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71-569: The common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ), also known as European carp or Eurasian carp , is a widespread freshwater fish of eutrophic waters in lakes and large rivers in Europe and Asia . The native wild populations are considered vulnerable to extinction by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ), but the species has also been domesticated and introduced (see aquaculture ) into environments worldwide, and

142-562: A barbel is a slender, whiskerlike sensory organ near the mouth . Fish that have barbels include the catfish , the carp , the goatfish , the hagfish , the sturgeon , the zebrafish , the black dragonfish and some species of shark such as the sawshark . Barbels house the taste buds of such fish and are used to search for food in murky water. The word barbel comes from Latin barbula 'little beard'. Barbels are sometimes erroneously referred to as barbs , which are found in bird feathers for flight. Barbels may be located in

213-408: A base for blood vessels and myelinated nerves to wrap around, held together in the dermis. Muscle tissue in the central region of the barbel allows the structure limited movement that aids in prey manipulation. On the epidermis, taste buds are situated on dermal papillae, small ridges of folded skin that increase the surface area of the skin and the total number of taste buds that can be concentrated on

284-472: A pest in several regions due to their ability to out-compete native fish stocks. The original common carp was found in the inland delta of the Danube River about 2000 years ago and was torpedo-shaped and golden-yellow in colour. It had two pairs of barbels and a mesh-like scale pattern. Although this fish was initially kept as an exploited captive, it was later maintained in large, specially built ponds by

355-488: A possible food source or possible sources of danger. The abyssal zone scavengers Coryphaenoides armatus possess one small mandible barbel that they use to search the seafloor for carrion to eat.   Freckled Goatfish, Upeneus tragula , develop barbels as a response to food availability. When starved of food for two days under laboratory conditions, U. tragula develop large barbels compared to those developed by those who were fed consistently. The large barbels help

426-409: A potentially overlooked dispersal mechanism of invasive cyprinid fish. If proven under natural circumstances, endozoochorous dispersal of invasive fish could be a strong conservation concern for freshwater biodiversity. Carp were introduced to Australia over 150 years ago but were not seen as a recognised pest species until the "Boolarra" strain appeared in the 1960s. After spreading massively through

497-479: A single serving typically significantly increasing the blood PFOS level. About four in ten North American freshwater fish are endangered, according to a pan-North American study, the main cause being human pollution. The number of fish species and subspecies to become endangered has risen from 40 to 61, since 1989. For example, the Bigmouth Buffalo is now the oldest age-validated freshwater fish in

568-514: A small colony from Lake Crescent in Tasmania , without using chemicals, have been successful, but the long-term, expensive and intensive undertaking is an example of both the possibility and difficulty of safely removing the species once it is established. One proposal, regarded as environmentally questionable, is to control common carp numbers by deliberately exposing them to the carp-specific koi herpes virus with its high mortality rate. In 2016,

639-419: A small proportion of fertilized common carp eggs ingested by waterfowl survive passing through the digestive tract and hatch after being retrieved from the feces. Birds exhibit strong preference for fish eggs, while cyprinids produce hundreds of thousands of eggs at a single spawning event. These data indicate that despite the low proportion of eggs surviving the digestive tract of birds, endozoochory might provide

710-535: A variety of locations on the head of a fish. "Maxillary barbels" refers to barbels on either side of the mouth. Barbels may also be nasal, extending from the nostrils . Also, barbels are often mandibular or mental, being located on the chin . In fish, barbels can take the form of small, fleshy protrusions or long, cylindrical shaped extensions of the head of a fish. The cylindrical barbel shapes are built on an internal support system that can be made from ossified tissue or from cartilaginous connective tissue that provides

781-414: A water temperature of 50 to 60 °F (10–16 °C). In North America, air temperatures that result in sufficiently cold water temperatures are found in the northern United States, Canada, and in the southern United States at high elevation . Common coldwater fish include brook trout , rainbow trout , and brown trout . Coolwater fish species prefer water temperature between the coldwater and

