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48-665: The three languages were: In John Wesley Powell 's 1891 classification of North American languages , Comecrudo was grouped together with the Cotoname and Coahuilteco languages into a family called Coahuiltecan . John R. Swanton (1915) grouped together the Comecrudo, Cotoname, Coahuilteco, Karankawa , Tonkawa , Atakapa , and Maratino languages into a Coahuiltecan grouping. Edward Sapir (1920) accepted Swanton's proposal and grouped this hypothetical Coahuiltecan into his Hokan stock. After these proposals, documentation of

96-596: A deep interest in ethnology ... Few explorers in the United States have had a comparable opportunity to study and photograph Indians so nearly in their aboriginal state." Powell created Illinois State University 's first Museum of Anthropology which at the time was called the finest in all of North America. Powell held a post as lecturer on the History of Culture in the Political Science department at

144-529: A heritage of conflict and litigation over water rights, for there is not sufficient water to supply the land." Powell's recommendations for development of the West were largely ignored until after the Dust Bowl of the 1920s and 1930s, resulting in untold suffering associated with pioneer subsistence farms that failed because of insufficient rain and irrigation water. In recognition of his national service, Powell

192-406: A knowledge of Ancient Greek and Latin . Powell had a restless nature and a deep interest in the natural sciences . This desire to learn about natural sciences was against the wishes of his father, yet Powell was still determined to do so. In 1861 when Powell was on a lecture tour he decided that a civil war was inevitable; he decided to study military science and engineering to prepare himself for

240-401: A more distant possibility. This proposal has been challenged by Campbell, who considers its sound correspondences unsupported and considers that some of the observed similarities between words may be due to borrowing. The following table of common core vocabulary constitutes the complete evidence given by Goddard (1979: 380) in support of a Comecrudan family. Berlandier 's manuscripts contain

288-671: A record that holds to this day. The worst flooding occurred May to June in the Des Moines River Basin. Major flooding in 1851 occurred in Bentonsport , Croton , Bonaparte , Des Moines , Eddyville , Farmington , Iowaville , Keosauqua , Muscatine , Oskaloosa , Ottumwa , Red Rock , and Rochester . The river has a history of seasonal flooding. For example, in May 1944 the Riverview Park had just opened for

336-593: A southeastern direction away from Des Moines, flowing directly into the Mississippi River. The Des Moines River forms a short portion of Iowa's border with Missouri between Lee County, Iowa and Clark County, Missouri . The city of Des Moines, Iowa, was named for the river. In Minnesota, the upper forks of the Des Moines River drain the plateau and moraines between the Coteau des Prairies to

384-651: A young man he undertook a series of adventures through the Mississippi River valley. In 1855, he spent four months walking across Wisconsin . During 1856, he rowed the Mississippi from St. Anthony , Minnesota , to the sea. In 1857, he rowed down the Ohio River from Pittsburgh to the Mississippi River, traveling north to reach St. Louis . In 1858, he rowed down the Illinois River , then up

432-546: Is credited with coining the word " acculturation ", first using it in an 1880 report by the U.S. Bureau of American Ethnography . In 1883, Powell defined "acculturation" as psychological changes induced by cross-cultural imitation. Powell published extensive anthropological studies on the Ute people inhabiting the canyon lands around the Colorado River. His views towards these populations, along with his scientific approach,

480-596: The 17th Army Corps during the Atlanta campaign . After the fall of Atlanta he was transferred to George H. Thomas ' army and participated in the battle of Nashville . At the end of the war he was made a brevet lieutenant colonel but preferred to use the title of "major". After leaving the Army, Powell took the post of professor of geology at Illinois Wesleyan University . He also lectured at Illinois State Normal University for most of his career. Powell helped expand

528-555: The Columbian University in Washington, D.C. from 1894 to 1899. Powell's contribution to anthropology and scientific racism is not well known in the geosciences, however a recent article revisited Powell's legacy in terms of his social and political impact on Native Americans. In Cadillac Desert , Powell is portrayed as a champion of land preservation and conservation. Powell's expeditions led to his belief that

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576-644: The Cosmos Club . The club has continued, with members elected to the club for their contributions to scholarship and civic activism. In the early 1900s the journals of the expedition crew began to be published starting with Dellenbaugh's A Canyon Voyage in 1908, followed in 1939 by the diary of Almon Harris Thompson , who was married to Powell's sister, Ellen Powell Thompson . Bishop, Steward, W.C. Powell, and Jones' diaries were all published in 1947. These diaries made it clear Powell's writings contained some exaggerations and recounted activities that occurred on

