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99-572: Christopher John Nowinski (born September 24, 1978) is an American neuroscientist , author and retired professional wrestler . After extensively researching concussions in American football , Nowinski co-founded the Concussion Legacy Foundation, where he is currently CEO and co-founded Boston University 's CTE Center. As a professional wrestler, he is best known for his tenure with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) under

198-437: A U.S. based reality show focused on the emerging sport. Vice called Nowinski "the man most responsible for making CTE part of the national conversation" and in 2010 Sports Illustrated printed: "It is Nowinski's figure which looms behind the doctors and the headlines and the debate roiling over sports' newfound commitment to minimizing head trauma." Neuroscientist Neuroscientists generally work as researchers within

297-401: A college , university , government agency , or private industry setting. In research-oriented careers, neuroscientists typically spend their time designing and carrying out scientific experiments that contribute to the understanding of the nervous system and its function. They can engage in basic or applied research. Basic research seeks to add information to our current understanding of

396-431: A hardcore match (which he won by putting himself through a table) and his short lived comedy tag team with Steve Blackman . Snow received some mainstream publicity in 1999 when Wal-Mart pulled his action figure from their shelves after Sabrena Parton, a professor at Kennesaw State University , complained that "Head" was a "decapitated woman's head" that sent an inappropriate message about violence towards women. Parton

495-613: A ninja -style masked gimmick . He wrestled in the November 19, 1994, tournament for the vacant NWA World Heavyweight Championship, but he lost to Chris Candido , the eventual winner of the tournament. From 1995 to 1997, Snow operated a professional wrestling school called "Body Slammers" in Lima, Ohio , hiring D'Lo Brown as an assistant trainer. It has since branched out with one of his trainers running "Bodyslammers" in Ottawa . After

594-567: A pathologist at the University of Pittsburgh announced that "the condition of Waters' brain tissue was what would be expected in an 85-year-old man, and there were characteristics of someone being in the early stages of Alzheimer's ". Nowinski played a role in the discovery of the fourth case of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) in a former NFL football player, former Pittsburgh Steelers offensive lineman Justin Strzelczyk , who

693-647: A "Kennel from Hell" match at Unforgiven , which consisted of a regular cage which was surrounded by a Hell in a Cell structure, with "a trained pack of wild dogs" in between the two, and the objective was to escape both cages without being attacked by the dogs. Snow won the match. Snow would later team with real life friend Mick Foley and became tag team champions with him for a short amount of time, but turned heel by betraying him due to Foley's jokes about him in his autobiography , Have A Nice Day , and his growing jealousy of Foley's tag team partner, The Rock . He would later turn face again due to fan reaction. Snow

792-410: A broad range of disciplines, and thus the fields neuroscientists work in vary. Neuroscientists may study topics from the large hemispheres of the brain to neurotransmitters and synapses occurring in neurons at a micro-level. Some fields that combine psychology and neurobiology include cognitive neuroscience , and behavioural neuroscience. Cognitive neuroscientists study human consciousness , specifically

891-490: A celebration of hardcore wrestling and a final farewell to the company. At the event Snow was defeated by Rhino in a three-way match, which also included Brother Runt . After that, he appeared onscreen in his real-life role as company agent on multiple occasions, often alongside fellow agents Ace "D'Lo Brown" Conner and Pat Kenney. Sarven currently holds the title of producer for the company. In Spring 2011, Snow returned to OVW, dividing his time between his TNA duties and work as

990-698: A contract for a match, the two met on October 14 at Bound for Glory , where Snow wrestled only his second match for TNA, losing to Ryan, following interference from Matt Morgan . On January 12, 2013, Snow took part in Joker's Wild (which aired May 3, 2013), teaming with recent rival Joey Ryan , in a loss against Matt Morgan and Robbie T . On the August 7, 2014, edition of Impact Wrestling , Snow returned to team with Team 3D ( Bully Ray and Devon ) and Tommy Dreamer against Ethan Carter III , Rhino , Big Rycklon and Gene Snitsky in an eight-man Hardcore War in

1089-505: A double missile dropkick on Nowinski, but a mistimed execution caused Edge to land on Nowinski's head that caused his subsequent post-concussion syndrome later in his career. Also from February to April 2003, Nowinski made appearances in WWE's developmental territory Ohio Valley Wrestling . On the March 31 episode of Raw , Nowinski was defeated by Scott Steiner . The feud come to an end on

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1188-719: A dozen concussions in his career) retired from the NFL. Nowinski alerted police and the coroner of Chris Benoit , asking them to do a brain exam on Benoit's brain to see if concussions had any part in his rage or depression at the time of the double-homicide of his family and his suicide . In June 2007, Nowinski co-founded the Sports Legacy Institute (now the Concussion Legacy Foundation), an organization dedicated to furthering awareness of and research on sports-related head injuries, and increasing

1287-415: A foundation in the field of research. Typical undergraduate majors include biology , behavioral neuroscience , and cognitive neuroscience . Many colleges and universities now have PhD training programs in the neurosciences, often with divisions between cognitive , cellular and molecular , computational and systems neuroscience. Neuroscience has a unique perspective in that it can be applied in

