The Chorographic Commission (Comisión Corográfica in Spanish) was a scientific project initially commissioned in 1850 by the Republic of the New Granada (a region which is now Colombia) that was initially led by the Italian engineer Agustín Codazzi The purpose of the commission was to make a complete description of the New Granada and its provinces, but there were also economic interests, such as the research and acknowledgement of natural resources, the construction of means of transportation, the promotion of international commerce as well as foreign investment and immigration. In this sense there was also a political interest in the construction of a national identity where the mestizo culture was highlighted and there was a hierarchized representation of racial democracy. The commission took place in two stages; the first between 1850 and 1859, led by Agustín Codazzi , and the second between 1860 and 1862 by Manuel Ponce de León . The Colombian Chorographic Commission was a state endeavor, initially created and financed by the administration of Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera . With the help of a law which was passed in 1839, the Colombian government was able to employ various engineers and geographers to assist Codazzi in his journey after eleven years the commission was finally ready to embark on their adventure. The delay was because of the political instability. The commission would ultimately because of this very reason of political instability. During the operation of the commission, 1850–1860, it experienced the political instability first hand. By the means of administration changes and civil wars. Which would effect the commissions funds, which was very important for the success of the commission.
66-670: In Nacy Appelbaum's book, Mapping the Country of Regions: The Chorographic Commission of the Nineteenth-Century Colombia , she explains in great detail, the expeditions of the commission. "In 1850, the Chorographic Commission -initially composed of just Agustín Codazzi , Manuel Ancízar , and support workers- embarker on its first expedition. During that year and the following year, the commission traveled through several provinces north of Bogotá in
132-578: A Sudamérica avanzado ya el siglo XIX y combatió a las órdenes del célebre corsario Aury, reclamando con éste la Independencia de La Florida. Cautivado por los ideales de la emancipación sudamericana, al ganarse la amistad y consideración de Simón Bolívar y otros generales patriotas se incorporó al ejército del Libertador, en cuyas filas, gracias a la preparación militar adquirida en academias italianas, tuvo destacada actuación como hábil artillero, y detentó el grado de coronel. Finalizada la lucha por la Independencia, dejaría de lado su actividad bélica para dedicarse
198-595: A complete set of maps and statistics after the tumultuous years following independence from the Spanish Empire. Famous geographer and cartographer born in Lugo, Ravenna (Italy), arrived in South America in the 1810s and fought under the corsair Aury, claiming the independence of Florida. Attracted to the ideals of South American freedom, after obtaining the friendship of Bolivar and other generals, enrolled in
264-468: A government agency, is named after Agustin Codazzi ( Instituto Geográfico Agustin Codazzi ). This is a list of main works of Agostino Codazzi: Italo-Venezuelan Italian Venezuelans ( Italian : italo-venezuelani ; Spanish : ítalo-venezolanos ) are Venezuelan -born citizens who are fully or partially of Italian descent, whose ancestors were Italians who emigrated to Venezuela during
330-433: A group of people who believed in the importance of organizing, studying and classifying. The legacy also stands by a heritage that developed an enterprise secured under the branches of science, art and literature." The commission produced more than maps and descriptions of the uncharted territory, the commission was responsible for the production of "both an Atlas of Colombia and many watercolor drawings that portrayed not only
396-598: A lo que realmente le apasionaba, la investigación geográfica y cartográfica, y llevaría a cabo su singular obra: la geografía y el atlas de las provincias venezolanas). Codazzi was born in the Italian city of Lugo . Since young he appreciated the ideals of the French Revolution and, after his studies at the military academy "Scuola di Artiglieria" of Pavia , actively served in the Napoleon Army. With
462-584: A military commander, suffocating many revolts. Codazzi even promoted the creation in the 1840s of the Colonia Tovar , a small German settlement in the Venezuelan central mountains that still exists today and has become one of the main tourist attractions near Maracay . With the fall of Páez, after a military insurrection, Codazzi was forced to escape to Cúcuta (Colombia), where he continued his geographic and mapping activity with military duties for
528-601: A second language in a consistent number of public and private schools within Venezuela. Most of the Italian community in Caracas, but even in the rest of Venezuela, followed Deportivo Italia football club, as its own representative team. Deportivo Italia achieved worldwide fame in the Pompeo D'Ambrosio era (it was considered the best Venezuelan team of the 20th century together with Estudiantes de Mérida F.C. , according to