624-537: The Green and Colorado rivers, including the first official U.S. government-sponsored passage through the Grand Canyon . Powell was appointed by US President James A. Garfield to serve as the second director of the U.S. Geological Survey (1881–1894) and proposed, for development of the arid West, policies that were prescient for his accurate evaluation of conditions. Two years prior to his service as director of

672-587: The U.S. Geological Survey , a post he held until his resignation in 1894, being replaced by Charles Walcott . In 1875, Powell published a book based on his explorations of the Colorado, originally titled Report of the Exploration of the Colorado River of the West and Its Tributaries . It was revised and reissued in 1895 as The Exploration of the Colorado River and Its Canyons . In 1889, the intellectual gatherings Powell hosted in his home were formalized as

720-527: The Union Army as a cartographer, topographer and military engineer. While stationed at Cape Girardeau, Missouri , he recruited an artillery company that became Battery 'F' of the 2nd Illinois Light Artillery, with Powell as captain. On November 28, 1861, Powell took a brief leave to marry Emma Dean . At the Battle of Shiloh , he lost most of his right arm when struck by a Minié ball while in

768-469: The 1869 route in 1871–72 with another expedition that traveled the Colorado River from Green River, Wyoming to Kanab Creek in the Grand Canyon. Powell used three photographers on this expedition; Elias Olcott Beaman, James Fennemore, and John K. Hillers. This trip resulted in photographs (by John K. Hillers ), an accurate map and various papers. At least one Powell scholar, Otis R. Marston , noted

816-541: The American West based on agricultural use of land. Politicians based their decisions on a theory of Professor Cyrus Thomas who was a protege of Horace Greeley . Thomas suggested that agricultural development of land would change climate and cause higher amounts of precipitations, claiming that ' rain follows the plow ', a theory which has since been largely discredited. At an 1893 irrigation conference, Powell would prophetically remark: "Gentlemen, you are piling up

864-483: The Garza and Mamulique languages was brought to light, and Goddard (1979) believes that there is sufficient similarity between them and Comecrudan for them to be considered genetically related. He rejects all other relationships. Powell's original Coahuiltecan, renamed Pakawan and extended with Garza and Mamulique, has been defended by Manaster Ramer (1996), who also sees a relationship with Karankawa probable and Atakapa as

912-600: The Iowa-Minnesota border, then south, through Algona . The two forks join in southern Humboldt County , approximately 5 miles (8 km) south of Humboldt at Frank Gotch State Park . The combined stream flows roughly southward through Fort Dodge . South of Boone it passes through the Ledges State Park . It flows through downtown Des Moines, then turns generally southeastward, flowing through Ottumwa . It forms approximately 20 miles (32 km) of

960-657: The Mississippi and the Des Moines River to central Iowa . In 1859, at age 25, he was elected to the Illinois Natural History Society. Powell studied at Illinois College , Illinois Institute (which would later become Wheaton College ), and Oberlin College , over a period of seven years while teaching, but was unable to attain his degree. While there, he was a member of Sigma Pi Literary Society . During his studies Powell acquired

1008-893: The Mississippi. William Bright writes that Moines was an abbreviation used by the French for Moingouena or Moingona , an Algonquian subgroup of the Illinois people . The Native American term was /mooyiinkweena/ , a derogatory name applied to the Moingouena by the Peoria people , a closely related subgroup. The meaning of the native word, according to an early French writer, is visage plein d'ordure , or in plain English, "shit-face", from mooy- , "shit", -iinkwee , "face", and -na , "indefinite actor". The 1718 Guillaume Delisle map (pictured) labels it as "le Moingona R." During

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1056-1034: The Sweetwater County History Museum. In Powell's honor, the USGS National Center in Reston, Virginia , was dedicated as the "John Wesley Powell Federal Building" in 1974. In addition, the highest award presented by the USGS to persons outside the federal government is named the John Wesley Powell Award . In 1984, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum . The following were named after Powell: An article in Scientific American notes

1104-735: The U.S. Geological Survey, Major Powell had become the first director of the Bureau of Ethnology at the Smithsonian Institution where he supported linguistic and sociological research and publications. Powell was born in Mount Morris, New York , in 1834, the son of Joseph and Mary Powell. His father, a poor itinerant preacher , had emigrated to the U.S. from Shrewsbury , England , in 1831. His family moved westward to Jackson, Ohio , then to Walworth County, Wisconsin , before settling in rural Boone County, Illinois . As

1152-580: The arid West was not suitable for agricultural development, except for about 2% of the lands that were near water sources. His Report on the Lands of the Arid Regions of the United States proposed reforming the system by which the government distributed land to settlers by taking into account topography and access to water in determining the shape and size of parcels. "Irrigable lands" would be organized into self-regulating irrigation districts to prevent

