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45-561: The Common Desktop Environment ( CDE ) is a desktop environment for Unix and OpenVMS , based on the Motif widget toolkit . It was part of the UNIX 98 Workstation Product Standard , and was for a long time the Unix desktop associated with commercial Unix workstations . It helped to influence early implementations of successor projects such as KDE and GNOME , which largely replaced CDE following

90-454: A petition was created asking The Open Group to release the source code for CDE and Motif under a free license. On August 6, 2012, CDE was released under the LGPL-2.0-or-later license. The CDE source code was then released to SourceForge . The free software project OpenCDE had been started in 2010 to reproduce the look and feel , organization, and feature set of CDE. In August 2012, when CDE

135-573: A statically linked library is allowed if either source code or linkable object files are provided. One feature of the LGPL is the permission to sublicense under the GPL any piece of software which is received under the LGPL (see section 3 of the LGPL version 2.1, and section 2 option b of the LGPL version 3). This feature allows for direct reuse of LGPLed code in GPLed libraries and applications. Version 3 of

180-699: A window manager (such as Mutter or KWin ), a file manager (such as Files or Dolphin ), a set of graphical themes , together with toolkits (such as GTK+ and Qt ) and libraries for managing the desktop. All these individual modules can be exchanged and independently configured to suit users, but most desktop environments provide a default configuration that works with minimal user setup. Some window managers‍—‌such as IceWM , Fluxbox , Openbox , ROX Desktop and Window Maker ‍—‌contain relatively sparse desktop environment elements, such as an integrated spatial file manager , while others like evilwm and wmii do not provide such elements. Not all of

225-501: A desktop environment. Computers using Unix-like operating systems such as macOS, ChromeOS, Linux, BSD or Solaris are much less common; however, as of 2015 there is a growing market for low-cost Linux PCs using the X Window System or Wayland with a broad choice of desktop environments. Among the more popular of these are Google's Chromebooks and Chromeboxes , Intel's NUC , the Raspberry Pi , etc. On tablets and smartphones,

270-617: A different user and developer community. Technically, there are numerous technologies common to all Unix-like desktop environments, most obviously the X Window System . Accordingly, the freedesktop.org project was established as an informal collaboration zone with the goal being to reduce duplication of effort. As GNOME and KDE focus on high-performance computers, users of less powerful or older computers often prefer alternative desktop environments specifically created for low-performance systems. Most commonly used lightweight desktop environments include LXDE and Xfce ; they both use GTK+ , which

315-535: A new interface concept with its version 3 , while a popular Linux distribution Ubuntu introduced its own new desktop environment, Unity . Some users preferred to keep the traditional interface concept of GNOME 2 , resulting in the creation of MATE as a GNOME 2 fork. The most common desktop environment on personal computers is Windows Shell in Microsoft Windows . Microsoft has made significant efforts in making Windows shell visually pleasing. As

360-557: A powerful configuration for the FVWM window manager, a theme and further adds, altogether forming a "construction kit" for building up a desktop environment. X window managers that are meant to be usable stand-alone — without another desktop environment — also include elements reminiscent of those found in typical desktop environments, most prominently Enlightenment . Other examples include OpenBox , Fluxbox , WindowLab , Fvwm , as well as Window Maker and AfterStep , which both feature

405-753: A result, Microsoft has introduced theme support in Windows 98 , the various Windows XP visual styles , the Aero brand in Windows Vista , the Microsoft design language (codenamed "Metro") in Windows 8 , and the Fluent Design System and Windows Spotlight in Windows 10 . Windows shell can be extended via Shell extensions . Many mainstream desktop environments for Unix-like operating systems, including KDE , GNOME , Xfce , and LXDE , use

450-417: A software component released under the LGPL into their own (even proprietary ) software without being required by the terms of a strong copyleft license to release the source code of their own components. However, any developer who modifies an LGPL-covered component is required to make their modified version available under the same LGPL license. For proprietary software, code under the LGPL is usually used in

495-497: Is a smaller project that was also founded in 1996, and focuses on speed and modularity, just like LXDE which was started in 2006. A comparison of X Window System desktop environments demonstrates the differences between environments. GNOME and KDE were usually seen as dominant solutions, and these are still often installed by default on Linux systems. Each of them offers: In the early 2000s, KDE reached maturity. The Appeal and ToPaZ projects focused on bringing new advances to

