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137-627: The Virginia–Virginia Tech rivalry is an American college rivalry that exists between the Virginia Cavaliers sports teams of the University of Virginia (called Virginia in sports media and abbreviated UVA ) and the Virginia Tech Hokies sports teams of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (called Virginia Tech and abbreviated VT ). The Cavaliers and Hokies had a program-wide rivalry first called

274-400: A 9 mm Glock 19 . Cho was seen near the entrance to West Ambler Johnston Hall, a co-ed residence hall that houses 895 students, at about 6:47 a.m. EDT . Normally, the hall is accessible only to its residents via magnetic key cards before 10:00 a.m.; Cho's student mailbox was in the lobby of the building, so he had a pass card allowing access after 7:30 a.m., but it

411-411: A dormitory , where two people were killed; the main attack was a school shooting at Norris Hall, a classroom building, where Cho chained the main entrance doors shut and fired into four classrooms and a stairwell, killing thirty more people. As police stormed Norris Hall, Cho fatally shot himself in the head. It was the deadliest mass shooting in modern U.S. history and remained so for nine years until

548-461: A rivalry that has been a part of London life for nearly two centuries. It can be traced to their foundation in the 1820s when King's College was established as an Anglican alternative to the secular University College. The third-oldest university in England debate between the two universities and other parties continues to this day. King's College London and University of Bradford also have

685-1007: A Grande école and élite institution. Oxford and Cambridge have a rivalry which dates back to the 13th century; see Oxford and Cambridge rivalry , Blue (university sport) , the Boat Race , The Varsity Game , The Varsity Match , the Rugby League Varsity Match , and the Ice Hockey Varsity Match . Colleges within each University are also known to nurture keen rivalries, such as that between Oriel College, Oxford and Pembroke College, Oxford , centred on rowing, that between Exeter College, Oxford and Jesus College, Oxford , both being directly opposite each other on Turl Street, or that between Brasenose College, Oxford and Lincoln College, Oxford , one of two pairs of " semi-detached " colleges in Oxbridge –

822-500: A South Korean-centric perspective not applicable to U.S. culture. South Korea's ambassador to the U.S. and several Korean-American religious leaders called on Korean-Americans to participate in a thirty-two day fast , one day for each victim, for repentance. Foreign Minister Song Minsoon announced that safety measures had been established for South Korean citizens living in the U.S., in an apparent reference to fears of possible reprisal attacks. A ministry official expressed hope that

959-436: A candlelight vigil the night of April 17, at which UVA president John T. Casteen III urged the crowd of students, which overflowed the campus's McIntire Amphitheatre , to continue to move forward to change the world. Some schools also offered or provided cash donations, housing for officers, and additional counseling support for Virginia Tech. The University of Texas at Austin and Texas A&M University , who also share

1096-489: A departmental rivalry. King's College London's War Studies department faces Bradford University's Peace Studies department, in an annual football match for the ' Tolstoy Cup '. The rivalry between 'War' and 'Peace' studies teams is one of the great sporting rivalries, being featured at number four on the Financial Times list of "Great College Sports Rivalries". Lancaster University and University of York have

1233-534: A first-quarter touchdown. In Week 11 of the 2022 NFL season , several Washington Commanders players and coaches were seen wearing Virginia Cavaliers apparel prior to their game against the Houston Texans , including tight end Logan Thomas , a former Virginia Tech quarterback. College rivalry Rivalries traverse many different fields within society. A rivalry develops from the product of competition and ritualism between different parties. A rivalry

1370-525: A great many sports. Series led and games won by Virginia are shaded ██ . Series led and games won by Virginia Tech shaded ██ . Head-to-head games/matches only UVA has been a member of the ACC since 1953, while Virginia Tech was invited in 2004. Both athletics programs are also sponsored by Nike . The Cavaliers are signed with Nike through 2025, at $ 3.5 million per year. The Hokies are also signed with Nike through 2022, at $ 1.98 million per year. Virginia had

1507-523: A matter of weeks. The building is used for offices and laboratories for the Engineering Science and Mechanics and Civil and Environmental Engineering departments, its primary occupants before the shootings. Plans were to completely renovate the building and for it to no longer contain classrooms. The southwest wing of Norris Hall, where the shootings took place, was closed in 2008 and completely renovated in 2008 and 2009. The building now houses

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1644-451: A note on one, saying that attempting to open the door would cause a bomb to explode. Shortly before the shooting began, a faculty member found the note and took it to the third floor to notify the school's administration. At about the same time, Cho had begun to shoot students and faculty on the second floor. The bomb threat was never called in. The first call to 9-1-1 was received at 9:42 a.m. Cho geared up in empty Room 200 before

1781-527: A part in the winning Rugby side is considered the crowning achievement in ones time at college. Jane Franklin Hall has had the edge in sporting prowess over the years in most sports – with its winning streak in Soccer extending back to the mid 1980s, for example – apart from Rugby which is very tightly contested, with Christ College coming out the victor more often over recent years. Each year, the colleges compete for

1918-611: A rivalry based upon the close geographical relationship attributed between both universities, with Northumbria University being situated extremely close to the older Newcastle University in Newcastle upon Tyne . In 1994 the Stan Calvert Cup was instituted as a multi-sport competition between the two universities; but in 2018 Newcastle University decided to withdraw from the cup for the foreseeable future. University of Liverpool and Liverpool John Moores University have

2055-507: A rivalry being the cities two principal universities with the battle for the 'varsity cup' taking place every year when over 1,000 students from both universities compete in over 15 different sports. University of Essex and University of East Anglia have an annual competition known amongst the students as "Derby Day", as well as competing academically. -The two faculties are situated side by side. When İnek Bayramı (literal meaning, The Cow Festival , idiomatic meaning: The Nerd festival ),

2192-695: A rivalry which has lasted since the formation of the universities at similar times in the 1960s. There is an annual sports competition between the university named the Roses Tournament . The name derives from the War of the Roses , and English civil war fought in the 15th century between the House of York and the House of Lancaster . The first event was held in 1965 and has been an annual tradition ever since. Northumbria University and Newcastle University have

2329-409: A separate entrance. They went up to the third floor, but heard from student Emily Haas, who was wounded and survived in room 211 (Nowak's French class), saying that the gunman was in her classroom as she stayed on the line. As police started to descend the stairwell, Cho had already begun to hear the footsteps. He looked out into the hallway briefly, before walking back into the centre of room 211 towards

