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70-739: Combustion Engineering was organized in 1912 through the merger of the Grieve Grate Company and the American Stoker Company, two well-known manufacturers of fuel burning equipment. The company was originally headquartered on 11 Broadway and at 43 - 5 - 7 Broad Street (Manhattan) , both in Lower Manhattan . The city block was leased from the Alliance Realty Company in April 1920. In May of

140-637: A facade of buff -colored brick and terracotta , with a mansard roof made of copper. There was a penthouse apartment for its resident superintendent . The building is U-shaped, with the two wings on Broadway and Greenwich Streets surrounding a southward-facing light court . The court abuts a north-facing court within the International Mercantile Marine Company Building, which is also U-shaped. The light court measures 110 feet (34 m) from north to south and 60 feet (18 m) from west to east, and

210-624: A 0.75-inch (19 mm) stream. The firefighting system, which could also feed water to fire engines if necessary, was praised by the New York City Fire Commissioner . The entrance foyer and main corridor contain a marble floor, while a stained-glass mural dating from the building's construction is mounted on the walls of the corridor. When built, the Bowling Green Offices Building included 16 elevators. Of these, eight were clustered in

280-473: A combined 30 people in the cabs, though no one was hurt because of safety systems that slowed down the elevators at the bottom. The next year, a man was hurt when four elevator cabs dropped. Ludlow and Peabody made numerous major modifications in the early 20th century. The firm redesigned the staircases on the Broadway side in 1912–1913 by moving the front steps inward and removing or reconfiguring part of

350-562: A facade of granite at its base and white brick on the upper stories. The building contains an interior skeleton of structural steel, several ornamental features on the facade, as well as a floor plan that maximizes natural light exposure. The Bowling Green Offices Building, erected as a 16-story structure, initially hosted various steamship offices due to Bowling Green's proximity to the New York Harbor , and later hosted law firms and other companies. The Broadway Realty Company, for whom

420-534: A former director of Yaddo, the community held the controlling interest in the Bowling Green Offices Building until 1976, as opposed to outright ownership. By the 1930s, fewer tenants were occupying the Bowling Green Offices Building because of the construction of new office buildings in Midtown Manhattan . In 1995, the Bowling Green Offices Building and several other buildings on Bowling Green were formally designated as New York City landmarks. In 2007,

490-526: A patented algorithm to allow higher power densities . Combustion also fabricated a number of the Westinghouse reactor vessels and steam generators at its Chattanooga manufacturing facility under contracts with the Westinghouse company. C-E maintained a sophisticated nuclear reactor operator training simulator at the Windsor facility for support for customers of its nuclear steam supply systems. In

560-514: A precedent-setting age discrimination lawsuit. In June 2008, a 7-1 decision of the United States Supreme Court placed the burden on all employers to prove that a layoff affecting older workers is based on reasonable factors other than age, reversing a lower court that placed the burden of proving age discrimination on the dismissed employees. The long-running case, Meacham v. Knolls Atomic Power Lab (Docket 06-1505),

630-624: A separate headquarters and support staff which coordinated each group's companies actions with the C-E Corporate support functions of Administration, Information Systems, Insurance, Treasury, Accounting, Audit, and Personnel. C-E had a large presence in Canada, including fossil and nuclear steam supply manufacturing facilities. A number of the Industrial Group companies had manufacturing facilities there as well, primarily located in