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852-430: Is 23 to 30 °C (73–86 °F), with spawning beginning at 17 to 18 °C (63–64 °F); they easily survive winter in a frozen-over pond, as long as some free water remains below the ice. Carp are able to tolerate water with very low oxygen levels, by gulping air at the surface. Common carp are omnivorous . They can eat a herbivorous diet of aquatic plants, plant tubers, and seeds, but prefer to scavenge

923-472: Is Ghost Carp, which is bred between common carp and Japanese Purachina Koi. The large variation of colours produced makes ghost carp a popular commercial species. The common carp is native to Europe and Asia and has been introduced to every part of the world except the poles. They are the third most frequently introduced fish species worldwide, and their history as a farmed fish dates back to Roman times. Carp are used as food in many areas but are also regarded as

994-624: Is a thick soup of carp's head and offal, fried carp meat (sometimes the meat is skinned and baked instead) with potato salad or boiled carp in black sauce. A Slovak Christmas Eve dinner is quite similar, with soup varying according to the region and fried carp as the main dish. Also in Austria , parts of Germany , and Poland , a fried carp is one of the traditional dishes on Christmas Eve. Carp are mixed with other common fish to make gefilte fish , popular in Jewish cuisine . In Western Europe ,

1065-566: Is a vital part of aquatic ecosystem stability, so changes to stream and river water temperature can have large impacts on biotic communities. Many aquatic larvae use thermal cues to regulate their life cycles, mostly notably here, insects. Insects are a large part of most fish diets, so this can pose a great dietary problem. Temperature can cause changes in fish behavior and distribution habits as well by increasing their metabolic rates and thus their drive to spawn and feed. Linear systems are more easily fragmented and connectivity in aquatic ecosystems

1136-610: Is about half the growth rate of domesticated carp. They do not reach the lengths and weights of domesticated carp, which (range, 3.2–4.8 times) can grow to a maximum length of 120 centimetres (47 in), a maximum weight of over 40 kilograms (88 lb). The longest-lived common carp documented was of wild-origin (in non-native habitat of North America), and was 64 years of age. The largest recorded carp, caught by British angler, Colin Smith, in 2013 at Etang La Saussaie Fishery, France, weighed 45.59 kilograms (100.5 lb). The average size of

1207-452: Is an increasing trend in freshwater fish for local taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic richness in more than half of the world's rivers. This increase in local diversity is primarily explained by anthropogenic species introductions that compensate for or even exceed extinctions in most rivers. A study and an interactive map by EWG using its results show freshwater fish in the U.S. ubiquitously contain high levels of harmful PFAS , with

1278-495: Is by far the largest commercial producer, accounting for about 70% of carp production. Carp is eaten in many parts of the world both when caught from the wild and raised in aquaculture . Common carp are extremely popular with anglers in many parts of Europe, and their popularity as quarry is slowly increasing among anglers in the United States (though they are still generally considered pests and destroyed in most areas of

1349-575: Is defined as a species that does not naturally occur in a certain area or ecosystem. This includes eggs and other biological material associated with the species. Non-native species are considered invasive if they cause ecological or economic injury. The introduction of exotic fish species into ecosystems is a threat to many endemic populations. The native species struggle to survive alongside exotic species which decimate prey populations or outcompete indigenous fishes. High densities of exotic fish are negatively correlated with native species richness. Because

1420-422: Is injected into the fish. The pituitary extract contains gonadotropic hormones which stimulate gonad maturation and sex steroid production, ultimately promoting reproduction. A single carp can lay over a million eggs in a year. Eggs and fry often fall victim to bacteria, fungi, and the vast array of tiny predators in the pond environment. Carp which survive to the juvenile stage are preyed upon by other fish such as

1491-597: Is invasive worldwide, and there are multiple efforts to remove them from their non-native ecosystems. Both species are among the " 100 of the World’s Worst Invasive Alien Species ," as determined by the IUCN Invasive Species Specialist Group based on their effect on anthropogenic activities, environmental biodiversity and their ability to act as a case study for important ecological issues. Hybridization involves