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540-678: Is also included in the NuTyX GNU/Linux distribution which offers an ISO download image with it, in FreeBSD and in source form in pkgsrc which is the default package manager of NetBSD. In March 2014, the first stable release of CDE, version 2.2.1, was made since its release as free software. Beginning with version 2.2.2, released in July 2014, CDE is able to compile under FreeBSD 10 with the default Clang compiler . Since version 2.3.0, released in July 2018, CDE uses TIRPC on Linux, so that

585-588: Is generally accepted as not being a derivative work as defined by the LGPL. It would fall under the definition of a "work that uses the Library". Paragraph 5 of the LGPL version 2.1 states: Essentially, if it is a "work that uses the library", then it must be possible for the software to be linked with a newer version of the LGPL-covered program. The most commonly used method for doing so is to use "a suitable shared library mechanism for linking". Alternatively,

630-705: Is mainly intended for applications written in the C programming language or its family. Franz Inc., the developers of Allegro Common Lisp , published their own preamble to the license to clarify terminology in the Lisp context. The LGPL with this preamble is sometimes referred to as the LLGPL. In addition, Ada has a special feature, generics , which may prompt the use of the GNAT Modified General Public License (GMGPL): it allows code to link against or instantiate GMGPL-covered units without

675-401: Is not a derivative work . If it is a derivative work, then the program's terms must allow for "modification of the work for the customer's own use and reverse engineering for debugging such modifications". Whether a work that uses an LGPL program is a derivative work or not is a legal issue. A standalone executable that dynamically links to a library through a .so , .dll , or similar medium

720-409: Is still considered to be part of the window manager, which simply happens to have been provided by the windowing system. Applications that are created with a particular window manager in mind usually make use of a windowing toolkit , generally provided with the operating system or window manager. A windowing toolkit gives applications access to widgets that allow the user to interact graphically with

765-432: Is the same underlying toolkit GNOME uses. The MATE desktop environment, a fork of GNOME 2, is comparable to Xfce in its use of RAM and processor cycles, but is often considered more as an alternative to other lightweight desktop environments. For a while, GNOME and KDE enjoyed the status of the most popular Linux desktop environments; later, other desktop environments grew in popularity. In April 2011, GNOME introduced

810-568: The GNOME desktop. Until about 2000, users of Unix desktops regarded CDE as the de facto standard, but at that time, other desktop environments such as GNOME and K Desktop Environment 2 were quickly becoming mature, and became widespread on Linux systems. In 2001, Sun Microsystems announced that they would phase out CDE as the standard desktop environment in Solaris in favor of GNOME. Solaris 10, released in early 2005, includes both CDE and

855-603: The MIT License . The word "Lesser" in the title shows that the LGPL does not guarantee the end user's complete freedom in the use of software; it only guarantees the freedom of modification for components licensed under the LGPL, but not for any proprietary components. The license was originally called the GNU Library General Public License and was first published in 1991, and adopted the version number 2 for parity with GPL version 2. The LGPL

900-631: The NeXTSTEP GUI look and feel. However newer versions of some operating systems make self configure. The Amiga approach to desktop environment was noteworthy: the original Workbench desktop environment in AmigaOS evolved through time to originate an entire family of descendants and alternative desktop solutions. Some of those descendants are the Scalos, the Ambient desktop of MorphOS , and

945-637: The Presentation Manager . The BumpTop project was an experimental desktop environment. Its main objective is to replace the 2D paradigm with a "real-world" 3D implementation, where documents can be freely manipulated across a virtual table. GNU Lesser General Public License The GNU Lesser General Public License ( LGPL ) is a free-software license published by the Free Software Foundation (FSF). The license allows developers and companies to use and integrate

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990-649: The Wanderer desktop of the AROS open source OS. WindowLab also contains features reminiscent of the Amiga UI. Third-party Directory Opus software, which was originally just a navigational file manager program, evolved to become a complete Amiga desktop replacement called Directory Opus Magellan. OS/2 (and derivatives such as eComStation and ArcaOS ) use the Workplace Shell . Earlier versions of OS/2 used

