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35-425: While initially conceived as an information and resource sharing network linking a variety of counter-cultural economic, educational, and social organizations with each other and the public, Community Memory was soon generalized to be an information flea market , by providing unmediated, two-way access to message databases through public computer terminals. Once the system became available, the users demonstrated that it

70-599: A countercultural retail store in Berkeley, California . In the early 1990s, Whole Earth Access had seven stores in Northern California. After filing for bankruptcy in 1996, all stores closed in 1998. The Whole Earth Catalog was preceded by the "Whole Earth Truck Store", a 1963 Dodge truck. In 1968, the "Truck Store" finally settled into its permanent location in Menlo Park, California . In 1969,

105-510: A discounted price. Salespersons were technology-savvy and knowledgeable of their products. Gene Farb managed electronics and photographic merchandise, Larry Farb managed hardware and appliances, Laura Katz (Larry's wife) ran the housewares and clothing departments, and Toni Garrett (Gene's wife) handled book sales and mail order. The store also built some of the computers it was selling, The second store opened in Marin County in 1982, and

140-593: A new forum. The record store and its bulletin board brought together drummers seeking fusion guitarists, bagel aficionados looking for sources, and the first poets of the medium, notably one who went by the nom de plume of Dr. Benway — the first net personality. Periodically directories of recently added items or of musician-related messages would be printed out and left there. In other terminal locations, users sought out complete strangers to assemble car pools, organize study groups, find chess partners, or even pass tips on good restaurants. According to Colstad and Lipkin,

175-410: A simple system that could function as a source of community information. Felsenstein took care of hardware , Lipkin software , and Szpakowski user interface and information husbandry. Community Memory in its first phase (1973–1975) was an experiment to see how people would react to using a computer to exchange information. At that time few people had any direct contact with computers. CM was conceived as

210-764: A store that was inspired by (but not financially connected with) the Whole Earth Catalog , called Whole Earth Access opened in Berkeley . The store had the Leopold's Records Teletype Model 33 ASR which connected to the Community Memory Project SDS 940 mainframe computer . In 1978, two brothers, Larry and Gene Farb bought the Berkeley store on Shattuck avenue. The first store, located in an industrial area of Berkeley, sold various brand names sought after by young affluents at

245-410: A tool to help strengthen the Berkeley community. Their brochure states that "strong, free, non-hierarchical channels of communication--whether by computer and modem, pen and ink, telephone, or face-to-face--are the front line of reclaiming and revitalizing our communities." The creators and founders of Community Memory shared the values of northern California counterculture of the 1960s , which included

280-420: A wide variety of products was available at very low prices through special ordering from distributors' catalogs. Gradually the store began stocking the items most commonly ordered, and we now carry a wide range of top-quality products for basic living, still at very low prices. Our newest section is electronics and communications, which includes cameras, video, audio, and computers. Larry Farb commented in 1986 to

315-599: Is a general agreement that the term 'Flea Market' is a literal translation of the French marché aux puces , an outdoor bazaar in Paris, France, named after those pesky little parasites of the order Siphonaptera (or "wingless bloodsucker") that infested the upholstery of old furniture brought out for sale. The second story appeared in the book Flea Markets , published in Europe by Chartwell Books, reading in its introduction: In

350-521: Is distinguished from street vending in that the market alone, and not any other public attraction, brings in buyers. There are a variety of vendors: some part-time who consider their work at flea markets a hobby due to their possession of an alternative job; full-time vendors who dedicate all their time to their stalls and collection of merchandise and rely solely on the profits made at the market. Vendors require skill in following retro and vintage trends, as well as selecting merchandise which connects with

385-530: Is normally used. In German, there are many words in use but the most common word is "Flohmarkt", meaning literally "flea market". The same applies to Dutch "vlooienmarkt", Swedish "loppmarknad" and Finnish "kirpputori". In the predominantly Cuban/Hispanic areas of South Florida, they are called [el] pulguero ("[the] flea store") from pulga , the Spanish word for fleas. In the Southern part of Andalusia, due to

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420-485: Is often seasonal. However, in recent years there has been the development of 'formal' and 'casual' markets which divides a fixed-style market (formal) with long-term leases and a seasonal-style market with short-term leases. Consistently, there tends to be an emphasis on sustainable consumption whereby items such as used goods , collectibles , antiques and vintage clothing can be purchased, in an effort to combat climate change and fast fashion . Flea market vending