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1562-427: Is most prominent on its head. Its body is adorned with large conspicuous scales that are very shiny. It has large pectoral fins and a tapering dorsal fin running down the last two thirds of its body, getting progressively higher as it nears the carp's head. Its caudal and anal fins may either be a dark bronze or washed with a rubbery orange hue. There are two or three spines on the anal fin, the first being serrated, and

1633-458: Is often considered a destructive invasive species , being included in the list of the world's 100 worst invasive species . It gives its name to the carp family, Cyprinidae . The type subspecies is Cyprinus carpio carpio , native to much of Europe (notably the Danube and Volga rivers). The subspecies Cyprinus carpio haematopterus (Amur carp), native to eastern Asia, was recognized in

1704-400: Is the presence of large mirror-like scales on the former. The mirror-scale phenotype is caused by a genetic mutation present at one of two scale trait loci , denoted by their S and N alleles , respectively. The genotype that produces a mirror scale phenotype is "ssnn" (all recessive), while wild-type carp may have either SSnn or Ssnn genotype. The "S" locus has been identified as containing

1775-442: Is vital. Freshwater fishes are particularly vulnerable to habitat destruction because they reside in small bodies of water which are often very close to human activity and thus easily polluted by trash, chemicals, waste, and other agents which are harmful to freshwater habitats. Land use changes cause major shifts in aquatic ecosystems. Deforestation can change the structure and sedimentary composition of streams, which impacts

1846-584: The Murray–Darling basin , aided by massive flooding in 1974, they have established themselves in every Australian territory except for the Northern Territory . In Victoria , the common carp has been declared a noxious fish species, and the quantity a fisherman can take is unlimited. In South Australia , it is an offence for this species to be released back to the wild. An Australian company produces plant fertilizer from carp. Efforts to eradicate

1917-762: The United States in 1831. In the late 19th century, they were distributed widely throughout the country by the government as a food fish , but they are now rarely eaten in the United States, where they are generally considered pests. As in Australia, their introduction has been shown to have negative environmental consequences. In Utah , the common carp's population in Utah Lake is expected to be reduced by 75 percent by using nets to catch millions of them, and either giving them to people who will eat them or processing them into fertilizer . This, in turn, will give

1988-619: The northern pike and largemouth bass , and several birds (including cormorants , herons , goosanders , and ospreys ) and mammals (including otter and mink). Mirror carp , regionally known as Israeli carp , are a type of domesticated fish commonly found in Europe but widely introduced or cultivated elsewhere. They are a variety of the common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) developed through selective breeding . The name "mirror carp" originates from their scales' resemblance to mirrors. The most striking difference between mirror and common carp

2059-414: The sea lamprey have different tolerances in salinity in different stages of their lives. Among fishers in the United States, freshwater fish species are usually classified by the water temperature in which they survive. The water temperature affects the amount of oxygen available as cold water contains more oxygen than warm water. Coldwater fish species survive in the coldest temperatures, preferring

2130-517: The "S" locus, but unlike mirror carp, true leather carp are heterozygous for a dominant mutant allele at the "N" locus (ssNn genotype). Leather carp also have reduced numbers of red blood cells and slower growth rates than scaled carp. Mirror carp from Hungarian and Asian stocks have been observed to have fewer pharyngeal teeth than scaled carp, while nude carp had fewer still. A population of mirror carp in Madagascar (there an invasive species )

2201-614: The Australian Government announced plans to release this virus into the Murray–Darling basin in an attempt to reduce the number of invasive common carp in the water system. However, in 2020, this plan was found to be unlikely to work. The CSIRO has also developed a technique for genetically modifying carp so that they only produce male offspring. This daughterless carp method shows promise for totally eradicating carp from Australia's waterways. Common carp were brought to