2466-711: A speech by then- President George W. Bush . The space reached capacity and overflow seating was accommodated at nearby Lane Stadium . Within a day after the shootings, Virginia Tech, whose supporters call themselves "Hokies" – a nickname coined in a school cheer dating to 1896 – formed the Hokie Spirit Memorial Fund (HSMF) to help remember and honor the victims. The fund was used to cover expenses including, but not limited to: assistance to victims and their families, grief counseling, memorials, communications expenses, and comfort expenses. Early in June 2007,

2603-493: A sports rivalry , also united and created shirts as both a tribute and fundraiser. The front read "Orange and Maroon support Orange and Maroon", in reference to Virginia Tech sharing orange as a school color with Texas and maroon as a color with Texas A&M. The back, meanwhile, read, "The Eyes of Texas are upon you / For your spirit can ne'er be told / In times of greatest tragedy / You have a hand to hold", referencing " The Eyes of Texas " and " Spirit of Aggieland ". Both inside

2740-562: A state panel that police found 203 remaining rounds of ammunition in Norris Hall on Cho and later testified that the armed aggressor was well prepared to continue on. During the two attacks, Cho killed a total of 32 people — 5 faculty members and 27 students — before he committed suicide . The Virginia Tech Review Panel reported that Cho's gunshots wounded seventeen others; six more were injured when they jumped from second-story windows to escape from Librescu's classroom. Sydney J. Vail,

2877-421: A way for the people to participate in a rivalry without the consequences of fighting. However, when the competition is not enough in sports and the tensions are high fighting does ensue. An important precursor to having a rivalry is having intense competitive play between two sports teams within the ritualistic structure of the game. A competition is "a form of struggle fought by means of objective performances, to

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3014-532: Is "the oldest unbroken annual contest in the history of cricket" (Weekend Australian 5/6 December 1992). For the sport of rowing, the Intercol is competed during South Australia's 'Head of the River Regatta', on the second to last Saturday of the first school term, with one of the two school's taking out the statewide title nearly every year since its beginning. In 1991, the following legend was printed in

3151-425: Is a smaller society that needs to function properly. This means that they need good communication and get necessary goals accomplished for the team. Because of this, the individual on the team is seen as less important than the group as everyone works toward the goal of making the group the best it can possibly be. Players do this "in the form of obedience to authority, group loyalty, and the willingness to sacrifice for

3288-729: Is also on display on the basketball court, where both schools' teams are among the best in Canada. These two universities have one of the oldest rivalries in Canada. Western, located in London, Ontario and Queen's, located in Kingston, Ontario are two of the older schools in Ontario and are both notable academic institutions. The rivalry is ever present in Football when the two schools meet every year. Historically, Toronto and York compete at

3425-403: Is defined as "a perceptual categorizing process in which actors identify which states are sufficiently threatening competitors". Ritualism is "a series of ... iterated acts or performances that are ... famous in terms 'not entirely encoded by the performer'; that is, they are imbued by meanings external to the performer". Everyone that is part of the sports event in some capacity becomes a part of

3562-459: Is drawn to this in sports because this is a principal characteristic in everyday life, which can be seen in historic religious rivalries, such as the contemporary example of sectarianism in Glasgow. Within an area, differences between two types of people can drive the start of a rivalry. Competition and support keep the rivalry going. In sports, competition tests who has better skill and ability at

3699-410: Is important in rivalries because fans can determine the outcome of the game and the overall mood throughout the game. The fans have a lot of power because of this fact and therefore possess indirect power and determination on the outcome of the game. The media connect the team, with the fans and the rest of the world. "The media do[es not] 'tell it like it is.' Rather, they tell it in a way that supports

3836-554: Is no evidence that he ever met or talked with her before the murders. In the ensuing investigation, police found a suicide note in Cho's dorm room that included comments about "rich kids", "debauchery", and "deceitful charlatans". On April 18, 2007, NBC News received the package Cho had shipped between the first and second shooting episodes, which contained an 1,800-word manifesto , photos, and 27 digitally-recorded videos in which he likened himself to Jesus Christ and expressed his hatred of

3973-668: Is the occasion for the IEPs located in French regions to challenge the more prestigious IEP Paris (known as "Sciences Po"). A final opposing Paris to, for example, Lyon would see students from all over France cheering for Lyon, especially with the anthem "Province unie, tous contre Paris !" ("Province united, all against Paris !", the "province" being a somewhat pejorative term used to designate any place in France outside of Paris). The Paris students would respond by boasting their status as

4110-417: Is through this consistency of playing the same teams yearly that "these rivalries have shown remarkable staying power". Specifically, it is society's drive to disrupt these original rituals that start rivalries. Horst Helle says, "society needs a particular quantitative relationship of harmony and disharmony, association and competition, favour and disfavour, in order to take shape in a specific way". Society

4247-482: Is unclear how he gained earlier entrance to the building. At around 7:15 a.m., Cho entered the room that freshman Emily J. Hilscher shared with another student, and shot Hilscher, a 19-year-old from Woodville, Virginia . After hearing the gunshots, a resident assistant , 22-year-old senior Ryan C. Clark of Martinez , Georgia , attempted to aid Hilscher. Cho shot and killed Clark. Hilscher remained alive for three hours after being shot, but no one from

Virginia–Virginia Tech rivalry - Misplaced Pages Continue

4384-564: The 2015 College World Series in baseball, and winning the 2014 College Cup in men's soccer. On the other side of the rivalry, Virginia Tech is one of two ACC programs (the other is Pittsburgh ) to have not yet earned its first NCAA Championship in a team sport. Virginia fields more overall teams than Virginia Tech. As a result, certain highly successful UVA teams like the eight-time NCAA Champion Virginia Cavaliers men's lacrosse team and two-time NCAA Champion Virginia women's rowing team do not compete against Virginia Tech and so do not consider

4521-546: The American Psychiatric Association . Cho had previously been diagnosed with selective mutism and severe depression . During much of his middle school and high school years, he received therapy and special education support. After graduating from high school, Cho enrolled at Virginia Tech. Because of federal privacy laws, the university was unaware of Cho's previous diagnoses or the accommodations he had been granted at school. In 2005, Cho

4658-528: The Associated Press , raised questions about and speculated on the similarity between a stance in one of Cho's videos that showed him holding and raising a hammer, and a pose from promotional posters for the South Korean film Oldboy . Investigators found no evidence that Cho had ever watched Oldboy , and the professor who made the initial connection has since discounted his theory that Cho

