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49-519: The Canisianum is one of many Jesuit seminaries worldwide named after Saint Peter Canisius and was built in 1910–1911 under Rector, or Regens, Michael Hofmann, to replace the previous Nicolaihaus seminary, which had been outgrown. During World War I it also accommodated from 1915 to 1919 the students of the Collegium Germanicum in Rome . On 21 November 1938 it was shut down by

98-762: A Jesuit secondary school in his hometown of Nijmegen and the alma mater of Peter Hans Kolvenbach , a recent Superior General of the Society of Jesus . Another Canisius University , a university, and Canisius High School , a secondary school, are located in Buffalo, New York . Furthermore, a Jesuit-run Canisius Kolleg can be found in Berlin, Germany. There are also two secondary schools named after Canisius, Kolese Kanisius ( Collegium Canisianum or Canisius College ), in Jakarta, Indonesia , and Canisianum Roman Catholic HS in

147-594: A book which defined the basic principles of Catholicism in the German language and made them more accessible to readers in German-speaking countries. He was offered the post of Bishop of Vienna in 1554, but declined in order to continue his traveling and teachings. He did, however, serve as administrator of the Diocese of Vienna for one year, until a new bishop was appointed for it. He moved to Germany, where he

196-607: A clear preoccupation with Marian veneration . Under the heading "prayer" he explains the Hail Mary prayer as the basis for Catholic Marian piety. Less known are his Marian books, in which he published prayers and contemplative texts. To the Hail Mary he added the sentence, Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us sinners , which was not at that time commonly recited after the Angelic Salutation. Eleven years later it

245-585: A council. Yet when he proposed the idea to his cardinals , it was almost unanimously opposed. Nonetheless, he sent nuncios throughout Europe to propose the idea. Paul III issued a decree for a general council to be held in Mantua , Italy, to begin on 23 May 1537. Martin Luther wrote the Smalcald Articles in preparation for the general council. The Smalcald Articles were designed to sharply define where

294-490: A married priest, to the office of court preacher. Canisius warned Ferdinand I, verbally and in writing, and opposed Phauser in public disputations. Maximilian was obliged to dismiss Phauser and, on this account, the rest of his life he harboured a grudge against Canisius. In 1547 he attended several sessions of the Council of Trent . Canisius was an influential teacher and preacher, especially through his "German Catechism ",

343-576: A number of reform proposals (on the selection of bishops, taxation, censorship and preaching) but not on the new major problems that confronted the Church in Germany and other parts of Europe. A few months later, on 31 October 1517, Martin Luther issued his 95 Theses in Wittenberg . Luther's position on ecumenical councils shifted over time, but in 1520 he appealed to the German princes to oppose

392-582: A plague failed to take effect and the council was indefinitely prorogued on 17 September 1549. None of the three popes reigning over the duration of the council ever attended, which had been a condition of Charles V. Papal legates were appointed to represent the Papacy. Reopened at Trent on 1 May 1551 by the convocation of Pope Julius III (1550–1555), it was broken up by the sudden victory of Maurice, Elector of Saxony over Emperor Charles V and his march into surrounding state of Tirol on 28 April 1552. There

441-744: A schism over conciliarism ; partly because Lutherans demanded the exclusion of the papacy from the council; partly because of ongoing political rivalries between France and the Holy Roman Empire ; and partly due to the Turkish dangers in the Mediterranean. Under Pope Clement VII (1523–34), mutinous troops many of whom were Lutheran belonging to the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor Charles V sacked Papal Rome in 1527, "raping, killing, burning, stealing,

490-508: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This seminary -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This organization-related article on the Catholic Church or a Catholic institution is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Peter Canisius Artists Clergy Monarchs Popes Peter Canisius SJ ( Dutch : Pieter Kanis ; 8 May 1521 – 21 December 1597)

539-479: Is considered as representing one of the best theological achievements in the 16th century. Canisius was beatified by Pope Pius IX in 1864, and later canonized and declared a Doctor of the Church on 21 May 1925 by Pope Pius XI . His feast day was included in the General Roman Calendar in 1926, for celebration on 27 April. In the liturgical reform of 1969, it was moved to 21 December,

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588-630: Is his three catechisms , which he published in Latin and German and which became widespread and popular in Catholic regions. In his fight with German Protestantism , he requested much more flexibility from Rome, arguing: If you treat them right, the Germans will give you everything. Many err in matters of faith, but without arrogance. They err the German way, mostly honest, a bit simple-minded, but very open for everything Lutheran. An honest explanation of