700-1472: A specialty scrap metal operation in Chattanooga); and was basically divided into three major sub-groups: Fossil, Nuclear, and Services (which included field erection, aftermarket spare parts, and engineering services). The Industrial Group included C-E Industrial Boiler (part of the original base of CE in East Chicago, IN and Detroit & Saginaw, MI), C-E Bauer (Pulp & Paper Equipment), C-E Raymond (Crushing and Conveying Equipment), C-E Air Preheater (Ljungström® technology), C-E Tyler Screening (Industrial Wire Screens), C-E Ehrsham (Conveyors & Grain Elevators). C-E Enterprise Manufacturing, C-E Tyler Elevator, CERREY, and other industrial supply companies. The Oil & Gas Group included such companies as C-E Natco, C-E Grey Tool, Beaumont Well Works, C-E Vetco, OilField Engineering, C-E Houston Forging, etc. The Refractories & Minerals Group included C-E Minerals, C-E Refractories, C-E Cast Industrial Products, C-E Building Products (C-E Aluminum Building Products, C-E Morgan, C-E Stanley Artex), Georgia Kaolin, Pryor-Giggey, C-E Transport, C-E Glass, C-E Hordis Bros. Glass, etc. The Instrumentation & Controls group included C-E Taylor Instruments, C-E Resource Recovery Systems, C-E Process Analytics (acquired from Bendix), et al. Each group had

770-512: A steel skeleton, with steel columns placed inside alternating vertical piers . The structure used over 5,000 short tons (4,500 long tons; 4,500 t) of steel. The building's firefighting system used standpipes and compressed-air drums, rather than the water towers used on many contemporary buildings. The standpipes could maintain a pressure of 200 pounds per square inch (1,400 kPa), which would allow 160 U.S. gallons (610 L) of water per minute to be projected 66 feet (20 m) in

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840-408: A subsidiary of Fluor Corporation . Previously operated by Bechtel Marine Propulsion Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Bechtel National Incorporated . The previous operating contractor of KAPL was Lockheed Martin . KAPL's original contractor was General Electric . KAPL was one of the first laboratories to conduct research on obtaining usable power from nuclear reactors . KAPL was sued in

910-548: A top story that was added during 1920–1921. The base is made of a white-granite colonnade above a gray-granite water table . The pilasters of the colonnade are carved with decorations such as anthemia and support a detailed entablature with the carved words bowling green offices ; behind the colonnade can be seen small segments of rusticated wall. The center bay contains a stoop made of gray granite. The outermost three architectural bays comprise slightly projecting pavilions, and there are detailed entrance surrounds around

980-459: Is a double-width entrance portico on the northern part of the facade, as well as a freight entrance nearby; both contain carved overhead plaques above. Unlike on the Broadway side, the vertical piers are faced with brick. The 15th and 16th stories contain an oriel window , and the 17th story is a mansard roof made of copper. The south facade is broken up into western and eastern wings. Both sections are mostly blocked by 1 Broadway, and only

1050-732: Is a necessity for students and professionals in nuclear physics , chemistry , engineering , and medicine around the world. The Chart has been compiled, edited and periodically revised by KAPL scientists since 1956. KAPL operates two sites in New York, the Knolls site in Niskayuna and the Kenneth A. Kesselring site in West Milton . Niskayuna is the primary site for the KAPL, focusing on

1120-413: Is confined to the lower three stories. Audsley wrote that he believed "sculpture should be within easy range of the eye [...] and used sparely in the high portions". The east-facing Broadway facade is 13 bays wide and 17 stories high and is the building's principal elevation . From the bottom to the top, this elevation consists of a two-story base, a twelve-story shaft, a two-story capital, and

1190-420: Is made of white granite —an influence from Neoclassical architecture —as well as white brick and terracotta. The facade consists of thirteen vertical bays on Broadway and fourteen on Greenwich Street. The bays are separated by slightly projecting piers, and each floor is separated by slightly recessed horizontal spandrels , creating a grid of windows. The southern facade of the Bowling Green Offices Building

1260-425: Is present above the first floor. The western and eastern facades of the Bowling Green Offices Building are arranged in three sections, consisting of a three-story "base", a "shaft", and a three-story " capital " on top, similar to the components of a column . This was a common setup for facades of buildings that were being erected in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Bowling Green Offices Building's facade