4795-637: The Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence and the National Rifle Association (NRA) supported the legislation. The measure passed the House of Representatives on a voice vote on June 13, 2007. The Senate passed the measure on December 19, 2007. President Bush signed the measure on January 5, 2008. On March 24, 2008, the Department of Education announced proposed changes in the regulations governing education records under

4932-698: The Commonwealth Challenge (2005–2007) which UVA swept 2–0 before ending the series in a show of sportsmanship following the Virginia Tech massacre . A second series called the Commonwealth Clash (2014–2019), under revised rules and sponsored by the state's Virginia 529 College Savings Plan , was again won by UVA, 3–2. A third series, also called the Clash (2021–present) and sponsored by Smithfield Foods , emerged two years after

5069-485: The Commonwealth Clash , also in 2015, bore out that result as there were more Cavalier votes than Hokie votes in the final tally which allowed UVA to take the point. The overall Virginia Cavaliers program polled more popular than all NFL and MLB teams ( NBA teams were not polled) while only the former Washington Redskins tied the overall Virginia Tech program at 28% support. The Cavaliers have twice won

5206-635: The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA). Certain changes address issues raised by the Virginia Tech shooting and are intended to clarify for schools the appropriate balance to strike between concerns of individual privacy and public safety. When the citizenship of the shooter became known, South Koreans expressed shock and a sense of public shame, while the government of South Korea convened an emergency meeting to consider possible ramifications. A candlelight vigil

5343-604: The Indiana–Kentucky rivalry , take place between two schools from different conferences. The Caltech–MIT rivalry is unusual for both the geographic distance between the schools (their campuses are separated by about 2500 miles and are on opposite coasts of the United States) and the focus on elaborate pranks rather than sporting events. Rivalry started in the 1830s when the Free University of Brussels

5480-489: The Massengill Report , some of the victims' families called for then- Governor Tim Kaine to relieve Virginia Tech's president, Charles W. Steger , and campus police chief, Wendell Flinchum , of their positions. Kaine refused, reasoning the school officials had "suffered enough". In the hours and days following the shooting, makeshift memorials to those killed or injured began appearing in several locations on

5617-699: The National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS). It also led to the passage of the first major federal gun control measure in the U.S. since 1994. The law strengthening the NICS was signed by President George W. Bush on January 5, 2008. Administrators at Virginia Tech were criticized by the Virginia Tech Review Panel, a state-appointed panel tasked with investigating the incident, for failing to take action that might have decreased

Virginia–Virginia Tech rivalry - Misplaced Pages Continue

5754-752: The Orlando nightclub shooting . It remains the deadliest school shooting in U.S. history and the deadliest mass shooting in Virginia history. The attacks received international media coverage and provoked widespread criticism of U.S. gun culture . It sparked debate about gun violence , gun laws , gaps in the U.S. system for treating mental health issues, Cho's state of mind, the responsibility of college administrations, privacy laws , journalism ethics , and other issues. News organizations that aired portions of Cho's multimedia manifesto were criticized by victims' families, Virginia law enforcement officials, and

5891-455: The convocation at Virginia Tech the day after the shootings. The Internal Revenue Service and Virginia Department of Taxation granted six-month extensions to individuals affected by the shootings. Governor Kaine returned early from a trade mission to Japan and declared a state of emergency in Virginia, enabling him to immediately deploy state personnel, equipment, and other resources in

6028-457: The 22 students enrolled in the class, 18 were present at the time of the shooting. In addition to the professor, a total of eleven students were killed and another six were injured. The sole uninjured survivor, Clay Violand, played dead and was (alongside a wounded female student) one of only two people to walk out of the room as soon as police arrived. As in Room 207, Cho fired into Room 211 from

6165-624: The Annual Red & Blue Bowl Football Game, which attracts alumni and many students from both universities. Other rivalries exist in hockey, rowing and academics, which both score quite well. All three schools are located in the city of Toronto Cross-city rivals located in Vancouver, British Columbia . See Shrum Bowl School rivalries are important in the United States, especially in intercollegiate sports . Some rivalries, such as

6302-576: The Centennial Rugby Programme, dubbed – "The Battle of The Colours", for the 100th anniversary of the annual Nudgee vs Terrace rugby match. The legend has it that the two St Joseph's, who both wore the Christian Brothers traditional Blue and White, played off in a Rugby game to decide who would keep the prestigious colours. As the story goes Nudgee won the match seeing them keep the colours with Gregory Terrace changing to

6439-784: The Center for Peace Studies and Violence Prevention, the Biomechanics Cluster Research Center, and the Global Technology Center, as well as other programs. Ambler Johnston Hall was also closed and renovated. The east wing now houses the Honors Residential College, which opened in fall 2011; in fall 2012, the west wing reopened as the Residential College at West Ambler Johnston. After the release of

6576-605: The French Robotics Cup or the Mash Marathon. In these situations some of the schools chose to form alliances, like Supélec and Arts et Métiers ParisTech that build common robots. Other Schools : The "Critérium" of the Institut d'études politiques (IEP) is an annual multi-sport competition between the 9 IEPs. It is traditionally held on the last weekend of March with the host city changing every year. It

6713-507: The HSMF had reached approximately $ 7 million. In July 2007, Kenneth R. Feinberg , who served as Special Master of the federal September 11th Victim Compensation Fund of 2001, was named to administer the fund's distributions. In October 2007, the families and surviving victims received payments from the fund ranging from $ 11,500 to $ 208,000. Early in June 2007, Virginia Tech announced that it would begin to reoccupy Norris Hall within

6850-536: The Hokies their rivals. Virginia Tech briefly sponsored men's lacrosse before folding the program after the 1986 season; Virginia leads the all-time series in men's lacrosse 10-0. Newly in the same conference , the two schools agreed to face off in the Commonwealth Challenge across all sports in 2005. The Challenge continued through 2007, with the Cavaliers winning both years of the competition. Future sponsorship

6987-424: The Hokies, but with Casteen's support Virginia Tech was invited to the conference with 7 out of 9 votes. Miami and Virginia Tech joined the ACC in 2004, with Boston College joining in 2005. The primary significance of this development to the rivalry was that the athletic teams from the two schools would now be mandated to play every year. For instance, the men's college soccer teams did not face each other in any of