455-446: Is the equivalent of a bazaar , a permanent, indoor shopping center open during normal retail hours, with fixed booths or storefronts for the vendors. Different English-speaking countries use various names for flea markets. In Australian English , they are also called 'trash and treasure markets', while the term 'swap meet' is used for a market held primarily to sell car- and motorcycle parts and automobilia . In Philippine English ,

490-553: The Los Angeles Times that, "we've grown up with our customers [...] the person who bought wood stoves in the 1970s is buying cappuccino makers today." In the early 1990s, the company opened four more stores in Northern California, contracting debts to finance the expansion. In 1992, its sales peaked at US$ 180   million. In 1995, the San Jose and Concord stores were closed. In 1996, Basic Living Products,

525-712: The Fly Market in 18th-century New York City, located at Maiden Lane near the East River in Manhattan , began the association. The land on which the market took place was originally a salt marsh with a brook , and by the early 1800s the Fly Market was the city's principal market. A second hypothesis maintains that flea market is a common English calque from the French marché aux puces , which literally translates to "market with fleas", labelled as such because

560-627: The Computer Revolution , Steven Levy described how the founders of Community Memory began the organization. Some of the founders were involved in the Homebrew Computer Club , an organization credited with significant impact in the development of the personal computer . The first terminal was a Teletype Model 33 connected to the SDS 940 computer by telephone, using a 10 character per second acoustic coupled modem . It

595-552: The celebration of free speech and the anti-war movement. They were also supporters of ecological, low cost, decentralized, and user-friendly technology. CM had a presence in Vancouver starting in July 1974, led by Andrew Clement. A second incarnation of Community Memory, aimed at creating a global information network, appeared in the later seventies. Its major players were Efrem Lipkin and Ken Colstad. In his book Hackers: Heroes of

630-556: The culture and identity of their customers. In the United States, the National Association of Flea Markets was established in 1998, which provides various resources for sellers, suppliers and buyers and also provides a means for suppliers and sellers to communicate and form affiliations. While the concept has existed for millennia, the origins of the term flea market are disputed. According to one hypothesis,

665-465: The influence of Gibraltar English, they are known as "piojito", which means "little louse". In Chile they can be called persas or mercados persa ("persian market") and ferias libres , if mostly selling fruit and vegetables. In Argentina they are most likely called "feria artesanal" (artisan's or street fair) or "feria americana" (American fair), the latter name is due to have taken the idea from their United States counterpart. In Moroccan Darija ,

700-546: The item to be indexed. To search for an item, the user would type the command FIND followed by a logical structure of keywords connected with ANDs, ORs and NOTs. By the side sat a CM assistant, attracting people's attention and encouraging them to add and find messages. In its approach, Community Memory adopted a creative method to funding the project. They provided users with coin-operated terminals which could be read without charge; however, in order to post an opinion, users were required to pay twenty-five cents or one dollar to start

735-403: The items sold were previously owned and worn, likely containing fleas. The first reference to this term appeared in two conflicting stories about a location in Paris in the 1860s which was known as the " marché aux puces" . The traditional and most-publicized story is in the article "What Is a Flea Market?" by Albert LaFarge in the 1998 winter edition of Today's Flea Market magazine: There

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770-406: The north of Paris, just outside the former fort, in front of the gate Porte de Clignancourt . The first stalls were erected in about 1860. The gathering together of all these exiles from the slums of Paris was soon given the name " marché aux puces ", meaning "flea market", later translation. In the United States, an outdoor swap meet is the equivalent of a flea market. However, an indoor swap meet

805-430: The opportunity to be able to use a computer. Brief instructions were mounted above the modified keyboard showing how to send a message to the mainframe, how to attach keywords to it to make it searchable and how to search those keywords to find messages from others. To use a Community Memory terminal, the user would type the command ADD, followed by the text of the item, and then by any keywords under which he/she desired

840-421: The rate of use of the system was fairly high and constant in relation to the environment of the terminals. About fifty searches and ten additions occurred each day at each location. Given the length of individual sessions with the system this was at least one-third the maximum capacity of a terminal. Anonymity was possible with Community Memory because users were not required to share their names or register to use