1330-517: Is visible above the International Mercantile Marine Company to the south. Unlike other buildings of that era, which used arcades as a method of articulation for the base, the Bowling Green Offices Building uses anthemia and other Hellenic-style ornamentation, similar to Milwaukee 's Layton Art Gallery building and St. Louis 's Wainwright Building . The Bowling Green Offices Building greatly resembles

1400-722: The Age Discrimination in Employment Act . A jury found for the employees in December 2000, and judgment was rendered in 2002. The Lab appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 2nd Circuit , but the judgment was upheld in 2004. KAPL appealed again and, while its petition to the US Supreme Court was pending, a related case ( Smith v. City of Jackson [Docket 03-1160]) caused the Court in 2006 to vacate

1470-633: The Appellate Division of the New York Supreme Court overruled the decision. In 1903, the New-York Tribune reported that, when Trask's automobile driver was arrested, Trask had offered the $ 1 million Bowling Green Offices Building to cover his driver's $ 500 bail amount. During the 1910s, there were two incidents involving elevators at 11 Broadway. In 1915, seven elevators dropped down their shafts with

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1540-740: The Erie Railroad also had offices in the building in the early 20th century. Other tenants included the United States Department of the Navy 's Supervisor of Shipbuilding, as well as the Merchant Marine Committee of the Whole. By 1926, tenants included Tidewater Oil , industrial company Ingersoll-Rand , bankers Henry Clews & Company, lawyer Max Steuer , and steamship line Moore-McCormack . Later in

1610-546: The Financial District of Manhattan in New York City . The 21-story building, erected between 1895 and 1898, is 272.5 feet (83.1 m) tall. The Bowling Green Offices Building was built to a Hellenic Renaissance -style design by W. & G. Audsley . The building's articulation consists of three horizontal sections similar to the components of a column —namely a base, shaft, and capital —and has

1680-547: The Ninth Avenue elevated and the then-under-construction subway ; and elevators to the restaurant and apartments on the upper floors. Electricity, heating, and janitor service were given to potential tenants for free. A 1900 issue of the Real Estate Record and Guide quoted the elevators as carrying 18,000 people per day, while the building had an average of 6,000 people during peak work hours. Profits from

1750-781: The S1C Prototype Reactor site located in Windsor, Connecticut . The S1C site remedial action was declared to be complete by the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection in October 2006. KAPL had taken over operation of the S1C Prototype in the 1960s after expiration of the Navy's original contract with Combustion Engineering . KAPL, as well as Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory , is managed and operated by Fluor Marine Propulsion Corporation,

1820-819: The steam boiler business, beginning with a steam boiler installed at the Ford Motor Company's River Rouge Plant in Dearborn, MI . C-E also acquired two boiler companies in Chattanooga, TN to augment its manufacturing capabilities. During the Great Depression , C-E formed a partnership with the Superheater Company. The Locomotive Superheater Company was founded in 1910 to further the use of superheated steam in locomotives . The Superheater Company's primary manufacturing facility

1890-511: The 11 Greenwich Street side of the building. The Bowling Green Offices Building received relatively little media coverage upon its completion. Although architectural writers Sarah Landau and Carl Condit wrote in 1996 that the Bowling Green Offices was "a major work of the [1890s] in both design and size", it was ignored "perhaps because it was completed in a boom building period or because its 'Hellenic Renaissance' style

1960-444: The 13th and 14th stories also contain cornices. The 15th and 16th stories contain vertical piers that correspond to the design of the base, as well as aluminum-framed sash windows. The top of the 16th story contains a large cornice with a carved frieze . The 17th story has a facade of buff brick, window openings with double-hung windows, and a cornice of brick and white terracotta. The west-facing Greenwich Street facade, similar to

2030-465: The 13th through 17th stories are visible. The 13th through 16th stories consist of a white wall while the 17th story is a buff brick wall. The north facade is mostly blocked by the Cunard Building ; the visible section consists of a brick wall with windows. It is topped by a four-story tower, which is visible from the building's other three sides. The Bowling Green Offices Building contains