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7124-520: The Intercollege Cup, which is decided based on points earned from sporting results. Each sport is allocated various points for first, second and third, and weighted to reward the college that wins the more prestigious sports of Rugby, Football and Cricket, with Rugby given the highest weighting. Virginia Tech massacre The Virginia Tech shooting was a spree shooting that occurred on Monday, April 16, 2007, comprising two attacks on

7261-540: The NCAA intervene and mediate the expansion process, and when that failed added pressure to UVA President John Casteen to refrain from casting an affirmative vote for the conference's plan to expand without Virginia Tech. Warner feared that such a move would hurt Virginia Tech by leaving it in a diminished Big East. UVA President John T. Casteen III then offered a plan to have the ACC expand but consider Virginia Tech in lieu of Syracuse on June 18, 2003. Duke and UNC voted against

7398-412: The U.S. and abroad, the incident also caused many universities to re-examine their own campus safety and security procedures as well as their mental health support services. The International Association of Campus Law Enforcement Administrators convened a Special Review Task Force, which issued its report on April 18, 2008, titled, "The IACLEA Blueprint for Safer Campuses". The report was "a synthesis of

7535-520: The Virginia Tech Foundation announced that $ 3.2 million was moved from the HSMF into 32 separately-named endowment funds, each created in honor of a victim killed in the shooting. This transfer brought each fund to the level of full endowment, allowing them to operate in perpetuity . The naming and determination of how each fund would be directed was being developed with the victims' families. By early June 2007, donations to

7672-403: The ads featuring images of South Korea's culture and natural beauty in between the news reports of the rampage. Hundreds of colleges and universities throughout North America responded to the incident with official condolences and by conducting their own vigils, memorial services, and by other gestures of support. Virginia Tech's traditional sports rival, the University of Virginia (UVA), held

7809-457: The advantage of a third [party]", which in sports is driven by the team dynamic, and external outlets such as the fans and the media. These external outlets give rivalries more distinctive importance. An example of a rivalry that embodies this is the Yankees–Red Sox rivalry . In such sports as basketball and football there is a stress on the importance of teamwork. This is so because the team

7946-559: The aftermath of the shootings. Governor Kaine later created an eight-member panel, including former Secretary of Homeland Security Tom Ridge , to review all aspects of the incident, from Cho's medical history to Virginia Tech's delay in warning students after the initial shooting. In August 2007, the panel concluded, among more than twenty major findings, that the Virginia Tech Police Department "did not take sufficient action to deal with what might happen if

8083-556: The campus of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) in Blacksburg, Virginia , United States. Seung-Hui Cho , an undergraduate student at the university, killed 32 people and wounded 17 others with two semi-automatic pistols before committing suicide. Six others were injured jumping out of windows to escape Cho. The first shooting occurred at West Ambler Johnston Hall,

8220-461: The campus. Many people placed flowers and items of remembrance at the base of the Drillfield observation podium in front of Burruss Hall . Later, members of Hokies United, an alliance of student organizations on campus created to respond to shooting, placed thirty-two pieces of Hokie Stone , each labeled with the name of a victim, in a semicircle in front of the Drillfield viewing stand. What

8357-412: The carry and concealment of weapons on a college campus, with the exception of sworn police officers in the conduct of their professional duties". The subsequent Position Statement goes into greater detail. Additionally, the report includes an acknowledgement of the "professionalism and well coordinated response" of all the law enforcement agencies and first responders, and ends its conclusion with "Securing

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8494-518: The class of 2011. In the days following the shooting, the campus community received several thousand pieces of artifacts and messages of condolence, arriving from over eighty countries and every state within the U.S. These included artwork, cards, poetry, and original music. These items were later gathered and photographed by the University Library and are available online. President Bush and his wife, First Lady Laura Bush , attended

8631-587: The commotion from below, Kevin Granata guided twenty students from a classroom on the third floor into his office where the door could be locked and went downstairs to investigate along with another professor, Wally Grant, where they were both shot by Cho in the hallway. Grant, who quickly fled into a bathroom, was wounded and survived, but Granata died of his injuries. None of the students locked in Granata's office were hurt or killed. In Room 211 of Intermediate French, Jocelyne Couture-Nowak saw Cho heading towards

8768-618: The conference lineup. Talks with Syracuse stalled as Jim Boeheim vocalized his opposition to the move, and Duke, UNC, and Virginia consistently voted against adding the Orange. When it became obvious that Syracuse lacked the necessary seven votes, Virginia Tech emerged as a compromise candidate put forward to win over the decisive seventh vote from the University of Virginia that ACC officials needed to gain approval for their expansion plans. Virginia Governor Mark Warner earlier had suggested

8905-415: The director of the trauma center at Carilion Roanoke Memorial Hospital , said that Cho's choice of 9 mm hollow-point ammunition increased the severity of the injuries. Between the two pistols, a total of 174 bullets were fired by the assailant during the attacks. Twenty-eight of the victims were shot in the head. The shooter was identified as 23-year-old Seung-Hui Cho, a senior at Virginia Tech. He

9042-439: The door with a large table after graduate assistant Haiyan Cheng ( Chinese : 程海燕 ; pinyin : Chéng Hǎiyàn ), who was substituting for the professor, and a student saw Cho heading toward them. Cho shot through the door about seven times, but failed to force his way in. No one in the classroom was wounded or killed. Across the hall in Room 204, Liviu Librescu , a Holocaust survivor from Romania , forcibly prevented

9179-452: The door, but they survived. He went into Room 207, where instructor Jamie Bishop was teaching Introductory German. Cho shot Bishop and some students near the door, then walked down the aisle shooting more victims. Bishop and four students were killed; six other students were shot and wounded. Cho then moved on to Norris 211 and 204, where he was initially prevented from entering due to barricades erected by instructors and students. Hearing

9316-416: The doorway, and then walked up and down the aisles methodically targeting potential survivors as they tried to hide. He did not say a single word throughout the shooting and occasionally reloaded his weapon in the hallways, before re-entering classrooms to resume shooting. Retracing his path, Cho returned to Room 206. According to a student eyewitness, the movements of a student named Waleed Shaalan, who

9453-588: The doorway. She and student Henry Lee barricaded the door with a few desks while she yelled at students to get down on the floor and under their desks and call 9-1-1. Cho pushed through the barricade and entered the room, killing Nowak and Lee who fell behind the door. A student named Matthew La Porte , who was a trained Air Force ROTC member of the Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets , charged towards Cho and attempted to tackle him, but died after being shot seven times during his attempt to save his class. Of