1200-625: The border between Iowa and Missouri before joining the Mississippi from the northwest at Keokuk . It receives the Boone River from the northeast approximately 20 miles (32 km) southwest of Fort Dodge. It receives the Raccoon River from the west in the city of Des Moines. Above the city of Des Moines, it is impounded to create the Saylorville Lake reservoir. About midway below Saylorville and above Ottumwa, near Pella ,

1248-520: The city of Des Moines and nearby communities. In another period of flooding, on June 13, 2008, officials issued a voluntary evacuation order for much of downtown and other areas bordering the Des Moines River. The river had reached flood stage in many locations, and Mayor Frank Cownie said the evacuations were an attempt "to err on the side of citizens and residents." According to the Geographic Names Information System ,

1296-677: The collections of the Museum of the Illinois State Natural History Society , where he served as curator . He declined a permanent appointment in favor of exploration of the American West. After 1867, Powell led a series of expeditions into the Rocky Mountains and around the Green and Colorado rivers. One of these expeditions was with his students and his wife, to collect specimens all over Colorado. Powell, William Byers , and five other men were

1344-605: The first month, and Dunn and the Howland brothers left at Separation Canyon in the third month. This was just two days before the group reached the mouth of the Virgin River on August 30, after traversing almost 930 mi (1,500 km). The three disappeared; some historians have speculated they were killed by the Shivwits Band of Paiutes or by Mormons in the town of Toquerville . Powell retraced part of

1392-578: The first white men to climb Longs Peak in 1868. In 1869, he set out to explore the Colorado River and the Grand Canyon . Gathering ten men, four boats and food for 10 months, he set out from Green River, Wyoming , on May 24. Passing through dangerous rapids, the group passed down the Green River to its confluence with the Colorado River (then also known as the Grand River upriver from the junction), near present-day Moab, Utah , and completed

1440-727: The following awards: Powell was also an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society . On November 28, 1861, while serving as captain of Battery 'F' of the 2nd Illinois Light Artillery at Cape Girardeau, Missouri , he took a brief leave to marry Emma Dean . On September 10, 1871, Emma Dean gave birth to the Powells' only child, Mary Dean Powell in Salt Lake City, Utah . She

1488-510: The imminent conflict. Powell's loyalties remained with the Union and the cause of abolishing slavery . On May 8, 1861, he enlisted at Hennepin, Illinois , as a private in the 20th Illinois Infantry. He was elected sergeant-major of the regiment, and when the 20th Illinois was mustered into the Federal service a month later, Powell was commissioned a second lieutenant. He enlisted in

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1536-485: The journey on August 30, 1869. The members of the first Powell expedition were: The expedition's route traveled through the Utah canyons of the Colorado River, which Powell described in his published diary as having ... wonderful features—carved walls, royal arches, glens, alcove gulches, mounds and monuments. From which of these features shall we select a name? We decide to call it Glen Canyon . Frank Goodman quit after

1584-419: The maps produced from the survey were impressionistic rather than precise. In planning this expedition, he employed the services of Jacob Hamblin , a Mormon missionary in southern Utah who had cultivated relationships with Native Americans. Before setting out, Powell used Hamblin as a negotiator to ensure the safety of his expedition from local Indian groups. In 1881, Powell was appointed the second director of

1632-632: The mid-19th century, the river supported the main commercial transportation by water across Iowa. River traffic began to be superseded by the railroads constructed from the 1860s. Catastrophic flooding occurred along the Des Moines River during the Great Flood of 1851 , nearly destroying the new town of Des Moines . Residents had never previously experienced a major flood, and river towns lacked levees and substantial bridges that could withstand flooding. In 1851, 74.5 in (191.5 cm) of rain fell in Iowa,

1680-598: The monopolization of water by those lucky enough to acquire riparian parcels. For the remaining lands, he proposed conservation and low-density, open grazing. The railroad companies owned 183,000,000 acres (740,000 km ) – vast tracts of lands granted in return for building the railways – and did not agree with Powell's views on land conservation. They aggressively lobbied Congress to reject Powell's policy proposals and to encourage farming instead, as they wanted to cash in on their lands. The U.S. Congress went along and developed legislation that encouraged pioneer settlement of

1728-474: The only existing records of Mamulique and Garza . John Wesley Powell John Wesley Powell (March 24, 1834 – September 23, 1902) was an American geologist, U.S. Army soldier, explorer of the American West , professor at Illinois Wesleyan University , and director of major scientific and cultural institutions. He is famous for his 1869 geographic expedition , a three-month river trip down

1776-425: The process of giving the order to fire. The raw nerve endings in his arm caused him pain for the rest of his life. Despite the loss of an arm, he returned to the Army and was present at the battles of Champion Hill , Big Black River Bridge , and in the siege of Vicksburg . Always the geologist, he took to studying rocks while in the trenches at Vicksburg. He was made a major and commanded an artillery brigade with