1035-479: The X-based desktop environments available for Unix-like operating systems such as Linux and BSD , the proprietary desktop environments included with Windows and macOS have relatively fixed layouts and static features, with highly integrated "seamless" designs that aim to provide mostly consistent customer experiences across installations. Microsoft Windows dominates in marketshare among personal computers with

1080-422: The desktop metaphor more complete. A desktop environment aims to be an intuitive way for the user to interact with the computer using concepts which are similar to those used when interacting with the physical world, such as buttons and windows. While the term desktop environment originally described a style of user interfaces following the desktop metaphor, it has also come to describe the programs that realize

1125-486: The CDE runtime environment and background services. From its launch until 2012, CDE was proprietary software. Motif, the toolkit on which CDE is built, was released by The Open Group in 2000 as "Open Motif," under a "revenue sharing" license. That license did not meet either the open source or free software definitions. The Open Group had wished to make Motif open source, but did not succeed doing so at that time. In 2006,

1170-627: The GNOME-based Java Desktop System . The OpenSolaris project, begun around the same time, did not include CDE, and had no intent to make Solaris CDE available as open-source. The original release of Solaris 11 in November 2011 only contained GNOME as standard desktop, though some CDE libraries, such as Motif and ToolTalk, remained for binary compatibility but Oracle Solaris 11.4, released in August 2018, removed support for

1215-529: The LGPL is not inherently compatible with version 2 of the GPL. However, works using the latter that have given permission to use a later version of the GPL are compatible: a work released under the GPLv2 "or any later version" may be combined with code from a LGPL version 3 library, with the combined work as a whole falling under the terms of the GPLv3. The former name GNU Library General Public License gave some

1260-508: The Open Group released their last major version of CDE, version 2.1. Red Hat Linux was the only Linux distribution that proprietary CDE was ported to. In 1997, Red Hat began offering a version of CDE licensed from TriTeal Corporation . In 1998, Xi Graphics , a company specializing in the X Windowing System, offered a version of CDE bundled with Red Hat Linux, called Xi Graphics maXimum cde/OS . These were phased out, and Red Hat moved to

1305-636: The X Window System or Wayland , any of which may be selected by users, and are not tied exclusively to the operating system in use. The desktop environment for macOS , which is also a Unix-like system, is Aqua , which uses the Quartz graphics layer, rather than using X or Wayland. A number of other desktop environments also exist, including (but not limited to) CDE , EDE , GEM , IRIX Interactive Desktop , Sun's Java Desktop System , Jesktop , Mezzo, Project Looking Glass , ROX Desktop , UDE , Xito , XFast. Moreover, there exists FVWM-Crystal, which consists of

1350-547: The X11 desktop environments used by other Unix-like operating systems, relying instead on interfaces based on other technologies. On systems running the X Window System (typically Unix-family systems such as Linux , the BSDs , and formal UNIX distributions), desktop environments are much more dynamic and customizable to meet user needs. In this context, a desktop environment typically consists of several separate components, including

1395-526: The application in a consistent way. The first desktop environment was created by Xerox and was sold with the Xerox Alto in the 1970s. The Alto was generally considered by Xerox to be a personal office computer; it failed in the marketplace because of poor marketing and a very high price tag. With the Lisa , Apple introduced a desktop environment on an affordable personal computer , which also failed in

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1440-526: The form of a shared library , so that there is a clear separation between the proprietary and LGPL components. The LGPL is primarily used for software libraries , although it is also used by some stand-alone applications. The LGPL was developed as a compromise between the strong copyleft of the GNU General Public License (GPL) and more permissive licenses such as the BSD licenses and

1485-537: The impression that the FSF recommended that all software libraries should use the LGPL and programs should use the GPL. In 1999 essay Why you shouldn't use the Lesser GPL for your next library Richard Stallman explained that while the LGPL had not been deprecated , one should not necessarily use the LGPL for all libraries, as using GPL can give advantage to free-software developers. The license uses terminology which

1530-430: The library" and "work that uses the library". LGPL version 3 partially dropped these terms. The main difference between the GPL and the LGPL is that the latter allows the work to be linked with (in the case of a library, "used by") a non-(L)GPLed program, regardless of whether it is licensed under a license of GPL family or other licenses. In LGPL 2.1, the non-(L)GPLed program can then be distributed under any terms if it