9590-409: The end of the 2018–19 academic year, UVA led the Clash series 3–2 and total points 60–47. This was then declared the final year of the original Clash on its official website. Each meeting or yearly series in a sport is worth a single point in the Clash . In basketball and volleyball, where the two schools meet twice per season, each individual game is worth one-half point. In baseball and softball,

9727-445: The first time. Two other students who were also in the room made it out alive. (Cho had entered Room 206 three times.) After his first entry to Room 207, several students had barricaded the door and had begun tending to the wounded. When Cho returned minutes later, Katelyn Carney and spokesperson Derek O'Dell were injured while holding the door closed, but the remaining students survived. In room 205, students had already barricaded

9864-508: The first to lend support to the Virginia Tech community in the wake of the shootings. Likewise, the connections between the two university's populations are often very close. Prior to the 2007 football contest in Charlottesville both college's bands participated in a joint performance. ...there was the sense among Tech students that fans of U-Va. – an institution founded by none other than Thomas Jefferson – looked down their noses at

10001-413: The four seasons between 2000 and 2003. They have since met every year after Virginia Tech became a conference member in 2004. Additionally, in some sports where there was already an agreement to play each other on an annual basis, the teams might now play more than once. For instance, the men's college basketball teams had played each other annually since the 1934–35 season but not faced each other twice in

10138-447: The good of the group." The spectators, also known as fans, of sporting events are the largest population associated with the event. Fans exhibit "intangible feelings of pride, solidarity, and pleasure" for a particular team and brand loyalty, which means that they "heavily identify[y] with a particular team or university and have shown that the self-esteem of these ardent fans can be affected by their team's success in competition". This

10275-402: The gunman from entering the room by holding the door closed with his body until most of his students escaped through the windows. After kicking open the window screens, the students successfully escaped. Some suffered leg injuries while landing on the ground two floors below, others survived after landing on the shrubbery just below the window and then ran either to some ambulances pulling up or to

10412-481: The hard drive. About an hour after the attack, Cho is believed to have been seen near the campus duck pond. Although authorities suspected Cho had thrown his hard drive and mobile phone into the water, a search by divers was unsuccessful. Almost two hours after the first killings, Cho appeared at a nearby post office and mailed a package of writings and video recordings to NBC News ; these materials proved to be of little investigative value to authorities. The package

10549-442: The incident, the federal government passed the first gun control law in more than a decade. The bill, H.R. 2640 , mandates improvements in state reporting to the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) in order to halt gun purchases by criminals, those declared mentally ill, and other people prohibited from possessing firearms, and authorizes up to $ 1.3 billion in federal grants for such improvements. Both

10686-451: The initial lead proved erroneous". The panel made more than seventy preventive recommendations, directed to colleges, universities, mental health providers, law enforcement officials, emergency service providers, law makers and other public officials in Virginia and elsewhere. While the panel did find errors in judgment and procedure, the ultimate conclusion was that Cho himself was responsible for his own actions, and to imply that anyone else

10823-547: The interests of those who benefit from cultural commitments to competition, productivity, and material success." This is known as consumerism because the media influences society's emotions to think of the rivalries in a way that will get people to be as passionate about the game as they want to be. It is spectators' enjoyment of sports and the associated rivalries that drive media sport consumption. These two schools are cross-city rivals in Ottawa, Ontario and have historically had

10960-476: The largest football rivalry in the country. The Carleton Ravens and the Ottawa Gee-Gees played the annual Panda Game from 1955 to 1998, which consistently garnered a national spotlight and was renowned for its size and popularity. The Panda Game was absent for 15 years after Carleton shut down their football program, but was revived in 2013 when Carleton restarted their football program. The rivalry

11097-515: The latter has constantly been accused of snobbish attitudes due to the elitist mindset of its student population. Whether either assumptions are true or false, those two schools have produced the elite of French business circles, alongside the other "Parisian" business school ESCP Europe , which is usually ranked third in France. Engineering Schools : The famous engineering schools, such as ParisTech members, usually compete in national sports tournaments, but also in technological competitions such as

11234-478: The lethal effects of failing to "implement and administer valid procedural and substantive safeguards aimed at securing the broad Va Tech and Blacksburg community against Level II type incidents involving acts of terrorism and mass casualties". The report does not comment on gun control or mental health issues. Some of Cho's family members expressed sympathy for the victims' families and described his history of mental and behavioral problems. Cho's maternal grandfather

11371-491: The mountain-ensconced Hokies of Blacksburg. Hokies were "hicks"; Cavaliers were "snobs." But after the shootings in April, something changed. U-Va. students and faculty members wrote condolence letters, held a candlelight vigil and even painted the campus's fabled Beta Bridge with a pro-Hokies phrase. UVa.'s student newspaper reported that students in Charlottesville were even sporting Hokie sweatshirts on occasion in observance of

11508-453: The nearest bus stop. Librescu was shot through the door four times. Two others who were lying in a corner near the windows were injured, but survived and described that, after most of their classmates escaped through the windows and after the armed aggressor shot four times through the door, he finally forced his way in. Upon seeing the open windows and hardly any students in the room, Cho confronted Professor Librescu and student Minal Panchal who

11645-688: The now famed Red and Black. This fierce rivalry has continued ever since in every sport yet Rugby continues to stand head and shoulders above the rest, with crowds of up to 10 000 attending First XV fixtures. As two of the biggest Rugby schools in Australia the schools also compete for the St Joseph's Cup. Intercollege Sport has been played between Jane Franklin Hall, Christ College and St. John Fisher College for many years, with many sports played, most importantly Rugby, Cricket and Australian Rules football. These matches are fiercely contested, indeed playing

11782-405: The number of casualties. The panel's report also reviewed gun laws and pointed out gaps in mental health care as well as privacy laws that left Cho's deteriorating condition untreated when he was a student at Virginia Tech. 37°13′37″N 80°25′19″W  /  37.227°N 80.422°W  / 37.227; -80.422 The shootings occurred in two separate incidents. The first incident