875-475: The system. All of the information on the system is community generated, which has two implications. Firstly, there was no central authority of any kind that establishes what information is available in the system. The second implication is that information is not imported from other sites. The original Berkeley Whole Earth Access Store on Shattuck Avenue got the Leopold's Records Teletype Model 33 ASR. When CRT -based terminals became more cheaply available one

910-710: The term for "flea market" is جوطية juṭiyya , which either derives from French jeter or jetable (throwable), or is an older term derived from جوقة juqa meaning "gathering of people". An ancient village on the bank of Sebou River by the name جوطة "Juta" may have been a big medieval market. In the Philippines "Tiangges" or bazaar shopping is famous in spacious markets like Divisoria , Greenhills , and Baclaran . It features rows of stalls with displays for sale of variety items like clothes, accessories, gadgets at incredibly low prices. Whole Earth Access Whole Earth Access (1969–1998) started as

945-468: The third in San Francisco in 1985. According to a 1985 issue of the store's Whole Earth Access Mail Order Catalog, (named after, but not connected to the Whole Earth Catalog which it also sold): Our Berkeley store opened in 1969, inspired by but independent of the Whole Earth Catalog . It began by carrying books, a few woodstoves, a few power tools, and back-to-the-land equipment. Access to

980-527: The time of the Emperor Napoleon III , the imperial architect Haussmann made plans for the broad, straight boulevards with rows of square houses in the center of Paris, along which army divisions could march with much pompous noise. The plans forced many dealers in second-hand goods to flee their old dwellings; the alleys and slums were demolished. These dislodged merchants were, however, allowed to continue selling their wares undisturbed right in

1015-540: The vendors will sell goods from the boot (or 'trunk' in American English ) of their car. If the event is held indoors, such as a school or church hall, then it is usually known as either a jumble sale , or a bring and buy sale . In Quebec and France, they are often called Marché aux puces (literally "flea market"), while in French-speaking areas of Belgium , the name brocante or vide-grenier

1050-530: The word is tianggê from the word tianguis via Mexican Spanish coming from Nahuatl . Despite common misconception, it is not derived from Hokkien . The word supplants the indigenous term talipapâ . In India, it is known as gurjari or shrukawadi bazaar or even as juna bazaar in Pune . In the United Kingdom, they are known as car boot sales if the event takes place in a field or car park, as

1085-478: Was a general communications medium that could be used for art, literature, journalism, commerce, and social chatter. Community Memory was created by Lee Felsenstein , Efrem Lipkin, Ken Colstad, Jude Milhon , and Mark Szpakowski, acting as The Community Memory Project within the Resource One computer center at Project One in San Francisco . This group of computer savvy friends and partners wanted to create

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1120-411: Was located at the top of the stairs leading to Leopold's Records in Berkeley , right next to a busy conventional bulletin board . The Teletype machine was noisy, so it was encased in a cardboard box, with a transparent plastic top so what was being printed out could be seen, and with holes for one's hands while typing. This was the first time many individuals who were not studying a scientific subject had

1155-636: Was set up at the original Berkeley Whole Earth Access Store and another at the Mission Public Library in San Francisco. The character of the message base varied with location. The Community Memory software was implemented as an extension of the ROGIRS keyword information retrieval system written by Bart Berger and John M. Cooney at Resource One , which in turn was derived from Robert Shapiro's MIRS (Meta Information Retrieval System). It

1190-519: Was shut down in January 1975; its staff left Resource One and began to explore funding for a new project which would develop the software for a replicable and networked version of Community Memory. [REDACTED] Media related to Community Memory at Wikimedia Commons Flea market A flea market (or swap meet ) is a type of street market that provides space for vendors to sell previously owned (second-hand) goods . This type of market

1225-603: Was written in QSPL and ran on an SDS 940 , an early timesharing system the size of eight refrigerators, originally used by Douglas Engelbart in The Mother of All Demos , which had been donated to Resource One for community use. By 1974, it was apparent that Community Memory needed to move from its home on the XDS-940 (which was large, underpowered, and uneconomical) and be recast as a network of more modern minicomputers . It

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