1575-480: The market. The desktop metaphor was popularized on commercial personal computers by the original Macintosh from Apple in 1984, and was popularized further by Windows from Microsoft since the 1990s. As of 2014 , the most popular desktop environments are descendants of these earlier environments, including the Windows shell used in Microsoft Windows , and the Aqua environment used in macOS . When compared with

1620-478: The metaphor itself. This usage has been popularized by projects such as the Common Desktop Environment , KDE , and GNOME . On a system that offers a desktop environment, a window manager in conjunction with applications written using a widget toolkit are generally responsible for most of what the user sees. The window manager supports the user interactions with the environment, while

1665-558: The new standard desktop for Unix, and provided documentation and software for migrating HP VUE customizations to CDE. In March 1994 CDE became the responsibility of the "new OSF", a merger of the Open Software Foundation and Unix International ; in September 1995, the merger of Motif and CDE into a single project, CDE/Motif, was announced. OSF became part of the newly formed Open Group in 1996. In February 1997,

1710-492: The next major releases of both KDE and GNOME respectively. Although striving for broadly similar goals, GNOME and KDE do differ in their approach to user ergonomics. KDE encourages applications to integrate and interoperate, is highly customizable, and contains many complex features, all whilst trying to establish sensible defaults. GNOME on the other hand is more prescriptive, and focuses on the finer details of essential tasks and overall simplification. Accordingly, each one attracts

1755-655: The portmapper rpcbind does not need to be run in insecure mode. It does not use Xprint anymore, and can be compiled on the BSDs without installing first a custom version of Motif. Multihead display support with Xinerama has been improved. Since its release as free software, CDE has been ported to: Future project goals of the CDE project include: Desktop environment A desktop environment typically consists of icons , windows , toolbars , folders , wallpapers and desktop widgets (see Elements of graphical user interfaces and WIMP ). A GUI might also provide drag and drop functionality and other features that make

1800-506: The program code that is part of a desktop environment has effects which are directly visible to the user. Some of it may be low-level code. KDE , for example, provides so-called KIO slaves which give the user access to a wide range of virtual devices. These I/O slaves are not available outside the KDE environment. In 1996 the KDE was announced, followed in 1997 by the announcement of GNOME . Xfce

1845-405: The situation is the opposite, with Unix-like operating systems dominating the market, including the iOS (BSD-derived), Android , Tizen , Sailfish and Ubuntu (all Linux-derived). Microsoft's Windows phone , Windows RT and Windows 10 are used on a much smaller number of tablets and smartphones. However, the majority of Unix-like operating systems dominant on handheld devices do not use

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1890-467: The toolkit provides developers a software library for applications with a unified look and behavior. A windowing system of some sort generally interfaces directly with the underlying operating system and libraries. This provides support for graphical hardware, pointing devices, and keyboards. The window manager generally runs on top of this windowing system. While the windowing system may provide some window management functionality, this functionality

1935-780: The turn of the century. After a long history as proprietary software , CDE was released as free software on August 6, 2012, under the GNU Lesser General Public License , version 2.0 or later. Since its release as free software, CDE has been ported to Linux and BSD derivatives. Hewlett-Packard , IBM , SunSoft , and USL announced CDE in June 1993 as a joint development within the Common Open Software Environment (COSE) initiative. Each development group contributed its own technology to CDE: After its release, HP endorsed CDE as

1980-645: Was released as free software, OpenCDE was officially deprecated in favor of CDE. On October 23, 2012, the Motif widget toolkit was also released under the LGPL-2.1-or-later license. This allowed CDE to become a completely free and open source desktop environment. Shortly after CDE was released as free software, a Linux live CD was created based on Debian 6 with CDE 2.2.0c pre-installed, called CDEbian. The live CD has since been discontinued. The Debian-based Linux distribution SparkyLinux offers binary packages of CDE that can be installed with APT. As of March 2023, CDE

2025-584: Was revised in minor ways in the 2.1 point release, published in 1999, when it was renamed the GNU Lesser General Public License to reflect the FSF's position that not all libraries should use it. Version 3 of the LGPL was published in 2007 as a list of additional permissions applied to GPL version 3. In addition to the term "work based on the Program" of GPL, LGPL version 2 introduced two additional clarification terms "work based on

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