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2272-629: The Canadian province of British Columbia from the neighboring Washington state . They were first noted in the Okanagan Valley in 1912, as was their rapid growth in population. Carp are currently distributed in the lower Columbia ( Arrow Lakes ), lower Kootenay , Kettle ( Christina Lake ), and throughout the Okanagan system. Common carp contributed around 4.67 million tons on a global scale during 2015–2016, roughly accounting for 7.4% of

2343-612: The Central Eastern European Region (CEER). There has been some debate between environmentalists and carp farmers concerning eutrophication of water bodies, manifested into lobbying at ministry levels surrounding fishpond legislations. European carp aquaculture in fish ponds most likely has the least nutrient burden to the environment than most food production sectors in the European Union . The Romans farmed carp and this pond culture continued through

2414-494: The Nile perch into Lake Victoria, possibly to improve sport fishing and boost the fishery. In the 1980s, the Nile perch population saw a large increase which coincided with a great increase in the value of the fishery. This surge in Nile perch numbers restructured the lake's ecology. The endemic cichlid population, known to have around 500 species, was cut almost in half. By the 1990s, only three species of sport fish were left to support

2485-666: The Romans in south-central Europe (verified by the discovery of common carp remains in excavated settlements in the Danube delta area). As aquaculture became a profitable branch of agriculture, efforts were made to farm the animals, and the culture systems soon included spawning and growing ponds. The common carp's native range also extends to the Black Sea , Caspian Sea , and Aral Sea . Both European and Asian subspecies have been domesticated . In Europe, domestication of carp as food fish

2556-499: The U.S.), and southern Canada. Carp are also popular with spear, bow, and fly fishermen. In Central Europe , it is a traditional part of a Christmas Eve dinner. Hungarian fisherman's soup , a specially prepared fish soup of carp alone or mixed with other freshwater fish, is part of the traditional meal for Christmas Eve in Hungary along with stuffed cabbage and poppy seed roll and walnut roll. A traditional Czech Christmas Eve dinner

2627-563: The barbel. Concentrations of taste buds vary from species to species, with bullhead catfish having 25 buds in a square millimeter of barbel skin. Barbels begin to develop during the embryonic, larval, or juvenile life stages of most of the species in which they are present. Development regulation of barbels has been linked to the C-C motif ligand 33 of the chemokine family of genes, due to its presence in barbeled catfish and zebrafish and absence or difference in expression in barbel-less members of

2698-464: The bottom for insects , crustaceans (including zooplankton and crawfish ), molluscs , benthic worms , fish eggs , and fish remains. Common carp feed throughout the day with the most intensive feeding at night and around sunrise. Common carp are benthic feeders and root in sediment for food items. Their barbels may help to feel for food embedded in the sediment, like plant tubers or annelids. Carp pick up sediment by generating suction and mouth

2769-406: The carp is cultivated more commonly as a sport fish, although there is a small market for it as a food fish. In the United States , carp is mostly ignored as a food fish. Almost all U.S. shoppers bypass carp, due to a preference for filleted fish as opposed to cooking whole. Carp have smaller intramuscular bones called y-bones, which makes them a whole fish species for cooking. When Eurasian Carp

2840-503: The common carp is around 40–80 cm (16–31 inches) and 2–14 kg (4.4–30.9 lb). Although tolerant of most conditions, common carp prefer large bodies of slow or standing water and soft, vegetative sediments. As schooling fish, they prefer to be in groups of five or more. They naturally live in temperate climates in fresh or slightly brackish water with a pH of 6.5–9.0 and salinity up to about 0.5%, and temperatures of 3 to 35 °C (37–95 °F). The ideal temperature

2911-568: The content to identify and select food items by taste and size. Gill rakers form a branchial sieve that may aid in food separation, but the carp is also able to clamp down on food items it detects using a muscular palatal pad and inferior postlingual organ. The sediment is passed back and forth between the mouth and pharynx repeatedly as food is found. The carp may end up spitting out sediment, which contributes to water turbidity. While common carp have no oral teeth, ten pharyngeal teeth are used for crushing or grinding food. The carp has no stomach, and