2100-557: The 1960s, and continuing through 1988, C-E acquired a number of companies, many not directly related to the core utility steam supply business. As a result, the company structure evolved so that it had five and later six major business groups or divisions. C-E Power Systems comprised the original utility steam supply components, C-E Industrial Group, C-E Lummus & Engineering Services Group, C-E Refractories & Minerals Group, C-E Oil & Gas Group, and last C-E Instrumentation & Controls Group were formed to provide management focus as

2170-471: The 20th century, space in the Bowling Green Offices Building was taken up by Ivan Boesky , a stock trader implicated in insider trading, as well as the technology company IBM . In the 21st century, tenants include or have included Hill West Architects , SogoTrade, the Flatiron School , Allmenus , and Universal Studios . The New York State Department of Motor Vehicles has an office on

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2240-458: The Bowling Green Offices Building was built "by British interests" with funding from Queen Victoria . Original plans called for a tower to be built atop the rest of the building, but the tower plans were not carried out. At the time of its opening, the Bowling Green Offices Building was the largest building on Bowling Green. A promotional brochure for the Bowling Green Offices Building advertised its fireproof material; electricity; proximity to

2310-545: The Bowling Green Offices Building went toward funding Yaddo , the artists' community in Saratoga Springs, New York , that had been founded by Trask. The Broadway Realty Company filed a lawsuit after the New York City Department of Taxes raised the building's valuation from $ 1.5 million in 1898 to $ 2 million in 1899. The Department of Taxes ruled that the assessment was justified, but

2380-435: The Broadway facade, is divided into an elaborate base, a simple shaft, and a more detailed capital topped by the brick-faced 17th story. It contains less elaborate features than the Broadway facade: for instance, there are no projecting pavilions flanking this side. The Greenwich Street facade is 18 stories high, with a full basement faced with brick and granite, since it is at a lower terrain elevation than Broadway. There

2450-576: The Santry family controlled the management of C-E. Joseph Santry was President of the company until 1963. Arthur Santry, Jr., Joseph's nephew, was named president in 1963 and Chairman of the C-E Board of Directors in 1982 and held both titles until he resigned his post as president in 1984. He remained as chairman until 1988. Charles Hugel was named President of C-E in 1984 and remained in that position until 1988 when he succeeded Mr. Santry as chairman of

2520-546: The Wainwright Building, except for the colors of the facades. The building is estimated to have over a hundred anthemia on its facade. The Real Estate Record and Guide said in 1897 that the Bowling Green Offices Building had "more anthemia than any other work with which we are acquainted". Despite this, the Bowling Green Offices Building's facade has a very little other ornamentation, and the Hellenic ornament

2590-496: The board. George Kimmel was named president and Chief Operating Officer in 1988 and remained in that position until the sale of the company to ABB in 1990. In 1990 C-E became a wholly owned subsidiary of ABB (Asea Brown Boveri), a Swiss-Swedish multinational conglomerate based in Zürich and one of the largest electrical engineering companies in the world. C-E's financial debt and lingering asbestos liability brought ABB to

2660-445: The brink of bankruptcy in the early 2000s. ABB was able to resolve asbestos claims filed against Combustion Engineering and Lummus Global in 2006 with a billion-plus dollar settlement agreement. ABB and Alstom merged their power groups in 1999 creating a 50/50 joint venture , ABB-Alstom Power. In 2000, Alstom bought out ABB. In 2001, the nuclear steam supply system vendor portion of the company, operating as Combustion Engineering,

2730-637: The building was built, owned 11 Broadway for several decades following its completion. Five additional stories were built in 1920–1921. In 1995, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) designated 11 Broadway as an official city landmark. It is also a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District , a National Register of Historic Places district created in 2007. The Bowling Green Offices Building