1824-816: The river is impounded to create the Lake Red Rock reservoir. One of the earliest French maps that depicts the Des Moines (1703) refers to it as "R. des Otentas," which translates to "River of the Otoe"; the Otoe Tribe lived in the interior of Iowa in the 18th century. The Meskwaki and Sauk people referred to the river as " Ke-o-shaw-qua " (Hermit's River), from which Keosauqua, Iowa , derives its name. The Dakota Indians , who lived near its headwaters in present-day Minnesota, referred to it as " Inyan Shasha " in their Siouan language . Another Siouan name

1872-459: The season on May 19, 1944. At around dawn on May 23, the levee began to collapse. The river was too much to hold back. Quickly the breach in the levee grew to nearly 100 feet (30 m) wide, and the river water quickly enveloped all of the park and the surrounding area. The Great Flood of 1993 on the river and its tributary the Raccoon, in the summer of 1993, forced the evacuation of much of

1920-495: The second river trip as if they occurred on the first. They also revealed that Powell, who had only one arm, wore a life jacket, though the other men did not have them. Powell became the director of the Bureau of Ethnology at the Smithsonian Institution in 1879 and remained so until his death. Under his leadership, the Smithsonian published an influential classification of North American Indian languages. In 1898, Powell

1968-848: The teaching of English, Christianity, and Western methods of farming and manufacture. In his book The Exploration of the Canyons of the Colorado , Powell is motivated to conduct ethnologic studies because "these Indians are more nearly in their primate condition than any others on the continent with whom I am acquainted." As Wallace Stegner posits in Beyond the 100th Meridian , by 1869, many Native American tribes had been pushed to extinction, and those that were known were considered corrupted by intercultural exchange. Even in 1939, Julian Steward, an anthropologist compiling photographs from Powell's 1873 expedition suggested that: "Fascinated at finding [Native Americans] nearly untouched by civilization, he developed

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2016-430: The upper Midwestern United States that is approximately 525 miles (845 km) long from its farther headwaters. The largest river flowing across the state of Iowa , it rises in southern Minnesota and flows across Iowa from northwest to southeast, passing from the glaciated plains into the unglaciated hills, transitioning near the capital city of Des Moines in the center of the state. The river continues to flow in

2064-847: The west, which is drained by the Big Sioux River , and the lower lands to the east which drain northward into the Blue Earth and Minnesota Rivers . The Des Moines River rises in two forks. The West Fork (the main branch) rises out of the wetlands surrounding Lake Yankton and Long Lake in Lyon County in southwestern Minnesota. The small stream flows southwest into Lake Shetek , then through Windom and Jackson, Minnesota , and near Estherville , Iowa. The East Fork rises out in rural Martin County, Minnesota, just north of Interstate 90 . It then flows through Okamanpeedan Lake on

2112-454: Was " Eah-sha-wa-pa-ta, " or "Red Stone" river, possibly referring the bluffs at Red Rock or the reddish Sioux Quartzite bedrock near its headwaters. The origin of the name Des Moines is obscure. Early French explorers named it La Rivière des Moines , literally meaning "River of the Monks." The name may have referred to early Trappist monks who built huts near the mouth of the river at

2160-613: Was active in the Wimodaughsis, a national women's club in Washington, D.C., started by Anna Howard Shaw and Susan B. Anthony . Emma Dean Powell died on March 13, 1924, in Washington, D.C. She is buried along with her husband in Arlington National Cemetery . Des Moines River The Des Moines River ( / d ə ˈ m ɔɪ n / ) is a tributary of the Mississippi River in

2208-499: Was built on social Darwinist thought; he focused on defining what features distinguished Native Americans as 'barbaric', placing them above 'savagery' but below 'civilized' white Europeans. Indeed, the study of ethnology was a way for scientists to demarcate social categories in order to justify government-sponsored programs that exploited newly appropriated land and its inhabitants. Powell advocated for government funding to be used to 'civilize' Native American populations, pushing for

2256-446: Was buried in Arlington National Cemetery , Virginia . The John D. Dingell Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act , signed 12 March 2019, authorizes the establishment of the " John Wesley Powell National Conservation Area ", consisting of approximately 29,868 acres of land in Utah. Green River, Wyoming, the embarkation site of both Powell expeditions, commissioned a statue depicting Powell holding an oar, in front of

2304-545: Was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society . As an ethnologist and early anthropologist , Powell was a follower of Lewis Henry Morgan . He classified human societies into 'savagery', 'barbarism', and 'civilization'. Powell's criteria were based on consideration of adoption of technology, family and social organization, property relations, and intellectual development. In his view, all societies were to progress toward civilization. Powell

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