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2982-516: The contrary, born in salt water, but live most of or parts of their adult lives in fresh water; for instance the eels . These are known as catadromous fish . Species migrating between marine and fresh waters need adaptations for both environments; when in salt water they need to keep the bodily salt concentration on a level lower than the surroundings, and vice versa. Many species solve this problem by associating different habitats with different stages of life. Both eels, anadromous salmoniform fish and

3053-466: The declining population of the native June sucker a chance to recover. Another method of control is to trap them with seine nets in tributaries they use to spawn, and exposing them to the piscicide rotenone . This method has been shown to reduce their impact within 24 hours and greatly increase native vegetation and desirable fish species. It also allows native fish to prey more easily on young carp. Common carp are thought to have been introduced into

3124-474: The degradation of the Yangtze, alongside that of the wild Yangtze sturgeon . Intentional anthropogenic reconstruction and rerouting of waterways impacts stream flow, water temperature, and more, impacting normal habitat functionality. Dams not only interrupt linear water flow and cause major geological channel shifts, but also limit the amount of water available to fishes in lakes, streams and rivers and have

3195-497: The dorsal fin has three or four anterior spines, the first of which is also serrated. The mouth of the carp is downward-turned, with two pairs of barbels , one pair at the corners of the upper lip, and the other on the lower. Wild common carp are typically slimmer than domesticated forms, with body length about four times body height, red flesh, and a forward-protruding mouth. Common carp can grow to very large sizes if given adequate space and nutrients. Their average growth rate by weight

3266-523: The electrolytes in the body fluids inside. Their scales reduce water diffusion through the skin : freshwater fish that have suffered too much scale loss will die. They also have well developed kidneys to reclaim salts from body fluids before excretion . Many species of fish do reproduce in freshwater, but spend most of their adult lives in the sea. These are known as anadromous fish, and include, for instance, salmon , trout , sea lamprey and three-spined stickleback . Some other kinds of fish are, on

3337-580: The exotic species is suddenly introduced to a community, it does not have any established predators or prey. The exotic species then have a survival advantage over endemic organisms. One such example is the destruction of the endemic cichlid population in Lake Victoria via the introduction of the predatory Nile perch ( Lates niloticus ). Although the exact time is unknown, in the 1950s the Ugandan Game and Fisheries Department covertly introduced

3408-499: The extinction of the yellowfin cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarkii macdonaldi ) found only in the Twin Lakes of Colorado, USA. The yellowfin cutthroat trout was discovered in 1889 and was recognized as a subspecies of the cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarkii ). The rainbow trout was introduced to Colorado in the 1880s. By 1903, the yellowfin cutthroat trout stopped being reported. It is now presumed extinct. The rainbow trout

3479-420: The family Centrarchidae . In 2021, a group of conservation organizations estimated that one-third of the world's freshwater fish species were at risk of extinction. A global assessment of freshwater fishes estimates an average decline of 83% in populations between 1970 and 2014. The protection of 30% of Earth's surfaces by 2030 may encompass freshwater habitat and help protect these threatened species. There

3550-502: The gene encoding fibroblast growth factor receptor Fgfr1A1, which was duplicated during the course of carp evolution and consequently does not typically produce lethal phenotypes when only one locus is mutated. The "N" locus has not been identified, but is hypothesized to have bearing on the development of embryonic mesenchyme . Contrary to popular belief, a leather carp is not always a mirror carp without scales. Similar to mirror carp, leather, or "nude" carp, are homozygous recessive at

3621-460: The habitat functionality for many fish species and can reduce species richness, evenness, and diversity. Agriculture, mining, and basic infrastructural building can degrade freshwater habitats. Fertilizer runoffs can create excess nitrogen and phosphorus which feed massive algae blooms that block sunlight, limit water oxygenation, and make the habitat functionally unsustainable for aquatic species. Chemicals from mining and factories make their way into