2800-463: The building was designated as a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District , a National Register of Historic Places district. As of 2020 , 11 Broadway is owned by Braun Management. The Bowling Green Offices Building's previous tenants have included bankers, lawyers, utility companies, engineers, naval architects, and ship companies. As originally built, it included 512 offices. These were used by several companies involved in

2870-471: The center stoop. The building was sold to Chester W. Hansen's real-estate syndicate in 1926 as part of a $ 9 million transaction. This was the first ownership change since the building's opening. However, the LPC stated that Broadway Realty continued to own the building until 1978, or at least the land beneath it, citing the company's Restatement of Certificate of Incorporation filed that year. According to

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2940-478: The company and its products base expanded. The Power Systems Division included the original major manufacturing facilities at Chattanooga, St. Louis, Monongahela, Birmingham; and in Canada, Brantford, Cornwall, and Upper Canada Manufacturing. A number of companies were acquired or developed and added to the division including, American Pole Structures, C-E Controls, the P.F. Avery Co., C-E Impel, C-E Maguire (Charles A. Maguire & Associates) and C-E Metals (primarily

3010-535: The country. On May 15, 1946, KAPL began with a contract between General Electric and the U.S. Government to conduct nuclear research and development, including the generation of electricity from nuclear energy . In 1950, the nuclear power plant project was converted to a Naval Nuclear Propulsion project. Several years later Knolls' work joined that of Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory , the Argonne National Laboratory , and others in developing

3080-496: The design and development of naval propulsion plants and reactor cores. The West Milton site operates land-based prototypes of shipboard reactor plants. This site is also used to train officers and enlisted personnel for the U.S. Navy's fleet of nuclear-powered vessels. KAPL employs more than 2,600 people at these sites and others, mostly shipyards in the states of California , Connecticut , Hawaii , Maine , Virginia , and Washington . In 2006 KAPL achieved full remediation of

3150-486: The early development of the nuclear submarine . From the mid-1950s through the early 1960s, Combustion Engineering, under federal government contract, produced nuclear fuel for the US Navy's " Nuclear Navy " nuclear submarines. Also located at the Windsor site was the prototype marine nuclear propulsion training facility known as S1C , which was designed and constructed by C-E adjacent to its main campus. The S1C prototype

3220-513: The editor, published in The New York Times , said that 11 Broadway's design was "for those who wish to enjoy the architecture of" Scottish architect Alexander Thomson . The letter described 11 Broadway's base as "a literal copy" of Thomson's designs. Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory ( KAPL ) is an American research and development facility based in Niskayuna, New York and dedicated to

3290-518: The facade. A few years later, the Broadway Realty Company planned to add five more stories at the top of the building to designs by Ludlow and Peabody, but due to steel shortages caused by World War I , the work was not completed until 1919–1920. Building plans in 1938 indicate there was a restaurant, likely facing Greenwich Street, and a photo from the same year indicated that storefronts had been added on Broadway to either side of

3360-573: The first-floor openings of the pavilions. The base also contains bronze door and window openings on the first story and aluminum -framed sash windows on the second stories. There are cornices above the second and third stories. The third story serves as a "transition" story; the center seven bays feature half-columns and the outer six bays feature rectangular piers. The following eleven stories contain unadorned vertical piers and horizontal molded spandrels above each story. The window openings are framed by short sections of rusticated wall. The tops of

3430-482: The judgment in favor of the defendants (Meacham II). The 17 remaining plaintiffs (9 had settled their claims) petitioned the US Supreme Court, which ultimately ruled in their favor on technical grounds. The case was remanded to the 2nd Circuit Court, where the original judgment was finally reinstated in 2009 (Meacham III). The importance of this case stems from its conclusion that employers' actions or policies that appear reasonable and neutral but nevertheless have