11919-462: The only time in 2016–17; Virginia Tech won the tiebreaker in that Clash by capturing four ACC championships to Virginia's one. The 2019–20 Clash trophy was not awarded due to the COVID-19 pandemic . At the time competition was suspended, Virginia led 7 1 ⁄ 2 –6 1 ⁄ 2 , with eight points remaining to be contested and nearly all of them in sports which had often favored Virginia in

12056-778: The other being Balliol College and Trinity College in Broad Street, Oxford. Another keen rivalry is that between St Edmund Hall, Oxford , and the Queen's College, Oxford , dating back to the time when the Queen's College owned St Edmund Hall. In Cambridge, rivalries exist between St John's and Trinity , two of the richest colleges of the university and all of Oxbridge. Rivalries have also been established between Colleges in Oxford and Cambridge, such as that between Robinson College, Cambridge and St Catherine's College, Oxford . University College London and King's College London have

12193-399: The point is awarded to the winner of the series, with a split of a two-game series earning one-half point each. A tied game in soccer also awards one-half point each. In sports where teams participate in meets or tournaments instead of head-to-head – cross country , indoor and outdoor track and field , and men's and women's golf – the school that finishes higher in the ACC championship earns

12330-449: The point. Swimming and diving also fell under this category, even though the two schools schedule an annual meet against each other; this meeting does not count toward the Clash . There are 22 points, requiring 11½ to clinch the Clash . If there is a tie, the first tiebreaker is the greater number of ACC championships in common sports, followed by the greater number of honor roll athletes in common sports. The tiebreakers were invoked for

12467-415: The prestigious Capital One Cup for fielding the top overall men's athletics program in the nation, in 2015 and 2019 , and UVA places first in the ACC for all-time Men's NCAA Championships with 20. Virginia is in second place in the conference for NCAA Championships in women's sports with 10. UVA's recent NCAA Championships include winning the 2019 NCAA tournament championship in men's basketball, winning

12604-642: The previous series was concluded and is currently led by UVA, 2–1. The Cavaliers lead the rivalry series in the majority of sports. Both athletics programs are members of the Atlantic Coast Conference . In sports that have divisional play, such as college baseball and college football , they both compete in the Coastal division of the conference. Despite different or no conference affiliations from 1937 to 2004, Virginia and Virginia Tech always maintained athletic ties and were annual rivals in

12741-404: The previous years of the Clash . But by the official website, those results were not finalized and the previous 2018–19 athletics year was the final year of the original Clash . The Clash made its return after a three-year absence for the 2021–22 academic year, with Smithfield Foods taking over sponsorship duties. After winning the baseball series, 2–1, the Hokies would clinch the Clash for

12878-400: The professor, then continued firing, killing nine of the thirteen students in the room and injuring two others. After exiting the classroom, Cho fired down the hall at two students who were fleeing from Room 204 next door. The fleeing students managed to escape down the stairwell across the hall. He also fired at another student and substitute professor from Room 205 who were peering out from

13015-474: The remaining two games on its schedule, including the finale at Virginia Tech. The following Saturday, November 19, Virginia Tech and Liberty Flames football players wore orange and navy blue jerseys to match U-Va.'s colors prior to their matchup. Virginia Tech receivers coach Fontel Mines , a former Virginia receiver, raised the school's flag as the Hokies entered the field ahead of the game, and Liberty's band performed Virginia's " The Good Old Song " following

13152-616: The reports written following the tragedy at Virginia Tech and related recommendations for campus safety by the International Association of Campus Law Enforcement Administrators". The Task Force made twenty specific recommendations, representing "the Association's priorities for the betterment of campus safety" and reinforcing "key goals and objectives in mitigating and responding to threats at institutions of higher learning." The report states, "IACLEA does not support

13289-442: The ritualism. Teams get together before the game to warm up, coaches shake hands with each other, captains have a determinant of who gets the ball first, everyone stands during the national anthem, the fans sit in specific areas, they make certain gestures with their hands throughout the game, they wear specific gear that is associated with the team, and they have the same post-game practices every game of every season of every year. It

13426-818: The rivalry with the two secular universities in Brussels continues. This rivalry finds expression mainly among academics and traditional student activities as intercollegiate sports remain largely developed in Belgium. High schools & Preparatory classes : Lycée Louis-le-Grand and Lycée Henri IV in Paris, which are commonly seen as the most prestigious public high schools. Business Schools: ESSEC Business School and HEC Paris have been fierce rivals with HEC topping most rankings and ESSEC often coming second. However, ESSEC has long been considered an entrepreneurial powerhouse, more dynamic and open-minded than HEC, whilst

13563-561: The safety of our campuses is an iterative process that requires an institutional and personal commitment from every member of our educational communities. Let these recommendations strengthen that resolve." EQUITAS, a Canada-based think tank specializing in international law , published a report pertaining to the Virginia Tech shooting which includes a review of measures for counterterrorism and campus security adopted between 1993 and April 27, 2003. The report criticizes Virginia Tech's institutional decision-making process and summarizes

13700-565: The same season since 1983–84. Starting with the 2004–05 season, the teams have played at least twice each year, and in 2005–06 the teams met for a third time in the ACC tournament . In addition to ending the original Commonwealth Challenge , the Virginia Tech massacre had the effect of lessening of hostilities between the two universities during the aftermath. According to The Washington Post "students in both camps are more apt to think of themselves as simply Virginians." UVa students were among

13837-512: The school, law enforcement, or hospital notified her family until after she had died. Cho left the scene and returned to his room in Harper Hall , a dormitory west of West Ambler Johnston Hall. While police and emergency medical services units were responding to the shootings in the dorm next door, Cho changed out of his bloodstained clothes, logged on to his computer to delete his e-mails and his student university account, and then removed

13974-961: The second floor, they heard Cho fire his final shot; Cho's body was discovered in room 211, which was Professor Nowak's classroom. In the aftermath, high winds related to the April 2007 nor'easter prevented emergency medical services from using helicopters for evacuation of the injured. Victims injured in the shooting were treated at Montgomery Regional Hospital in Blacksburg, Carilion New River Valley Medical Center in Radford , Carilion Roanoke Memorial Hospital in Roanoke, Lewis-Gale Medical Center in Salem , and Holston Valley Hospital in Kingsport , Tennessee . Virginia Tech first informed students of

14111-477: The semester. The university offered counseling for students and faculty, and the American Red Cross dispatched several dozen crisis counselors to Blacksburg to help students. University officials also allowed students, if they chose, to abbreviate their semester coursework and still receive a grade. The day following the shooting, a memorial event was held at Cassell Coliseum . The event included

