a "myth", saying: The FBI did investigate Texas officials during that span, but I had nothing to do with it. The investigation was called "Brilab" and was part of a broad anti- corruption probe that looked at officials in Louisiana, Oklahoma, Los Angeles, and Washington, D.C., as well as Texas   ... An official for the U.S. Department of Agriculture spotted expenses claimed by Hightower 's shop that raised red flags   ... enough to indict some of Hightower's top aides; they were later found guilty and sent to prison.   ... The myth that I had something to do both with spurring

16368-531: The winner. An appeal to the Supreme Court by the Democratic candidate was turned down within a few days, making the ruling final. Hooper won by 262 votes. Another candidate, Harold See , ran against Mark Kennedy, an incumbent Democratic justice and the son-in-law of George Wallace . The race included charges that Kennedy was mingling campaign funds with those of a non-profit children's foundation he

16500-400: The workplace." See also informal organization Organizational structures developed from the ancient times of hunters and collectors in tribal organizations through highly royal and clerical power structures to industrial structures and today's post-industrial structures. As pointed out by Lawrence B. Mohr, the early theorists of organizational structure, Taylor, Fayol, and Weber "saw

16632-647: Was National Chairman of the College Republicans at the time, became his mentor. Rove then enrolled at the University of Maryland in College Park in the Fall of 1971, but withdrew from classes during the first half of the semester. In July 1999 he told The Washington Post that he did not have a degree because "I lack at this point one math class, which I can take by exam, and my foreign language requirement." Rove traveled extensively, participating as an instructor at weekend seminars for campus conservatives across

16764-552: Was born on Christmas Day in Denver, Colorado , the second of five children, and was raised in Sparks, Nevada . His parents separated when he was 19 years old and the man whom Rove knew as his father was a geologist . In 1965, his family moved to Salt Lake City , where Rove entered high school, becoming a skilled debater. Encouraged by a teacher to run for class senate, Rove won the election. As part of his campaign strategy he rode in

16896-705: Was briefly strained for a few months following the divorce, but they maintained a relationship afterward. Rove had only infrequent contact with his mother in the 1970s. She frequently withheld child support checks and spent them for herself. She and her second husband lost most of their money due to poor financial decisions on her part and his gambling and overspending. On September 11, 1981, Rove's mother died by suicide north of Reno, Nevada , shortly after she decided to divorce her third and final husband, to whom she had been unhappily married for only three months. Rove began his involvement in American politics in 1968. In

17028-479: Was deputy director of the Governor William P. Clements Junior Committee in 1979 and 1980, and deputy executive assistant to the governor of Texas (roughly, Deputy Chief of Staff) in 1980 and 1981. In 1981, Rove founded a direct mail consulting firm, Karl Rove & Co. , in Austin. The firm's first clients included Texas Governor Bill Clements and Democratic congressman Phil Gramm , who later became

17160-455: Was involved with. A former Rove staffer reported that some within the See camp initiated a whisper campaign that Kennedy was a pedophile . Kennedy won by less than one percentage point. 1994 John Ashcroft senatorial campaign In 1993, Karl Rove & Company was paid $ 300,000 in consulting fees by Ashcroft's successful 1994 Senate campaign. Ashcroft paid Rove's company more than $ 700,000 over

17292-400: Was seriously flawed, undependable and, at times, unstable. In December 1969, after a heated fight with his wife, the man Rove had known as his father left the family and divorced Rove's mother soon afterwards. It was at this juncture that Rove was finally told that he and his older brother had a different birth father, his mother's prior husband. Rove's relationship with his adoptive father

17424-610: Was successful in getting five of its six candidates elected. (Ordinarily there were three justices on the ballot each year, on a nine-justice court, but, because of resignations, there were six races for the Supreme Court on the ballot in November 1988.) By 1998, Republicans held all nine seats on the Court. In 1989, Rove encouraged George W. Bush to run for Texas governor, brought in experts to tutor him on policy, and introduced him to local reporters. Eventually, Bush decided not to run, and Rove backed another Republican for governor who lost in

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