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3692-439: The intestinal length can vary based partially on dietary composition in early life. An egg-layer, a typical adult female can lay 300,000 eggs in a single spawn . Although carp typically spawn in the spring, in response to rising water temperatures and rainfall, carp can spawn multiple times in a season. In commercial operations, spawning is often stimulated using a process called hypophysation, where lyophilized pituitary extract

3763-463: The land‐locked central European countries rely heavily on common carp aquaculture in fishponds. The average productivity of carp culture systems in central European countries ranges between 0.3 and 1 ton ha−1. The European common carp production, in terms of volume, reached its peak (0.18 Mt) during 2009–2010 and has been declining since. Carp farming is often criticized as an anthropogenic driver of eutrophication of inland freshwater bodies - especially in

3834-634: The leather carp (virtually unscaled except near dorsal fin), and the fully scaled carp. Koi carp (錦鯉 ( nishikigoi ) in Japanese, 鯉魚 ( pinyin : lĭ yú ) in Chinese) is a domesticated ornamental variety that originated in the Niigata region of Japan in the 1820s, but its parent species are likely the East Asian carp, possibly C. rubrofuscus . The carp has a robust build, with a dark gold sheen that

3905-612: The long warmwater species, around 60 to 80 °F (16–27 °C). They are found throughout North America except for the southern portions of the United States. Common coolwater species include muskellunge , northern pike , walleye , and yellow perch . Warmwater fish species can survive in a wide range of conditions, preferring a water temperature around 80 °F (27 °C). Warmwater fish can survive cold winter temperatures in northern climates, but thrive in warmer water. Common warmwater fish include catfish , largemouth bass , bluegill , crappies , and many other species from

3976-460: The mating of two genetically different species ( interspecific hybridization ). It is dangerous for native species to hybridize because hybrid phenotypes may have better fitness and outcompete the two parent species and/or other fishes in the ecosystem. This could irreversibly compromise the genetic identity of one or both of the parent species and even drive them to extinction if their range is limited. The rainbow trout discussed above hybridized with

4047-563: The monasteries of Europe and to this day. In China, Korea, and Japan, carp farming took place as early as the Yayoi period (c. 300 BC – AD 300). The annual tonnage of common carp produced in China alone, not to mention the other cyprinids, exceeds the weight of all other fish, such as trout and salmon, produced by aquaculture worldwide. Roughly three million tonnes are produced annually, accounting for 14% of all farmed freshwater fish in 2002. China

4118-606: The native greenback cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarkii stomias ), causing their local extinction in the Twin Lakes area of Colorado as their hybrid " cutbows " became more prevalent. The rainbow trout has been reported to hybridize with at least two other salmonid species. Additionally, the cichlids in Lake Victoria evolved over 700 unique species in only 150,000 years and are theorized to have done so via ancient hybridization events which led to speciation. Barbel (anatomy) In fish anatomy and turtle anatomy ,

4189-498: The number of fish species in the ecological community. Additionally, dams can cause the isolation of fish populations, and the lack of connectivity creates possible problems for inbreeding and low genetic diversity. The loss of connectivity impacts the structure of community assemblies and increases the fragmentation of habitats, which can compound existing problems for vulnerable species. Temperature alterations are another unintended consequence of dam and land use projects. Temperature

4260-422: The once multispecies fishery, two of which were invasive. More recent research has suggested that remaining cichlids are recovering due to the recent surge in Nile perch commercial fishing, and the cichlids that are left have the greatest phenotypic plasticity and are able to react to environmental changes quickly. The introduction of the rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) in the late 19th century resulted in

4331-532: The organism capture prey and compete against other individuals. However, individuals that developed large barbels also experienced a decreased growth rate.     In the species Triportheus signatus , individuals have been found to develop barbels late in life as a response to low dissolved oxygen in pools left after flood waters recede following the rainy season. These structures are more vascularized than barbels of other fish species to help gas exchange in low oxygen conditions and direct more water flow over