1386-596: A house show in Green Bay, Wisconsin. After a full year of post-concussion symptoms he chose to retire from wrestling. Following his wrestling career, Nowinski authored Head Games: Football's Concussion Crisis in 2006, which examined the long-term effects of head trauma among athletes, and also became a documentary . The Lancet said "the book sent shockwaves through the National Football League (NFL)" and details his career-ending injury and discusses

1485-702: A liaison making contact with athletes and families of deceased athletes, to further case studies that examine brain tissues impacted by CTE. As of 2020 he serves as the Outreach, Recruitment, Education, and Public Policy Leader. Hockey News listed Nowinski on its 2011 edition of the 100 Most Powerful people in ice hockey as one of the Top 40 under the age of 40. This recognition was attributed to his ability in getting hockey players to donate brain tissue after death. In January 2023, Nowinski presented warnings and criticism of an increased prevalence in slap fighting, to include

1584-660: A little head" (meaning he had to be willing to sleep with/have sex with the booker ). Snow, however took this literally, and thus he started coming to the ring with the mannequin head (with the words "Help Me" written backwards on its forehead, an action Snow himself began to do) whom he talked to as if it were a real person, which prompted ECW crowds to chant "We want Head" , an intentional double entendre . ECW promoters handed out styrofoam mannequin heads at wrestling shows, and audience members started waving them and shouting, "Head! Head! Head!" in time to " Breathe " by The Prodigy, his entrance music. The entire audience would then throw

1683-465: A long time and fight hard to prove themselves worthy back then. He invited Mahabali Shera to the ring and apologized to him for attacking him and Grado, breaking Grado's arm in the process. Shera shook hands with him, only for Al Snow to betray and attack him once they went out of the ring. At a backstage segment, Al Snow said angrily he doesn't need to apologize and explain himself to rookies and if they want his apology and respect they need to defeat him in

1782-457: A losing effort against The Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley, D-Von Dudley and Spike Dudley). At Bad Blood , Nowinski and Mack defeated Bubba Ray and D-Von. Nowinski wrestled his final televised match, due to him sustaining post-concussion syndrome, on the June 23 episode of Raw , in a losing effort against Maven. His last match was on July 12 with Rodney Mack defeating Rosey and Tommy Dreamer at

1881-574: A losing effort, after which he would then go on to shake Grado's hand turning face in the process. Afterwards, the Beat Down Clan (BDC) would go on to attack both Snow and Grado, but were saved by the debuting Drew Galloway , would fend off the BDC and who would then stand tall in the ring alongside Al Snow and his friend, Grado. At Bound for Glory 2015 Snow competed in the Bound for Gold Gauntlet. On

1980-434: A match that ended in a no contest. Nowinski teamed with D'Lo Brown to defeat Snow and Maven on two occasions. Nowinski continued his feud with Maven into 2003, where Test aligned himself with Maven for a few weeks, successfully defeating Nowinski and Brown on January 13, 2003, episode of Raw . Nowinski competed his first ever Royal Rumble match in 2003, entering at #3. During the match Edge and Rey Mysterio performed

2079-563: A match. A week after, Al Snow had a match with Shera in which before and a bit during the match he has blamed the wrestling changes on the fans and said they are cowards for sitting behind the barricades and not coming to the ring to face him. Shera gave a good fight, but Al Snow eventually won the match. In the May 10 episode of Impact! , Shera and Snow had a rematch where Al Snow played games and almost won with his cheating tactics, however, he eventually failed to win due to Grado involving himself in

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2178-402: A minority owner since 2021). Sarven attended a professional wrestling tryout camp held by Ole and Gene Anderson . There he met Jim Lancaster, promoter of Ohio's Midwest Championship Wrestling, who agreed to train him. Lancaster later described Sarven as "a leader in the ring" who "had drive and natural ability". He made his debut on May 22, 1982. Sarven defeated Lancaster on May 5, 1985, for

2277-692: A pharmaceutical and biotech consultant in Boston shortly after graduation. In 2017, he graduated with a Ph.D. in Behavioral Neuroscience from Boston University . He decided to study behavioral neuroscience after a 2003 head injury caused multiple symptoms, including a three-year-long headache . Nowinski did not begin watching wrestling until his senior year of college. After graduating from Harvard, he joined Killer Kowalski 's wrestling school in Malden, Massachusetts . Nowinski became one of

2376-455: A show producer for OVW. In November of that year, OVW became TNA's official developmental territory. In May 2012, Snow began appearing as a judge in the monthly Gut Check segment on Impact Wrestling . The following July, Snow started a storyline rivalry with Joey Ryan , who had been denied a spot on the TNA roster, following his appearance on TNA Gut Check. After Snow tricked Ryan into signing

2475-896: A top-tier university medical school. To that end, the CLF began such a partnership with Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM) in September 2008, collaborating in formation of its Center for the Study of Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE Center). CLF has sought to develop ways to raise awareness of the issue and to directly educate coaches, athletes and parents and has been featured in articles in The New York Times , on news programs such as 60 Minutes and Frontline , and CNN . In August 2010, Nowinski took offense to Linda McMahon saying during her Senate campaign that she only met recently overdosed wrestler Lance Cade "once" and said it

2574-654: A tour of Japan , Sarven wrestled a match in Michigan against Sabu , an Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) regular, who suggested he try ECW. After making his debut against The Tazmaniac and losing via pinfall on February 4, 1995, