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52-829: In 1873, the remaining philosophical and theological faculties of the Roman College moved to new quarters and formed the Gregorian University , named after the College's patron. Though taken over by the Italian government, the original buildings on a full square block memorialize the early commitment of the Jesuits to education. Currently, its eastern wing houses the headquarters of the Ministry of Heritage and Culture (with entrance on Via del Collegio Romano) and

104-592: A professed member of the Society of Jesus since 1548 but secretly; he retained his rank while attending to his obligations and settling his children. In 1551 the Collegio Romano was a small, rented building at the base of the Capitoline Hill , on today's Piazza d'Aracoeli . Jesuit Fr. Polanco wrote of teaching Latin and Greek and later Hebrew: "Christian doctrine is taught. Above the door of the school

156-574: A school of philosophy and theology for the Roman clergy. On 17 January 1873 the libraries, astronomical observatory, scientific laboratory, and the Kircher Museum were taken over by the new government. With the extension of the rule of Savoy to the city of Rome, the Jesuits were finally removed. Pius IX protested against this usurpation with the encyclical Etsi fine luctuosa of 21 November 1873. The community of Jesuit professors found hospitality at

208-487: A sign says: a free school of grammar, humanism, and Christian doctrine." Jesuits were the first pupils: Edmond Auger (French), Emmanuel Gomez (Portuguese), John Egnazi (Florence), and Emerio de Bonis (Mantua). Within its first year the building could not accommodate the influx of students and Ignatius sought a larger facility. Without leaving the center of Rome, in September 1551 he rented a building on Via del Gesù behind

260-537: A visiting professor in the Faculty of Theology from 1972 to 1973. Gregorian alumni and professors include: The majority of the church's leaders graduated from the Gregorian; one-third of the current College of Cardinals studied there at one time or another, and more than 900 bishops worldwide are among its 12,000 living alumni. Filippo Boncompagni Filippo Boncompagni (7 September 1548 – 9 June 1586)

312-821: The Dicastery for Culture and Education on 11 February 2024, and came into force on 19 May 2024. From 19 May 2024, therefore, the Pontifical Biblical Institute does not have its own rector, being governed by the sole rector of the Pontifical Gregorian University, but is represented by a president. By decree of the Minister of the Interior of the Italian Republic dated 28 September 2024, the canonical measure

364-477: The French occupation of Rome . After the restoration of the Jesuits, Pope Leo XII on 17 May 1824, with the brief Cum Fine , ordered the restitution of the Roman College with the outbuildings and church of St. Ignatius to the Society of Jesus. Leo himself was present for the inauguration of the new academic year on 2 November 1824. Fr. Giovanni Perrone was among the distinguished faculty of theology of that time. With

416-656: The Government of Italy and the Holy See , the Gregorian University enjoys a certain level of extraterritoriality . According to the treaty, Italy can never subject the university to "charges or to expropriation for reasons of public utility, save by previous agreement with the Holy See." The Gregorian is also exempt from all Italian tax and is included among those Roman buildings for which the Holy See has

468-640: The Gregorian or Gregoriana ), is a higher education ecclesiastical school ( pontifical university ) in Rome, Italy. The Gregorian originated as a part of the Roman College , founded in 1551 by Ignatius of Loyola , and included all grades of schooling. Its chairs of philosophy and theology received Papal approval in 1556, making it the first institution founded by the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). In 1584,

520-661: The Second Vatican Council , the first women to earn doctoral degrees at the university were Sandra Schneiders, IHM , and Mary Milligan, RSHM . Both graduates became authorities in New Testament theology and Christian Spirituality. The Gregorian faculties are doubt 60% Italian and mainly Jesuit priests. In recent years, there has been an increase in laity in both the faculties and the student body; today, diocesan and religious priests represent about 45%, seminarians 25%, lay men and women 22%, and nuns 8% of

572-680: The University of Rome La Sapienza to the Gregorian, and the university gradually resumed the teaching of other disciplines. After World War I, Pope Benedict XV and his successor, Pope Pius XI , worked to create a new campus for the Gregorian at the base of Quirinal Hill , adjacent to the Pontifical Biblical Institute ( Biblicum ). Pius XI laid the first stone for the new campus on 27 December 1924. Designed by architect Giulio Barluzzi in Neoclassical style , it

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624-659: The Via del Corso and commissioned the architect Bartolomeo Ammannati to design a new building. The new college building was inaugurated in 1584 in what became known as the Piazza Collegio Romano, across from the Palazzo Doria Pamphilj . In gratitude for Gregory XIII's sponsorship, the college administration lauded him as its "founder and father" and renamed the Roman College as the Gregorian University. The new space at Piazza Collegio Romano allowed

676-504: The chirograph of 17 December 2019, Pope Francis decreed that the Pontifical Biblical Institute and the Pontifical Oriental Institute , while retaining their own names and missions, be joined to the Pontifical Gregorian University so as to be part of the same legal entity. The new statutes of the Pontifical Gregorian University with the incorporation of the two pontifical institutes were ratified and approved by

728-463: The 16th century. The Archives of the Pontifical Gregorian University (APUG) contain Jesuit records from the founding of the Roman College in 1551 to the suppression of the Jesuits in 1773. APUG has over 5,000 manuscripts for teaching rhetoric , grammar, philosophy and theology along with research on Greek and Latin classics, astronomy , mathematics, physics, Latin, Greek, Hebrew and Arabic. Many of

780-535: The APUG manuscripts were copied by auditores, others are autographs of masters such as Famiano Strada, Christopher Clavius, Francisco Suarez , Roberto Bellarmino, Mutio Vitelleschi , Roger Joseph Boscovich, Juan Bautista Villalpando , Francisco de Toledo . In some cases, these lesson notes gave origin to important works, like the Bellarmino's Controversie, of which APUG owns a copy with a lot of handwritten notes by

832-616: The Church Reforms, the grace or moral debates, the Jansenist polemic and Chinese rites. APUG also contains documentation about the teaching activity from the 19th century until today: it is the official repository for all the professors who have taught at the Gregorian since 1873. This also includes documents on the First Vatican Council and the Second Vatican Council . The GBPress (Gregorian and Biblical Press)

884-687: The Diocese of Rome. But Pope Leo XII returned the Gregorian to Jesuit control on 17 May 1824 after the reestablishment of the Society of Jesus. With the Capture of Rome in 1870, Rome and the Papal States were incorporated into the new Kingdom of Italy . The new government of Italy then confiscated the Gregorian property and building, converting it into the Ennio Quirino Visconti Liceo Ginnasio . The Gregorian

936-505: The Gregorian Consortium contain nearly 1.2 million volumes, with large collections in the fields of theology, philosophy, culture and literature. The original Roman College library was founded in 1556. In 1872, the Gregorian library's 45,000 volumes, manuscripts, and archives were confiscated by the new Italian state; they were dispersed, with some of the collection going to the new Rome National Central Library . Since 1928

988-422: The Gregorian University to add chairs of church history and liturgy . The Gregorian soon became known for its work in mathematics, physics and astronomy. Christopher Clavius , then a professor at the Gregorian, developed the Gregorian calendar that is still used worldwide today. The Jesuit mathematician Athanasius Kircher also later taught at the Gregorian. Not long after its Piazza Collegio Romano site opened,

1040-454: The Gregorian had 2000 students. Due to the limited size of its chapel, the Gregorian started rebuilding it in 1626 as the Church of Sant'Ignazio . Completed in 1650, the church is considered one of the major Baroque churches in the Rome area. In 1773, following the suppression of the Society of Jesus throughout Europe, the Jesuits were forced to cede control over the Gregorian University to

1092-485: The Gregorian library has been located on the Gregorian campus at Quirinal Hill. The majority of the library's collection, 820,000 volumes, is housed in a six-floor tower adjacent to the Palazzo Centrale. An additional 60,000 volumes are housed in the six reading rooms, which together seat 400 students. The library's reserve contains many ancient and precious books as well as rare editions, including 80 books from

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1144-416: The Jesuits. It was built in 1562 and decorated in 1571 with a fresco by Federico Zuccari in the apse. Saints Stanislaus Kostka , Robert Bellarmine , Aloysius Gonzaga , and John Berchmans worshipped here. But by 1620 this proved too small for a student population that exceeded 2000. After the canonization of St. Ignatius of Loyola in 1622, Cardinal Ludovico Ludovisi , nephew of Pope Gregory XV , financed

1196-663: The Palazzo Borromeo-Gabrielli as guests of the German College (moved elsewhere in 1886), now home to students of the Jesuit Bellarmine College. In this new site the school of philosophy and theology, with the official title of the Pontifical Gregorian University of the Roman College, resumed, fostered and protected by Pope Leo XIII. The Roman College would live on only through its philosophy and theology faculties, which had departed

1248-509: The Roman College was given a new home by Pope Gregory XIII , after whom it was renamed the Gregorian University. It had distinguished scholars in ecclesiastical fields as well as in natural science and mathematics. Only the theology and philosophy departments of the Gregorian survived the political turmoil in Italy after 1870. Today the Gregorian has an international faculty and around 2750 students from over 150 countries. Ignatius of Loyola ,

1300-506: The Roman seminary was returned and classes resumed. Twenty years later on 20 September 1870, with the occupation troops of Savoy in Rome, the college was used as a barracks for sharpshooters; classrooms were used for a technical school and high school. On 6 November 1870 the college was closed and the symbol of the Society of Jesus was chiseled from the doors; until then both the Jacobins and Mazzini had spared it. It remained open only as

1352-531: The Society of Jesus in memory of her late husband the Marchese della Guardia Camillo. This remained the site of the Roman College until the takeover of its buildings by the Italian government in 1870. Ignatius of Loyola had died on 31 July 1556 and was succeeded by Fr. James P. Laynez , an original companion of Ignatius and a papal theologian during the three periods of the Council of Trent . The Jesuits used

1404-482: The ancient church of Santo Stefano del Cacco . This second home of the Roman College was called the House of Frangipani after the famous family which owned it. The building was later demolished. This then was the second home of the Roman College. Despite the cost, Ignatius wanted to begin teaching philosophy and theology in the school year 1553–1554. This increased the student body, both of Jesuits and externs. In 1555,

1456-481: The author. Other important documents at APUG include Athanasius Kircher 's correspondence, the Christopher Clavius's correspondence or the codex used by Francesco Sforza Pallavicino to write his Istoria del Concilio di Trento . Many miscellaneous documents at APUG highlight the relations between the Roman College and many of the Jesuits in mission around the world. These documents provide insight on

1508-455: The center of academia in its time. It hosted many learned debates including those between Galileo Galilei and Orazio Grassi , professor of mathematics there. The German Jesuit scholar Athanasius Kircher , "Master of a Hundred Arts", was a professor at the college and left on the premises a museum filled with his works. The Jesuits were particularly drawn to astronomy and had a large observatory tower and scientific laboratories constructed on

1560-525: The construction of much larger church named for the new saint. The old church and a part of a classroom wing of the Roman College were removed to make room for the church of St. Ignatius . It was designed by the Jesuit Orazio Grassi and solemnly consecrated in 1722. The flat ceiling and missing dome were frescoed by painter Jesuit Brother Andrea Pozzo , in a style that creates the illusion of depth (photo on right). The Roman College became

1612-471: The existing block of buildings, awaiting a benefactor to build a college building for their burgeoning student population on their more than ample land. That benefactor came in the person of Pope Gregory XIII who took a liking to the nascent institution and in 1574 assigned larger annuities. Then in 1581 with funding from the Pope and his relatives, on 11 January 1582 his nephew Cardinal Filippo Boncompagni laid

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1664-408: The financial conditions became such that the students had to be distributed among the various colleges of the Society in Italy. On 17 January 1556 Pope Paul IV, seeing the great good that the Collegio Romano was for the young, gave it the privilege of conferring degrees in philosophy and theology with all the privileges of other universities. At this time also Ignatius founded the print shop which over

1716-525: The foundation stone for the new college building, designed by Florentine architect Bartolomeo Ammannati . Classes began on 28 October 1584. A picture on display at the Roman College shows Pope Gregory XIII present at the inauguration. Later on, in memory of its benefactor, the Roman College took the name of Gregorian University. For a chapel, the Annunziata begun by the Poor Clares was completed by

1768-453: The founder of the Society of Jesus, established a School of Grammar, Humanities, and Christian Doctrine ( Scuola di grammatica, d'umanità e di Dottrina cristiana ) in Rome on 18 February 1551. It was located in a building at the base of the Capitoline Hill , on what is today the Piazza d'Aracoeli . Francis Borgia , the viceroy of Catalonia and a Catholic patron, provided financial support for

1820-704: The institutes were absorbed into the Pontifical Gregorian University. The University is governed by a single Rector, assisted by the three presidents who promote the fulfilment of the missions of the Pontifical Biblical Institute, the Pontifical Oriental Institute and the Collegium Maximum. The latter body represents the academic units previously established at the Gregorian University. The Pontifical Gregorian University has today ten faculties, three institutes and five centres, all of which offer academic degrees. The three libraries of

1872-527: The new school. With a small library connected to it, the school was called the Roman College ( Collegio Romano ). In September 1551, due to its increased enrollment, the college moved to a larger facility behind the Santo Stefano del Cacco Church in Rome. After only two years of operation, the Roman College had 250 graduates. In January 1556 Pope Paul IV authorized the Roman College to confer academic degrees in theology and philosophy, elevating it to

1924-495: The premises in 1870. For the later history of these faculties see the article on the Gregorian University , which includes a list of notable students & professors from throughout the long history of the college/university. 41°53′53.11″N 12°28′48.94″E  /  41.8980861°N 12.4802611°E  / 41.8980861; 12.4802611 Gregorian University The Pontifical Gregorian University ( Italian : Pontificia Università Gregoriana ; also known as

1976-493: The rank of university. During the following 20 years, ever increasing enrollment forced the college to move to larger facilities twice. During this period, the college added chairs in moral philosophy and Arabic to the existing chairs in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew . When the college reached an enrollment of 1000 students, Pope Gregory XIII decided to build it a more expansive facility. He expropriated two city blocks in Rome near

2028-555: The reopening of the Roman College the famous astronomical observatory was restored and enlarged. The Jesuits experienced a setback during the Roman Republic , when on 29 March 1848 they were expelled and their building became a Roman seminary. The following year the building was occupied and heavily damaged by the revolutionaries who burned a wing of the college. On 7 August 1849 the French arrived to liberate Rome. On 3 March 1850

2080-634: The right to deal "as it may deem fit, without obtaining the authorization or consent of the Italian governmental, provincial, or communal authority." Gregorian's alumni include 17 popes, such as Pope Gregory XV , Pope Urban VIII, Pope Innocent X , Pope Clement XI, Pope Leo XIII , Pope Pius XII, Pope Paul VI , and Pope John Paul I . Eight of the last eleven popes were alumni of the Gregorian. Other students include 72 saints and beatified persons including Saint Robert Bellarmine , Saint Aloysius Gonzaga and Saint Maximilian Kolbe . Former Gregorian professors include Joseph Ratzinger , later Pope Benedict XVI,

2132-525: The roof of the annexed church, in 1787. The building of the college consists of two large, colonnaded courtyards and large classrooms. The Library of the Roman College, the most notable of Rome, was removed in 1873 and merged into the Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele II . In 1773, with the suppression of the Society of Jesus, the Jesuits entrusted the college to the secular clergy. It was seriously damaged during

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2184-434: The student body. Around 1970, the Gregorian discontinued Latin as the principal language of instruction by lecturers and examiners. Since the Gregorian is a pontifical university , the Holy See accredits its curriculum, and its degrees have full effect in canon law . Its licentiates in philosophy and theology are conferred by some Jesuit universities worldwide, entitling recipients to teach in major seminaries. With

2236-480: The university took no disciplinary action. The Gregorian University is one of three member institutes that make up the Gregorian Consortium ; the other two institutions are the Pontifical Biblical Institute (founded in 1909) and the Pontifical Oriental Institute (founded in 1917). The Consortium was created under Pope Pius XI , in 1928. The consortium ceased to exist on 19 May 2024, when both of

2288-598: The wing overlooking the square is home to the high school Ennio Quirino Visconti . The first university founded by the Jesuits was the College of Messina in 1548. Then in 1551, to make up for the shortage of public schools in Rome and to provide for better training of both religious and secular clergy during the Counter-Reformation period, the Roman College was founded, open only to men. The funding came from Francis Borgia, 4th Duke of Gandía . He had been

2340-565: The works Dougherty analyzes were dissertations submitted by the bishops Paul Kariuki Njiru , Fintan Gavin , and Stephen Robson . Earlier accounts of plagiarism in published doctoral dissertations were documented in review articles in The Catholic Biblical Quarterly and Analecta Cisterciensia . A special commission of three persons claimed to have found only once instance of plagiarism in Robson's thesis; therefore

2392-475: The years introduced new typefaces, becoming the model in the business. Due to flood damage in that part of the House of Frangipani, and because of the growing number of students, the Roman College in 1558 moved to the house of Giovan Battista Salviati, that connected to the back of the church of Santa Maria in Via Lata , on the east side of today's Piazza del Collegio Romano. Jesuit theologian Francisco de Toledo

2444-434: Was a professor at the college at this time. Four years later, the Roman College became too small for the growing number of students and larger premises were sought. The building was demolished when Salviati built the new Roman College, since he wanted to enlarge the square for the Roman College. In 1560, Vittoria della Tolfa, Marchesa della Valle, a relative of Paul IV, donated an entire city block and its existing buildings to

2496-499: Was an Italian Cardinal , created by Pope Gregory XIII (his uncle) on 2 June 1572. Born at Bologna , he served as superintendent general of the Papal States ( Cardinal-Nephew ) during his pontificate (1572–85). He occupied several curial offices ( grand penitentiary , prefect of the S.C. of the Tridentine Council). He participated in the papal conclave, 1585 as a leader of the cardinals created by Gregory XIII . He

2548-553: Was completed by 1930. After moving to the new campus, the Gregorian continued to expand to new faculties and disciplines as well as to add new buildings. The Pontifical Institute Regina Mundi, dedicated to the theological formation of women, opened in 1955 and closed in 2005. Today the Gregorian University has some 2750 students from over 150 countries. About 70% of the students are foreign nationals, with 65% of them coming from non-European Union countries. Most students are priests, seminarians, and members of religious orders. After

2600-498: Was forced to move into a much smaller facility at the Palazzo Gabrielli-Borromeo on Via del Seminario in Rome. Due to its lack of space, the Gregorian was forced to drop all of its faculties except for theology and philosophy. Enrollment dropped to under 250 students by 1875. Pope Pius IX later granted the Gregorian the title "Pontifical University". In 1876, the Faculty of Canon Law was transferred from

2652-475: Was founded, financed, and run by the Pontifical Gregorian University and the Pontifical Biblical Institute in Rome. Founded in 1913 and closed in 2023, it printed documents and published periodicals and monographs in most major theological subject areas. Very many of the dissertations accepted by the university were published there. According to Article 16 of the Lateran Treaty , a 1929 agreement between

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2704-415: Was given civil effect. According to plagiarism expert Michael Dougherty, there was a "systematic failure to maintain academic integrity at the doctoral level at the Gregorian University in specific disciplines during a relatively recent period." His 2024 book focused on violations of academic integrity at the famous university from 1995 to 2014, arguing that nine dissertations were severely deficient. Among

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