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4402-405: The past, but recent authorities treat it as a separate species under the name Cyprinus rubrofuscus . The common carp and various Asian relatives in their pure forms can be separated by meristics and also differ in genetics , but they are able to interbreed . Common carp can also interbreed with the goldfish ( Carassius auratus ); the result is called Kollar carp . Another artificial hybrid

4473-472: The potential to change the trophic structure because of these alterations of the habitat and the limitations to movement and connectivity. Unnatural water flow below dams causes immense habitat degradation, reducing viable options for aquatic organisms. Upstream migration is hindered by the dam structure and can cause population declines as fishes don't have access to normal feeding and/or spawning grounds. Dams tend to affect upstream species richness, that is,

4544-400: The same families. This class of genes are signalling genes that provide migrating cells directional information during morphogenesis. In most fish species, barbels are used to aid in the acquisition of food in bodies of water that have low visibility due to low light conditions or murky waters. The taste receptors are able to detect enzymes in the water and help the fish identify if it is from

4615-653: The soil and go into streams via runoff. More runoff makes its way into streams since paved roads, cement, and other basic infrastructure do not absorb materials, and all the harmful pollutants go directly into rivers and streams. Fish are very sensitive to changes in water pH, salinity, hardness, and temperature which can all be affected by runoff pollutants and indirect changes from land use. Freshwater fish face extinction due to habitat loss, overfishing, and " forever chemicals ." Conservation efforts, sustainable practices, and awareness are crucial in maintaining fish populations and species diversity. An exotic (or non-native) species

4686-554: The total global inland fisheries production. In Europe, common carp contributed 1.8% (0.17 Mt) of the total inland fisheries production (9.42 Mt) during 2015–2016. It is a major farmed species in European freshwater aquaculture with production localized in central and eastern European countries. The Russian Federation (0.06 Mt) followed by Poland (0.02 Mt), Czech Republic (0.02 Mt), Hungary (0.01 Mt) and Ukraine (0.01 Mt) represents about 70% of carp production in Europe during 2016. In fact,

4757-604: The world, and its status urgently needs reevaluation in parts of its endemic range. About 2 ⁄ 3 of the total freshwater fisheries in China are in the Yangtze Basin. Many Yangtze fish species have declined drastically and 65 were recognized as threatened in the 2009 Chinese red list . The Chinese paddlefish , once common to the Yangtze River, is one of a number of extinctions to have taken place due to

4828-699: Was due to compensation by quantitative trait loci as a result of a selective disadvantage for partial scaling in the wild, perhaps related to an impairment in parasite resistance. Common carp have been introduced to most continents and some 59 countries. In absence of natural predators or commercial fishing , they may extensively alter their environments due to their reproductive rate and their feeding habit of grubbing through bottom sediments for food. In feeding, they may destroy, uproot, disturb and eat submerged vegetation, causing serious damage to food sources and habitats of native duck (such as canvasbacks ) and fish populations. In 2020, scientists demonstrated that

4899-416: Was found to have reverted to full scale cover after being introduced from France in the early twentieth century. The feral Malagasy carp still possessed large scales due to their mirror phenotype, but had increased scale coverage approaching that of wild-type carp. Hubert et al. (2016) found that the recessive allele at the "S" locus was still fixed in the population. They believe that the phenotypic reversion

4970-553: Was introduced to Lake Toba , it was adapted to be used for the traditional dish Arsik . Freshwater fish 41.24% of all known species of fish are found in fresh water. This is primarily due to the rapid speciation that the scattered habitats make possible. When dealing with ponds and lakes, one might use the same basic models of speciation as when studying island biogeography . Freshwater fish differ physiologically from saltwater fish in several respects. Their gills must be able to diffuse dissolved gases while keeping

5041-508: Was spread by monks between the 13th and 16th centuries. The wild forms of carp had already reached the delta of the Rhine in the 12th century, probably with some human help. Variants that have arisen with domestication include the mirror carp , with large, mirror-like scales (linear mirror – scaleless except for a row of large scales that run along the lateral line ; originating in Germany ),

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