14248-462: The seriousness of Cho's problems. The report pointed to failures by the university's counseling center, flaws in Virginia's mental health laws, and inadequate state mental health services, but concluded that "Cho himself was the biggest impediment to stabilizing his mental health" in college. The report also said the classification detail that Cho was to seek "outpatient" rather than "inpatient" treatment would generally have been legally interpreted at

14385-671: The shooting began. According to several students, he looked into several classrooms, likely to see how many people were in each room. Erin Sheehan, an eyewitness and survivor who had been in Room 207, told reporters that the shooter "peeked in twice" earlier in the lesson and that "it was strange that someone at this point in the semester would be lost, looking for a class". At 9:40 a.m., Cho began shooting. His first attack after entering Norris occurred in an advanced hydrology engineering class taught by G. V. Loganathan in room 206. Thirteen registered students were inside. Cho shot and killed

14522-538: The shooting would not "stir up racial prejudice or confrontation". Some South Koreans criticized the fasting proposal, saying that it directed undue attention on Cho's ethnicity and not other reasons behind the shooting. News reports noted that South Koreans seemed relieved that American news coverage of Cho primarily focused the blame on his psychological problems rather than his race or ethnicity. The Korea Tourism Organization pulled its "Sparkling Korea" television advertisements, saying it would be inappropriate to air

14659-399: The situation via e-mail at 9:26 a.m. This was about two hours after the first shooting, which was thought at the time to be isolated and domestic in nature. After the full extent of the shooting became evident, the university canceled classes for the rest of the week and held an assembly and candlelight vigil the following evening, on April 17. Norris Hall was closed for the remainder of

14796-458: The sportsmanship and support shown in the wake of the Virginia Tech massacre, several condolences and tributes were provided by Virginia Tech and other Virginia universities in the wake of the 2022 University of Virginia shooting , in which three students were killed and two others were injured. All three killed and one of the wounded were members of the UVA football team. Virginia would end up canceling

14933-458: The survivors. Tech students of South Korean descent initially feared they would be targeted for retribution. While no official claims of harassment were made, anecdotal evidence suggests that some Korean students were affected. The shootings occurred as prospective students were deciding whether to accept offers of admission from colleges and universities. Despite this timing, Virginia Tech exceeded its recruiting goal of 5,000 students for

15070-428: The team they are rooting for wins. The fans of the two different teams do not sit next to each other because this disrupts the community. In a similar way, competition displays an indirect way of fighting. Society does not condone direct fighting as a way of getting something so this is the most passive aggressive way of fighting. Because this is an acceptable practice, there are many supporters of competition as they fuel

15207-440: The third-highest ACC total athletics revenue, with $ 91 million, in 2014–2015. Virginia Tech was sixth out of the 15 programs, drawing $ 80 million. UVA polled as the most popular college sports program in their home state as of 2015 — with Virginians choosing the Cavaliers over the Hokies by a six-point margin of 34% to 28% — despite UVA having fewer students and a smaller alumni base than Virginia Tech. The first and only Fan Vote of

15344-463: The time as not requiring that Cho be reported to Virginia's Central Criminal Records Exchange (CCRE) and entered into the CCRE database of people prohibited from purchasing or possessing a firearm. Early reports suggested that the killings resulted from a romantic dispute between Cho and Emily Hilscher, one of his first two victims. Hilscher's friends said she had no prior relationship with Cho and there

15481-439: The time of the game through play. Many rivalries persist because the competition is between two teams that have similar abilities. Spectators gravitate towards competitive rivalries because they are interesting to watch and unpredictable. Society follows competitions because competitions influence "the unity of society". Being loyal to one team in a rivalry brings a sense of belonging to a community of supporters that are hoping that

15618-424: The toll could have been reduced if the university had made an immediate decision to cancel classes and a stronger, clearer initial alert of the presence of a gunman. The incident caused Virginia state lawmakers to re-examine gaps between federal and state gun purchase laws. Within two weeks, Governor Kaine had issued an executive order designed to close those gaps (see Effects on gun politics below). Prompted by

15755-647: The traditional festival of the Faculty of Political Sciences is being celebrated, the booing from the Faculty of Law is also a long tradition. Each sport has an annual intercollegiate showdown between the two prestigious schools, known as the "Intercol". These are considered by the two colleges to be the most important games of the season, and the fiercely fought matches draw big crowds of students and old scholars from both schools. The Intercols have been played for over 100 years. The Cricket Intercollegiate match has been competed in since 1878. According to Richard Sproull this

15892-531: The tragedy. The University's Z Society went so far as unveiling a 65' x 120' Virginia Pride flag featuring both UVA and VT logos on it during the annual football game, and it was noted that the two fan bases had never been so close as they were after the shootings. Since the tragedy, it hasn't been so odd to see a Wahoo wearing a Virginia Tech sweatshirt. Since April, transfer students haven't felt so awkward saying they used to attend school in Blacksburg. Truly, Hokies and Wahoos have never been so together. Much like

16029-423: The wealthy, while also referring to Columbine High School massacre perpetrators Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold as " martyrs ". Cho said, among other things: "You forced me into a corner and gave me only one option. ... You just loved to crucify me. You loved inducing cancer in my head, terror in my heart and ripping my soul all this time". Media organizations, including Newsweek , MSNBC , Reuters , and

16166-451: The windows and, just as police reached the second floor, shot himself in the temple with the Glock 19 and died instantly. When police arrived at room 211, they saw Cho lying on the ground with his guns beside him, and some students, who were either injured or playing dead, heard the officer's first words: "Gunman down!". During the investigation, State Police Superintendent William Flaherty told

16303-544: The year, eventually winning, 12 1 ⁄ 2 –8 1 ⁄ 2 . In 2022–23, the Cavaliers took home the Clash after posting a better finish than Tech at the ACC Championships in men's golf, eventually winning, 12–9. Some from outside the state find the rivalry to be an especially bitter one. Former Ohio State quarterback and football analyst Kirk Herbstreit said in 2004 that he "never realized how much those people hate each other." He went on to say "when I

16440-405: Was autistic , the Massengill Report said the relationship between selective mutism and autism was "unclear". Cho's family sought therapy for him, and he received help periodically throughout middle school and high school . Early reports indicated Cho was bullied for speech difficulties in middle school, but the Virginia Tech Review Panel was unable to confirm this, or other reports that he