594-462: A small number of Italians and their descendants who attained high status in Venezuelan society, such as the surgeon Luis Razetti . The 1891 Venezuelan census recorded 3,030 immigrants from the Kingdom of Italy, just over 6% of the total foreign population in Venezuela. At the beginning of the 20th century, several thousand Italians immigrated to Venezuela, obtaining good working conditions, even while
660-662: A task that gave him international fame (in Paris Codazzi was awarded in 1842 the Legion of Honor by the King of France , on behalf of the French Academy of Science). Agustin Codazzi meanwhile took the Venezuelan citizenship from president José Antonio Páez and became Governor of Barinas , a region of southwestern Venezuela. In those years his academic activity of geographer was continuously interrupted by his duties as
726-475: Is an example of the various variants of pizzas in the country; it serves numerous types of pizzas, including "La Pizza Parrilla," which is made with chicken, pork, chorizo, and french fries, as well as Focaccia de Lomito carpaccio. Polenta originated in Italy originally made from boiled cornmeal. Funche as it is better known in Venezuela, has been incorporated into stews. The typical dish is made with chicken. In
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#1732797638001792-619: Is an example. Indeed after WWII came a huge emigration to Venezuela from Italy and the Italian language started to get importance in the country. The modisms of the upper class in Caracas (called "Sifrinos") are full of Italian words and expressions. Today, there are more than 5 million Venezuelans with some Italian roots: some young Italian Venezuelans in Caracas use slang mixing Italian dialect and Spanish among themselves. Italians also influenced Venezuelan accent, given its slight sing-songy intonation, like Rioplatense Spanish . Nearly all
858-401: Is consumed in the original form, but also received adaptations, the variants are innumerable, for example, in some, layers of ham are added or the pasta is replaced by banana or by cachapas leafs, a version which is known as chalupa, in others it has been completely modified which involve sauce of chicken or fish, and Pasticho de berenjena which resembles greek Moussaka . Pizza is one of
924-545: Is controversial, as the descendants of some Italians have pointed out, because there is a certain localism countered by the preservation of regional traditions. Some institutions are very important, such as the Sicilia House; others are merely representative. As of the late 1980s, Caracas housed 26 regional organizations of special importance. There are 27 other associations throughout the country, including Barquisimeto, Maracay and Valencia. These organizations have grown in
990-533: Is influencing Venezuelan Spanish with some modisms and loanwords and is experiencing a notable revival between the Italian-Venezuelans of second and third generation. Santander Laya-Garrido estimated that the Venezuelans with at least one grandparent from Italy can be nearly one million at the beginning of the 21st century (like the former president of Venezuela, Raul Leoni , whose grandfather
1056-463: Is the presence of many Italians in 1952 in the creation of the agricultural colony of Turén, the most ambitious experience of this type ever carried out in a Caribbean country. The Electoral Law of 1957, which allotted to foreigners voting rights for the very first time, became a detrimental event for the Italian communities in Venezuela. The law was put into place by General Pérez Jiménez, to aid him in his reelection campaign. The loss of Perez Jimenez in
1122-401: Is the second country in the world with the most consumption of pasta only after Italy itself. Pasta is the third most consumed product in Venezuela, whose per capita consumption is 12.6 kg. Pasticho ( lasagna in Italian, pl. lasagne ) is extremely common dish in Venezuelan cuisine, pasticho basically lasagne is one of the traditional Venezuelan dishes being popular as hallaca, it
1188-613: The Insular Region . At the 2011 census, this was the breakdown of Italian-born population by state, showing that the capital area was the one with the biggest concentration of native Italians. The Italian language in Venezuela has been present since colonial times in the areas around Caracas , Maracay , Valencia , Maracaibo and the Andes mountains . The language is found in many idiomatic sentences and words of Venezuelan Spanish . There are around 200,000 Italian-speakers in
1254-557: The International Federation of Football History & Statistics ) winning several national championships and participating in the Copa Libertadores in the 1960s and 1970s (getting the famous Little Maracanazo ). Indeed, Italian-Venezuelans have obtained significant results in the contemporary society of Venezuela. The Italian Embassy calculates that one-third of the Venezuelan industries, not related to
1320-414: The Italian diaspora , or Italian-born people in Venezuela. Italians were among the largest groups of European immigrants to settle in the country. Approximately 5 million Venezuelans have some degree of Italian ancestry, corresponding to about 16% of the total population of Venezuela, while there were around 30,000 Italian citizens in Venezuela. Italians began arriving in Venezuela in massive numbers in
1386-509: The "Colonia Turén" of the Portuguesa region. However, most Italians concentrated in commercial, building and services activities during the second half of the 20th century. In those sectors, Italians reached top positions in the Venezuelan economy. Italian immigration has been a decisive factor for the modernization of production (industrial and agricultural) and commercial activities in the urban and rural areas of Venezuela, as well as for
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#17327976380011452-520: The "Libertador" Army, where—thanks to his military expertise obtained in Italian academies—he behaved as excellent artillery official (colonel). After the independence wars, he left the military service and dedicated to what he liked most, the geographical & cartographical investigation, doing his most renowned masterpiece: "The Geography and Atlas of the Venezuelan Provinces" (Célebre geógrafo y cartógrafo nacido en Lugo, Ferrara, llegó
1518-881: The 170,000 Italians present in the country, 90% lived in the main cities. About 96,000 lived in Caracas, 14,000 in Maracaibo, 8,000 in Maracay, 6,000 in Valencia and 5,000 in La Guayra. Most of these Italians were born in Sicily, Campania and Puglia; only 15% were born in northern Italy (mainly in Emilia-Romagna). They initially worked in construction, in the service sector, in commercial agencies and in different businesses (like hotels, banks and restaurants), in manufacturing activities (the shoe industry in Caracas, for example,
1584-662: The Colombian government. In 1852 Codazzi did a scientific and cartographic inspection of Panama for the British government: in 1854, even if with no official mention of Codazzi's work, the Panama Canal project was done following exactly his indications and route. Codazzi died of malaria in February 1859 at the small town of Espíritu Santo in the Colombian mountains, in the arms of his friend Manuel María Paz , while he
1650-535: The Commission and its sponsors created a link between their own fragile young republic and the great civilizations of its pre-Hispanic past." The liberal government of Colombia, which basically enacted the commission and began funding the operation, "..favored an anti-colonial critique in archaeological interpretation, the Conservatives viewed Spain’s influence as a positive force." However, some members of
1716-663: The Eastern Cordillera." Manuel Ancízar , an artist of the time, depicted the various locations the commission visited such as the town of “Santa Rosa de Viterbo, the capital of the Province of Tundama . he portrayed its inhabitants as exemplifying a pattern that repeated itself across the Northeast." However, in the Pacific lowlands, is where Codazzi would encounter many "uncivilized inhabitants and unhealthy climate of
1782-581: The Government officials of the time, which varied year to year. The commission would end because of the denial of Codazzi request for more funds. The Colombian government seemed to lose its interest in the mission of the commission."In addition to the usual problems of illness, difficult terrain, uncooperative local officials, and broken equipment, the commission faced new challenges in Bogotá." During 1855, despite completing his task at hand, Codazzi's contract
1848-533: The Italian community, actually one of the most important in Venezuela, there are Presidents of Venezuela (such as Jaime Lusinchi and Raúl Leoni ), entrepreneurs (such as Delfino, who with his "Constructora Delpre" made in Caracas the tallest skyscrapers of South America ( Parque Central Complex ), managers (such as Pompeo D'Ambrosio ), sportsmen (such as Johnny Cecotto ), artists (such as Franco De Vita ), beauty pageants (such as Daniela di Giacomo and Viviana Gibelli ), and many others personalities. One winner of
1914-873: The Italian-Venezuelan Center ("Centro Italo-Venezuelano") and Italy House ("Casa d'Italia"). Another 45 general institutions are established in different cities throughout the country. They include Italy House in Maracay and Maracaibo, the Italian Venezuelan Social Center in Valencia and the Italian Venezuelan Club in Barquisimeto. There are 53 regional associations in the country, most of which group immigrants from southern Italy, particularly Campania, Puglia, Sicily and Abruzzi. There are also associations for people born in other Italian regions. Their role
1980-762: The Italians speaking the Italian language in Venezuela live in the half of the country north of the Orinoco - Apure rivers, while only a few thousands live in the Ciudad Bolivar-Ciudad Guayana and San Felipe areas of the Apure-Amazonas-Bolivar states. Italian is also commonly spoken (mostly by the older generation) by residents of the town of La Carlota, a town in Venezuela which was one of the main settlements for Italians immigrants, regional languages of Italy were also brought to
2046-691: The Italians who arrived after World War II are concentrated in the metropolitan areas of Caracas, Valencia and Maracay. In fact, currently the main community of Italian Venezuelans is that of Caracas, which includes the Church of Pompeii in Alta Florida, the Casa de Italia with Plaza Italia as its main points of congregation (especially in the second half of the 20th century) and now the Italian Venezuelan Center at Prados del Este. In
Chorographic Commission - Misplaced Pages Continue
2112-542: The Pacific Provinces- which included Chocó as well as neighboring provinces of Buenaventura and Barbacoas- called for a different approach than that of the Andean provinces." Pérez's comments on the natives who literally carried the men of the commission on their backs shows how the men of the commission The members of the commission “viewed most of the inhabitants of the Pacific coastal provinces: as barbarians. In
2178-512: The Pacific lowlands, the process of nation-state formation advanced by the commission was a colonizing project." "Codazzi explored the upper Caquetá and Putumayo Rivers and various tributaries with the assistance of Indian boatmen. Outside of the capital town of Mocoa, he reported that "I have not encountered... other rational people than the Mosquera family" (in colonial terminology, Indians were not "rational")." The commission headed south, all
2244-446: The Venezuelan economy favored by Italians is the footwear industry, especially in the metropolitan area of Caracas. Between the 1950s and 1970s Venezuela experienced a spontaneous boom in industrialization and many of the large production laboratories founded by immigrants became, over time, factories and large-scale distribution industries. Among these was the footwear sector, a business dominated by up to 70% Italian immigrants. Most of
2310-466: The century to have a sense of belonging and of adaptation to a land which was now theirs and which had to be appropriated and grasped as their own.” The commission would help the young country but eventually the country would “be divided, politically, ideologically and geographically and whose merit lies in maintaining its physical, democratic and idiosyncratic unity for the next 150 years." The commission and its expeditions "proves to be an effort created by
2376-527: The community remained relatively small. By 1926 there were 3,009 Italians in Venezuela ... approximately one-third lived in the capital, one-sixth in Trujillo and there were respectable showings in Bolivar, Carabobo, and Monagas. Zulia, with its port of Maracaibo, had gained in importance. ... The "Societa' Fratellanza Italiana" was a mutual benefit society founded in Caracas in 1883. Other organizations of
2442-412: The community would "clearly refused to accept these results without question. Some even attempted to assert their own interpretation of the archaeological findings." Political instability would be one of the main factors that would eventually lead to the end of the commission, due to the lack of funds contributed to the commission which was needed for the success of the mission, which would be controlled by
2508-420: The country such as Neapolitan and Sicilian , Italian is the second language of many Venezuelans of Italian descent after Spanish, also the Italian government has become the promoter of a provision requiring the teaching of Italian as a second language in a constant number of public and private schools within Venezuela. Italian cuisine is one of the most influential in the country's every day in fact, Venezuela
2574-662: The country, turning it in the second most spoken language in Venezuela, after Spanish. The name of Venezuela itself comes from the Italian Amerigo Vespucci , who called the area "Little Venice" in a typical Italian expression. During the Venezuelan Wars of Independence some Italians helped Simón Bolivar against the Spanish Empire and they brought some Italian military words to Venezuelan Spanish. The military officer Agostino Codazzi created
2640-407: The course of almost 500 years made Venezuela acquire a Latin vocation instead of a Hispanic one. Italians also influenced the Venezuelan accent, given its slight sing-songy intonation. Similarly, beyond the ethnic contribution, Italian culture has had a significant impact in Venezuela, a country which is the second in the world with the highest consumption of pasta per capita after Italy. Before
2706-466: The defeat of Napoleon in 1815 Codazzi moved away from Italy and after some travels went to Venezuela , where he offered his military knowledge to Simon Bolivar . Successively he received the task of mapping the area of the Maracaibo Lake and the borders between Venezuela , Colombia and Ecuador . The Venezuelan government named him Colonel and ordered the creation of an Atlas of Venezuela,
Chorographic Commission - Misplaced Pages Continue
2772-531: The discovery of large deposits of oil in Venezuela, during the first half of the 20th century, the emigration of Italians to Venezuela was limited. In colonial times, only a few hundred Italians (such as Filippo Salvatore Gilii , Juan Germán Roscio , Francisco Isnardi) arrived in Venezuela with a slight increase during the war of independence, including the privateer Giovanni Bianchi, Colonel Agostino Codazzi , Constante Ferrari, Gaetano Cestari and General Carlos Luis Castelli. The jurist and deputy Juan Germán Roscio
2838-411: The early 1920s. The first attempts to provide schooling in the Italian language date from the late 1930s, as do the beginnings of the first social club, "La Casa de Italia" (officially founded in 1937 with the patronage of the Italian minister). The Casa co-sponsored an Italian school, a cultural institute and several sports teams, notably in soccer and cycling. In the 1940s and 1950s, the dictatorship of
2904-439: The first "Atlante" of Venezuela and - as a consequence - many geographical words in Venezuela are loanwords from Italian. In the second half of the 20th century, more than 300,000 Italians moved to Venezuela and left their linguistic imprint on the local vocabulary: " Ciao " is now a usual friendly salute in Caracas, for example. There are even expressions among local young people that mix Italian and Spanish words: "Muérete que chao"
2970-554: The following: The Colegio Agustín Codazzi in Caracas is an overseas Italian school recognized by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Italy . There are also multiple Italo-Venezuelan schools in the country: Caracas: Eastern Venezuela: Western Venezuela: The Italians who migrated to Venezuela came mainly from the regions of South Italy, like Abruzzo , Campania , Sicily , and Apulia , but there were also migrants from
3036-494: The general Marcos Pérez Jiménez promoted European immigration to his depopulated country, and more than 300,000 Italians emigrated to Venezuela where they flourished under his administration because he had started many urban infrastructure projects due to the revenues of oil exportation. There were ample opportunities to work in construction developments, and as a result the economic stance increased within its cities, especially Caracas, Valencia, Barquisimeto and Maracaibo. Noteworthy
3102-470: The hostile attitude of the provisional military government towards the removed president was also reflected on the groups who were supportive of him. For this reason, many migrants and their families chose to return to Italy through the following year, subsiding towards the end of February, when the Minister of Foreign Affairs recognized the potential damage of this shift and proceeded to guarantee security to
3168-479: The improvement of living standards. The community's main Italian newspapers are Il Corriere di Caracas and La Voce d'Italia [1] , both published in the capital, and the main Italian school is the Agustin Codazzi of Caracas (with courses from elementary to high school). Since 2002, the Italian government has become the promoter for a provision which makes it mandatory to teach the Italian language as
3234-405: The last half of the nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth centuries. Yet Italians began to transmit their cultural heritage, giving and receiving demonstrations of social empathy, which contributed to their integration and to the huge flows into Venezuela in 1947 and in 1948. The massive presence of travelers, explorers, missionaries, and other peninsular and insular Italian immigrants over
3300-585: The metropolitan areas of the three main Venezuelan cities: Caracas , Maracaibo and Valencia . There is also a considerable number of Italian residents that live in the city of San Cristóbal and in the Andes region. States with the highest proportions of Italian-born population tend to be those of the North-central coastal area ( Capital and Central Region), the Andean Region ( Mérida ) and
3366-455: The most popular dishes in Venezuelan cuisine, pizza has had completely different contrast and variations. The Associazione Verace Pizza Napoletana has approved Portarossa, a Venezuelan business, for "La margarita," which comprises mozzarella cheese, and "La Marinada," which contains tomato sauce and garlic, as the eighth Latin American pizza certified as Pizza Napolitana by this establesiment,
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#17327976380013432-468: The north, such as from Emilia-Romagna and Veneto . The Italian Consulate in Caracas stated that in 1977, of 210,350 Italians residents in Venezuela, 39,855 were from Sicily , 35,802 from Campania , 20,808 from Abruzzi , 18,520 from Apulia , 8,953 from Veneto , 7,650 from Emilia-Romagna and 6,184 from Friuli – Venezia Giulia . The Italians are concentrated mainly in the north-central region of Venezuela around Caracas. The Consulate stated that in
3498-435: The oil sector, are directly or indirectly owned and/or managed by Italian-Venezuelans. For example, one of the areas of Venezuelan society most influenced by Italians is gastronomy, with the related food industry. In fact, the consumption of pasta in Venezuela is second in the world only to that of Italy itself, and spaghetti is considered a fundamental dish of the Venezuelan diet (together with pizza ). Another sector of
3564-537: The past years, encouraged by such processes as the election of" Comitati degli ltaliani all' Estero" (Committees of Italians Abroad). The proliferation of Italian institutions defending Italian national and regional identity has permitted the creation of two large coordination centres, "Federazione delle Associazioni Italo-Venezuelane", which brings together global associations, and Comitato Permanente delle Associazioni Regionali Italo-Venezuelane, composed of regional associations. The main Italian associations in Venezuela are
3630-668: The physical landscape, but also social, economic, and agricultural aspects of the country, including its people, transportation, crops, and trades." Agostino Codazzi Giovanni Battista Agostino Codazzi (alternatively known in Latin America as Agustín Codazzi ; 12 July 1793 – 7 February 1859) was an Italo-Venezuelan soldier, scientist, geographer, cartographer, and governor of Barinas (1846–1847). He made his main investigations and cartographic work in Venezuela and Colombia , thereby creating for both countries
3696-438: The presidential referendum meant that his social programs would end, and a huge gap in leadership would follow. Italian immigrants had notably supported the referendum of 2 December 1957 by President Perez Jimenez, as well as externalizing public support for the dictatorship in a demonstration attended by around 75,000 Italians led by the entrepreneur Filippo Gagliardi. When General Perez Jimenez fell from power on 23 January 1958,
3762-522: The remaining Italians in Venezuela. This is a relevant factor, since acts of disdain towards the Italian populace undoubtedly affected the decisions of that ethnic group in regards to choosing to leave or enter the country. The Italians in the 1961 Venezuelan census were the biggest European community in Venezuela (ahead of the Spanish ). In 1966, according to the Italian Embassy in Caracas, of
3828-936: The same 1977 there were 98,106 Italians in the Distrito Federal of Caracas, 39,508 in Miranda State, 14,203 in Maracaibo , 12.801 in Aragua State and 8,104 in Carabobo State, as well as 66 in the Amazonas equatorial region. In the 2000s, it was determined that nearly 90% of the Italo-Venezuelans were concentrated in the northern coastal section of Venezuela facing the Caribbean Sea . Approximately 2/3 of them are residents of
3894-470: The small Italian community included the "Associazione Nazionale Combatenti", the "Lega Navale Italiana", the "Camera di Comercio Italiana in Venezuela", a section of the "Croce Rossa Italiana" and, founded in 1923, the "Partito Nazionale Fascista", with over two hundred members and organizations in four cities:Caracas, Valencia, Puerto Cabello and Barquisimeto (Duaca). ... Two Italian newspapers, "Eco de Italia", followed by "El Eco de la Patria", were published in
3960-473: The title Miss Venezuela was born in Italy; María Antonieta Cámpoli in 1972 and later she represented Venezuela in the Miss Universe , where she was the runner-up. [...] the extraordinary profusion of 115 global and regional Italian-Venezuelan institutions (was) registered in 1990. They include 62 associations, clubs and similar entities; 17 of them are located in Caracas and satellite cities, namely
4026-487: The way until they reached present-day Ecuador after this expedition of the southern province the group would travel north to regroup with Paz." Once the commission was reunited, which wouldn't happen until spring, the group explored. “the archaeological ruins of San Agustín in the southern highlands and explored the headwaters of the Magdalena River ." The commission would admire the "achievements of ancient tribes,
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#17327976380014092-416: Was about to expire. "Codazzi argued that the delays were due to events beyond his control, particularly the 1854 war.". With a lack of government funds and Codazzi's personal funds, the commission would get an extended contract but would not receive the funds necessary to complete the task at hand. The commission proved to be a major milestone for the young nation of Colombia . "A means for the second half of
4158-466: Was an Italian mason refugee of the 19th century). Currently, Italian citizens resident in Venezuela are reduced to less than 50,000 due mainly to demographic mortality and to their return to Italy (because of a Venezuelan political and economic crisis in the 2000s). Initially, agriculture was one of the main activities of the Italian community in Venezuela. In the 1950s, entire Italian families were moved from Italy to special agricultural areas, such as
4224-494: Was fully in Italian hands) and a few also in the oil industry. In 1976 the "Dirección de Estadísticas" of Venezuela registered 210,350 Italians residents and 25,858 Italians "naturalised" (who had obtained Venezuelan citizenship). In 2001, 126,553 Italians were living in Venezuela. Marisa Vannini calculated that in the 1980s Italian-Venezuelans made up almost 400,000 of Venezuela's population, including second-generation descendants of immigrants. The Italian language in Venezuela
4290-607: Was mapping the area for the Comisión Corográfica . The town where he died has been renamed "Aldea Codazzi", and now is a city with a population of nearly 70,000 inhabitants. Venezuela honored the memory of Agustin Codazzi placing his remains inside the National Pantheon of Venezuela in 1942, where he is considered one the Heroes of Venezuela. Colombia's national geographical and cartographical institute,
4356-515: Was the author of the first republican constitution of Hispanic America promulgated in Venezuela on 21 December 1811. Roscio is considered a forerunner in the defense of civil rights and in the fight against discrimination in Venezuela and throughout the Americas, for his defense of his mestizo mother (Paula María Nieves, native of La Victoria). In the Republican era of the 19th century there was
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