3500-486: The lobby in the northern portion of the building. Another elevator on the Greenwich Street side could be used by freight or passengers and could support loads of up to 7,000 pounds (3,200 kg). The site of the Bowling Green Offices Building was occupied by Dutch houses after the colony of New Amsterdam was founded in the 17th century. The Atlantic Garden House (Burns' Coffee House) had previously occupied

3570-672: The name Superheater was eliminated and the company took the more familiar name - Combustion Engineering, Inc. At this time, C-E primarily designed and built boiler assemblies for conventional power plants ; those powered by coal and oil . In the mid-1950s, C-E also expanded its operations into oil and gas exploration, production, refining, and petrochemicals with the acquisition of the Lummus Company located in Bloomfield, New Jersey . Lummus also supplied small industrial steam supply systems for oil field enhanced recovery. C-E

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3640-455: The province of Ontario. The Oil & Gas Group had operations in the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. C-E maintained offices as well as a number of manufacturing sites on a worldwide basis, including the UK, Ireland, Austria, Germany, Italy, South Africa, Belgium, Mexico and France. C-E's technology on a wide range of products was licensed worldwide. For much of the existence of the company,

3710-602: The same year the firm began construction of an eight-story office building on the same site. During the 1920s, C-E's signature boiler equipment was the English designed Type-E stoker . C-E also offered several other types of underfeed stokers in addition to the Type-E. During the 1920s, all of C-E's stokers were fabricated in manufacturing plants along the Monongahela River south of Pittsburgh . In 1925 C-E entered

3780-522: The site of 11 Broadway by the 19th century, and had occupied the site since at least the 18th century. Later, one of the New York and Harlem Railroad 's freight depots was located at the site. The Bowling Green Offices Building's site was owned by lawyer Joseph F. Stier, who sold the land in June 1895 to Stacy C. Richmond. The next month, the then-new Broadway Realty Company submitted plans for

3850-550: The site to the New York City Department of Buildings . The company was led by five men and had a board of directors that included Stier and Richmond, as well as philanthropist Spencer Trask , who, being the largest stakeholder in the building, would maintain a suite on the top floor for several years. The precise details of how Audsley became involved in the project is not clear, though he may have been hired through association with George Foster Peabody , who

3920-421: The southern boundary of its lot is 170.5 feet (52 m) long and the northern boundary 200.33 feet (61 m) long. The original structure was 16 stories and was expanded to 21 stories in 1917. These consisted of a full seventeenth story that covered nearly the entire lot, as well as an additional four stories that comprised a smaller tower above the center north section of the lot. This tower has

3990-766: The steamship and shipping industries, such as steamship lines, shipbuilders, ship suppliers, and freight forwarders. The steamship companies included the White Star Line , which owned the RMS ; Titanic ; the American Line ; and the American Scantic Line . Additionally, the Shipping and Industrial Sound Money Association of the Port of New York opened offices in the building in 1900, and

4060-536: The support of the U.S. Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program . KAPL was instituted in 1946 under a contract between General Electric and the United States government . In the 21st century, KAPL is a government-owned, contractor-operated laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy . KAPL is responsible for the research, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of U.S. nuclear-powered warships. It also manages work on nuclear ships at numerous shipyards across

4130-539: The tangential firing process used in modern large pulverized coal utility boilers. C-E maintained a large coal burning test unit at the Windsor, Connecticut site which allowed the Power Systems Group to test changes to boiler air-flow and other critical boiler design factors. C-E's nuclear power activity began in 1955 under Arthur Santry Jr. The history of the C-E Windsor, Connecticut campus dates to

4200-543: The world's first nuclear-powered submarine , the USS Nautilus on January 21, 1954. In 1952 and 1953, Jimmy Carter , who would later become a U.S. president, worked at KAPL as an engineer. The Chart of the Nuclides , containing information such as masses, relative abundances, half-lives, neutron cross sections, and decay properties for more than 3,100 nuclides and 580 isomers was developed at KAPL. This chart