16577-639: Was a South Korean citizen with U.S. permanent resident status who was majoring in English . The Virginia Tech Review Panel's August 2007 report ( Massengill Report ) devoted more than twenty pages to Cho's troubled history. At three years of age, he was described as shy, frail, and wary of physical contact. In eighth grade, Cho was diagnosed with severe depression and selective mutism , an anxiety disorder that inhibited him from speaking in certain situations and/or to specific people. While early media reports carried claims by South Korean relatives that Cho

16714-433: Was accountable "would be wrong". The Review Panel validated public criticisms that Virginia Tech police erred in "prematurely concluding that their initial lead in the double homicide was a good one" and in delaying a campus-wide notification for almost two hours. The report analyzed the feasibility of a campus lockdown and essentially agreed with police testimony that such an action was not feasible. The report concluded that

16851-407: Was accused of stalking two female students. After an investigation, a Virginia special justice declared Cho mentally ill and ordered him to attend treatment. Because he was not institutionalized, he was allowed to purchase guns. The shooting prompted the state of Virginia to close legal loopholes that had allowed individuals adjudicated as mentally unsound to purchase handguns without detection by

16988-403: Was actually doing good. His destructive fantasy was now becoming an obsession." Police arrived within three minutes after receiving the emergency call from Norris Hall, but officers took about five minutes to enter the barricaded building. When they could not break the chains, an officer shot out a deadbolt lock leading into a laboratory; they then moved to a nearby stairwell. As police reached

17125-506: Was admitted to Virginia Tech, school officials did not report his speech and anxiety-related problems or special education status because of federal privacy laws that prohibit such disclosure unless a student requests special accommodation. The Massengill Report detailed numerous incidents of aberrant behavior, beginning during Cho's junior year, that illustrated his deteriorating mental condition. Several of Cho's former professors reported that his writing as well as his classroom behavior

17262-482: Was already wounded, distracted the aggressor from a nearby student after he had returned to the room. Shaalan was shot a second time and died. Also in the same room, another wounded student named Guillermo Colman was shielded from more serious injury by having the body of student Partahi Lumbantoruan placed on top of him, but Colman's various accounts make it unclear whether he pulled Lumbantoruan's body over himself or Lumbantoruan initially landed on Colman after being shot

17399-555: Was disturbing, and he was encouraged to seek counseling. He was also investigated by the university for stalking and harassing two female students. In 2005, Cho had been declared mentally ill by a Virginia special justice and ordered to seek outpatient treatment . Cho's underlying psychological diagnosis at the time of the shootings remains a matter of speculation. The Massengill Report cited misinterpretations of federal privacy laws when it faulted Virginia Tech officials for failing to share information that would have shed light on

17536-417: Was down in Blacksburg , I said some nice things about Al Groh and it was like I had turned my back on them." In 2011, students from Virginia Tech put a tee shirt from their school on a statue of Thomas Jefferson located on The Lawn , after Virginia Tech's football team won the yearly matchup. In 2003, the Atlantic Coast Conference initially planned to add Boston College , Miami , and Syracuse to

17673-569: Was established as a non-religious and freethinking university whereas the old Catholic University of Leuven – refounded in 1835 – remained under Church control. The rivalry survived the division of the two original foundations into separate Dutch-speaking and French-speaking establishments, in 1968 and 1970 respectively. Nowadays control of the Church over the two catholic universities has diminished and they are largely pluralist, accepting students and professors from all religions and backgrounds, but

17810-528: Was held outside the U.S. embassy in Seoul . South Korean President Roh Moo-hyun expressed condolences, saying that he hoped that the U.S. would recover quickly from the incident. Although Cho came to the U.S. as a third-grader and was a permanent resident , many South Koreans felt guilt and mourned because they considered him a South Korean by "blood" . One South Korean commentator opined that fears of xenophobic reprisals from Americans against them were from

17947-540: Was in West Ambler Johnston Hall , a residence hall where Seung-Hui Cho killed two students. The second incident was in Norris Hall , an academic building on the opposite side of the campus where the other thirty-one deaths occurred, including that of Cho himself, and all the nonlethal injuries occurred. Cho used two semi-automatic pistols during the attacks: a .22-caliber Walther P22 and

18084-514: Was influenced by the movie. The Virginia Tech Review Panel concluded that because of Cho's inability to handle stress and the "frightening prospect" of being "turned out into the world of work, finances, responsibilities, and a family," he chose to engage in a fantasy in which "he would be remembered as the savior of the oppressed, the downtrodden, the poor, and the rejected." The panel went further, stating that, "His thought processes were so distorted that he began arguing to himself that his evil plan

18221-421: Was lying on the ground next to the door and fatally shot both in the temple. He then turned to two other students who were taking cover and critically injured them before leaving and re-entering room 206 the third time. At 9:50 am, 10 minutes after the second shooting began, a SWAT team started to enter the building. They were not able to shoot their way through the chain locked entrances, but managed entry via

18358-446: Was not sought out of respect for the Virginia Tech massacre . Virginia athletic director Craig Littlepage stated at the time that "now is not the time to be talking about bragging rights." In August 2014, the two schools announced a renewed rivalry competition with a new name and new scoring system between the two schools, named the Commonwealth Clash . This more recent competition was sponsored by Virginia 529 College Savings Plan . At

18495-415: Was originally termed an "intermediate memorial" was modeled after the makeshift memorial. The original pieces of Hokie Stone placed by Hokies United were offered to the families of the victims. The engraved markers are embedded in a semicircle of crushed gravel with a brick walkway for viewing. There is ground lighting for nighttime illumination and two benches, one on either side of the memorial, in honor of

18632-496: Was ostracized and mercilessly bullied for class-, height-, and race-related reasons in high school, causing some anti-bullying advocates to feel that the Review Panel was engaging in an authority-absolving whitewash. Supposedly, high school officials had worked with Cho's parents and mental health counselors to support him throughout his sophomore and junior years. Cho eventually chose to discontinue therapy. When he applied and

18769-480: Was postmarked at 9:01 a.m. Around 9:40 a.m., Cho entered Norris Hall, which housed the Engineering Science and Mechanics program among others. In a backpack, he carried heavy duty chains and locks, a hammer, a knife, two handguns with nineteen 10- and 15-round magazines, and nearly 400 rounds of ammunition. With the locks and chains, he chained the three main entrance doors shut and placed

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