637-699: The Catholic Church as a saint and as a Doctor of the Church . He was born in 1521 in Nijmegen in the Duchy of Guelders , which, until 1549, was part of the Habsburg Netherlands within the Holy Roman Empire and is now the Netherlands . His father was a wealthy burgermeister , Jacob Kanis. His mother, Ægidia van Houweningen, died shortly after Peter's birth. He was sent to study at

686-634: The French Wars of Religion had occurred earlier in the year and the French Church, facing a significant and powerful Protestant minority in France, experienced iconoclasm violence regarding the use of sacred images. Such concerns were not primary in the Italian and Spanish Churches. The last-minute inclusion of a decree on sacred images was a French initiative, and the text, never discussed on

735-506: The Mass , and the veneration of saints and also issued condemnations of what it defined to be heresies committed by proponents of Protestantism . The consequences of the council were also significant with regard to the Church's liturgy and censorship. The Council met for twenty-five sessions between 13 December 1545 and 4 December 1563. Pope Paul III , who convoked the council, oversaw

784-682: The National Socialists . The theology Faculty relocated to Sitten, Switzerland until they were able to return to Innsbruck in October 1945. In 2007 the Canisianum changed from a seminary to an International School of Theology, for ordained priests pursuing advanced studies at the University of Innsbruck . Renovations were completed on the 100 year old building in 2022. This article about an Austrian building or structure

833-475: The University of Cologne (1463), had set aside the theory of the supremacy of general councils laid down by the Council of Constance , which had also called for frequent ecumenical councils every ten years to cope with the backlog of reform and heresies. Martin Luther had appealed for a general council, in response to the Papal bull Exsurge Domine of Pope Leo X (1520). In 1522 German diets joined in

882-473: The University of Cologne , where he earned a master's degree in 1540, at the age of 19. While there, he met Peter Faber , one of the founders of the Society of Jesus . Through him, Canisius became the first Dutchman to join the newly founded Society of Jesus in 1543. Canisius finished his studies in theology and then was ordained in 1546. Through his preaching and writings, Peter Canisius became one of

931-649: The Lutherans could and could not compromise. The council was ordered by the Emperor and Pope Paul III to convene in Mantua on 23 May 1537. It failed to convene after another war broke out between France and Charles V, resulting in a non-attendance of French prelates . Protestants refused to attend as well. Financial difficulties in Mantua led the Pope in the autumn of 1537 to move the council to Vicenza , where participation

980-953: The Omusati Region of Namibia, Africa. In addition, there is a primary school: Basisschool Petrus Canisius in Puth in Limburg , Netherlands. In 1850 the Canisius Hospital was established on the corner of the Houtmarkt and the Pauwelstraat in Nijmegen. In 1974 it merged with Wilhelmina Hospital located at the Weg door Jonkerbos in Nijmegen, to become Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis . The Apologetisch Vereniging St. Petrus Canisius (St. Peter Canisius Association for Apologetics )

1029-585: The Popes who had convoked the council, the emperor and the kings who had supported it, the papal legates, the cardinals, the ambassadors present, and the bishops, followed by acclamations of acceptance of the faith of the council and its decrees, and of anathema for all heretics. The French monarchy boycotted the entire council until the last minute when a delegation led by Charles de Guise, Cardinal of Lorraine finally arrived in November 1562. The first outbreak of

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1078-606: The Protestant cause within France. Charles' younger brother Ferdinand of Austria , who ruled a huge swath of territory in central Europe, agreed in 1532 to the Nuremberg Religious Peace granting religious liberty to the Protestants, and in 1533 he further complicated matters when suggesting a general council to include both Catholic and Protestant rulers of Europe that would devise a compromise between

1127-559: The anniversary of his death, the normal day for celebrating a saint's entry into heaven (although it is still kept by the Society of Jesus on 27 April). In recognition there of Canisius' early work in the establishment of Jesuit education, there are multiple educational institutions named for him. Among them is the Canisius College for seminarians in Vienna , Austria, the first institution named for him, as well as Canisius College,

1176-460: The appeal, with Charles V seconding and pressing for a council as a means of reunifying the Church and settling the Reformation controversies. Pope Clement VII (1523–34) was vehemently against the idea of a council, agreeing with Francis I of France . The history of the council is divided into three distinct periods: 1545–1549, 1551–1552 and 1562–1563. The number of attending members in

1225-467: The council was delayed until 1545 and, as it happened, convened right before Luther's death. Unable, however, to resist the urging of Charles V, the pope, after proposing Mantua as the place of meeting, convened the council at Trent (at that time ruled by a prince-bishop under the Holy Roman Empire ), on 13 December 1545; the Pope's decision to transfer it to Bologna in March 1547 on the pretext of avoiding