4270-505: Was Trask's principal partner. Records from McKim, Mead & White allude to the possibility that an architectural competition may have been organized. Construction of the original structure, which was 16 stories and cost $ 1.8 million, started in October 1895. The building was completed in two sections: the Broadway side was ready for use in mid-1896, while the rest of the building was completed in November 1898. According to one source,

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4340-538: Was bought by Westinghouse Electric Co., a then subsidiary of British Nuclear Fuels. On November 2, 2015 GE Power announced it had completed the acquisition of Alstom's power and grid businesses. Bowling Green Offices Building The Bowling Green Offices Building (also known as the Bowling Green Building , Bowling Green Offices , or 11 Broadway ) is an office building located at 11  Broadway , across from Bowling Green park in

4410-480: Was considered so peculiar". A writer for the Real Estate Record and Guide lambasted the design, saying that it "is quite too conspicuous to be ignored". The reviewer continued: "If the architects had been less solicitous for novelty and had abstained from trying to produce 'an order practically unique', their building would have been much better". Another critic said that the design had been intended to "boldly admit and even [...] accentuate height". A 1998 letter to

4480-398: Was designed by W. & G. Audsley . It is bounded by 1 Broadway to the south, Broadway to the east, Greenwich Street to the west, and the Cunard Building (25 Broadway) to the north. Its alternate addresses are 5-11 Broadway and 5-11 Greenwich Street. The building has a frontage of 161.33 feet (49 m) on Broadway and 151.83 feet (46 m) on Greenwich Street;

4550-511: Was filed by 28 of 31 employees dismissed during downsizing at the lab in 1996. The Lab had instituted a voluntary buyout plan but could not attain the desired staff reduction. It developed a matrix to rank employees based on three factors: performance, flexibility and criticality of their jobs, and added points for years of service. All of the dismissed employees were at least 40 years old. Twenty-eight of those dismissed sued in January 1997 under

4620-653: Was generally credited with a superior design, evidenced by the fact that the megawatt yield of its nuclear reactors was typically about 10% higher than that of comparable Westinghouse plants. The basis for this increase in efficiency was a computer-based system called the Core Operating Limit Supervisory System (COLSS) for design, and the Core Protection Calculator (CPC) for real-time control room operation, which leveraged almost 300 in-core neutron detectors and

4690-616: Was located in East Chicago, Indiana . In December 1948 stockholders approved a merger between the Combustion Engineering Company and Superheater Company. Following consolidation the corporation was called Combustion Engineering-Superheater Inc. In September 1950 the firm announced plans to build a large high-pressure generating unit for Virginia Electric & Power Company in Chester, Virginia . In 1953,

4760-444: Was one of the major suppliers of boilers for US Navy steam-powered warships, including Liberty ships during World War II. Amongst many other warships, all of the 46 Knox -class frigates built during the 1960s and 1970s were equipped with a 1,200- pound-per-square-inch (8,300 kPa) C-E power plant. C-E also was a leader in the development of large coal utility steam supply systems which were used worldwide. C-E pioneered

4830-433: Was operated by C-E for more than ten years as an R&D and Naval training facility. After expiration of C-E's contract, the S1C contract was subsequently awarded to Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory (KAPL), who operated the unit until its decommissioning and dismantlement in the late 1990s and early 2000s. In the 1960s, C-E began selling nuclear power steam supply systems. The first commercial nuclear steam supply system

4900-611: Was sold to Consumers Power Company of Michigan for the Palisades Nuclear Generating Station , which closed in 2022. C-E competed aggressively with General Electric and Westinghouse in this domain. In the late 1960s the company supplied nuclear reactor systems and fabricated uranium fuel for electric utility companies. A joint venture was announced in April 1968, involving the Combustion Engineering Company, Houston Natural Gas , and Ranchers Exploration & Development Corporation. The three businesses combined to search for uranium on 250,000 acres (1,000 km) in New Mexico . C-E

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