1274-523: The dogma of "Mother of God" with numerous quotations from the fathers after the Council of Ephesus . He shows that Church teaching has not changed. He answers the sola scriptura arguments of Protestants by analyzing the biblical basis for Mariology. Book five explains the Catholic view of the assumption as living faith for centuries, supported by most prominent Church writers. From today's perspective, Canisius clearly erred in some of his sources, but, because of his factual analysis of original sources, it

1323-829: The efforts of Peter and other Jesuits, it returned to the Church and is still Catholic today despite Communist persecution. By the time he left Germany, the Society of Jesus in Germany had evolved from a small band of priests into a powerful tool of the Counter-Reformation . Canisius spent the last twenty years of his life in Fribourg , where he founded the Jesuit Collège Saint-Michel , which trained generations of young men for careers and future university studies. During this period, Canisius's work "was translated into almost every language of Europe"; for example, his Summa Doctrinae Christianae (1554)

1372-473: The faith would be much more effective than a polemical attack against reformers. He rejected attacks against John Calvin and Philip Melanchthon : "With words like these, we don't cure patients, we make them incurable." Canisius taught that, while there are many roads leading to Jesus Christ, for him the veneration of the Blessed Virgin Mary was the best. His sermons and letters document

1421-590: The first eight sessions (1545–1547), while the twelfth to sixteenth sessions (1551–52) were overseen by Pope Julius III and the seventeenth to twenty-fifth sessions (1562–63) by Pope Pius IV . More than three hundred years passed until the next ecumenical council, the First Vatican Council , was convened in 1869. On 15 March 1517, the Fifth Council of the Lateran closed its activities with

1470-518: The floor of the council or referred to council theologians, was based on a French draft. Jus novum ( c.  1140 -1563) Jus novissimum ( c.  1563 -1918) Jus codicis (1918-present) Other Sacraments Sacramentals Sacred places Sacred times Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures Particular churches Juridic persons Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law Clerics Office Juridic and physical persons Associations of

1519-487: The last year of his life, and interred in front of the main altar of the church; the room he occupied during those last months is now a chapel open for the veneration of the faithful. Canisius lived during the height of the Protestant Reformation and dedicated much of his work to the clarification of the Catholic faith in light of the emergence of the new Protestant doctrines. His lasting contribution

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1568-521: The like had not been seen since the Vandals ". Saint Peter's Basilica and the Sistine Chapel were used for horses. Pope Clement, fearful of the potential for more violence, delayed calling the council. Charles V strongly favoured a council but needed the support of King Francis I of France, who attacked him militarily. Francis I generally opposed a general council due to partial support of

1617-755: The middle of the nineteenth century on German churchmen, including Michael Cardinal von Faulhaber (1869–1952), considered Canisius as a new "Apostle of Germany", a successor of Saint Boniface , for his importance for German Christianity. The longer version (with quotes from authority): In addition to the listed institutions worldwide, there is Peter Canisius College in Sydney, Australia (suburb of Pymble at 102 Mona Vale Road). Council of Trent Artists Clergy Monarchs Popes The Council of Trent ( Latin : Concilium Tridentinum ), held between 1545 and 1563 in Trent (or Trento), now in northern Italy ,

1666-470: The most influential Catholics of his time. He supervised the founding and maintenance of the first German-speaking Jesuit colleges, often with little resources at hand. At the same time he preached in the city and vicinity, and debated and taught in the university. Canisius exerted a strong influence on the Emperor Ferdinand I . The king's eldest son (later Maximilian II ) appointed Phauser,

1715-525: The papal Church at the time, if necessary with a council in Germany, open and free of the Papacy. After the Pope condemned in Exsurge Domine fifty-two of Luther's theses as heresy , German opinion considered a council the best method to reconcile existing differences. German Catholics, diminished in number, hoped for a council to clarify matters. It took a generation for the council to materialise, partly due to papal fears over potentially renewing

1764-452: The passage of the most important decrees, not more than sixty prelates were present. Although most Protestants did not attend, ambassadors and theologians of Brandenburg, Württemberg, and Strasbourg attended having been granted an improved safe conduct . Pope Paul III (1534–1549), seeing that the Protestant Reformation was no longer confined to a few preachers, but had won over various princes, especially in Germany, to its ideas, desired

1813-537: The religion of the ignorant. By his debates, his writing and his teachings, Peter showed that Catholicism was thoroughly rational, that the Protestant arguments were not convincing. By his efforts, Peter won Bavaria (southern Germany) and the Rhineland (central Germany) back to the Catholic Church. He also won converts in Austria , Hungary , Bohemia and Poland . Poland had become largely Protestant, but thanks to

1862-666: The three periods varied considerably. The council was small to begin with, opening with only about 30 bishops. It increased toward the close, but never reached the number of the First Council of Nicaea (which had 318 members) nor of the First Vatican Council (which numbered 744). The decrees were signed in 1563 by 255 members, the highest attendance of the whole council, including four papal legates, two cardinals, three patriarchs, twenty-five archbishops, and 168 bishops, two-thirds of whom were Italians. The Italian and Spanish prelates were vastly preponderant in power and numbers. At

1911-576: The two theological systems. This proposal met the opposition of the Pope for it gave recognition to Protestants and also elevated the secular Princes of Europe above the clergy on church matters. Faced with a Turkish attack, Charles held the support of the Protestant German rulers, all of whom delayed the opening of the Council of Trent. In the to-and-fro of medieval politics , Pope Pius II , in his bull Execrabilis (1460) and his reply to

1960-515: Was a Dutch Jesuit priest . He became known for his strong support for the Catholic faith during the Protestant Reformation in Germany , Austria , Bohemia , Moravia , Switzerland and the British Isles . The restoration of the Catholic Church in Germany after the Protestant Reformation is largely attributed to the work there of the Society of Jesus, which he led. He is venerated in

2009-417: Was begun especially as an attempt to prevent the formation of a general council including Protestants , as had been demanded by some in France. The council was reconvened by Pope Pius IV (1559–1565) for the last time, meeting from 18 January 1562 at Santa Maria Maggiore , and continued until its final adjournment on 4 December 1563. It closed with a series of ritual acclamations honouring the reigning Pope,

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2058-568: Was founded in the Netherlands in 1904 to defend the Catholic Church against socialism and liberalism . Peter Canisius House is located on five acres of beautiful gardens and bushland in Pymble on Sydney's North Shore. Facilities include 43 bedrooms, a variety of meeting spaces and a large dining room. The House specialise in residential individual and group retreats and gatherings for schools, not for profit and private business sectors. From

2107-472: Was included in the Catechism of the Council of Trent of 1566. Canisius published an applied Mariology for preachers, in which Mary is described in tender and warm words. He actively promoted the sodalities of our Lady and the rosary associations. Theologically, Canisius defended Catholic Mariology in his 1577 book, De Maria Virgine Incomparabili et Dei Genitrice Sacrosancta Libri Quinque . The book

2156-478: Was no hope of reassembling the council while the very anti-Protestant Paul IV was Pope. During the second period, the Protestants present asked for a renewed discussion on points already defined and for bishops to be released from their oaths of allegiance to the Pope. When the last period began, all intentions of conciliating the Protestants was gone and the Jesuits had become a strong force. This last period

2205-668: Was one of the main Catholic theologians at the Colloquy of Worms in 1557, and later served as the main preacher in the Cathedral of Augsburg from 1559 to 1568, where he strongly witnessed to his faith on three or four occasions each week. Canisius was renowned as a popular preacher. In 1562 he founded what was to become the University of Innsbruck . In Christ The King – Lord of History by Anne W. Carroll, it states: Protestantism had made much headway in Germany because many intellectuals had adopted it, making Catholicism appear to be

2254-601: Was ordered by Pope Pius V to present a factual presentation of the Catholic Marian teachings in the Bible, the early Christians, the Church Fathers and contemporary theology. Canisius explains and documents Church teachings through the ages regarding the person and character of Mary, her virtues and youth. He traces historical documents about the perpetual virginity of Mary, and her freedom from sin. He explains

2303-638: Was poor. The council was postponed indefinitely on 21 May 1539. Pope Paul III then initiated several internal Church reforms while Emperor Charles V convened with Protestants and Cardinal Gasparo Contarini at the Diet of Regensburg , to reconcile differences. Mediating and conciliatory formulations were developed on certain topics. In particular, a two-part doctrine of justification was formulated that would later be rejected at Trent. Unity failed between Catholic and Protestant representatives "because of different concepts of Church and Justification ". However,

2352-411: Was the 19th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church . Prompted by the Protestant Reformation at the time, it has been described as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation . The Council issued key statements and clarifications of the Church's doctrine and teachings, including scripture , the biblical canon , sacred tradition , original sin , justification , salvation , the sacraments ,

2401-548: Was translated into Scots by Adam King and published in 1588. In 1591, at the age of 70, Canisius suffered a stroke which left him partially paralyzed, but he continued to preach and write with the aid of a secretary until his death in Fribourg. He was initially buried at the Church of St. Nicholas . His remains were later transferred to the church of the Jesuit College , which he had founded and where he had spent

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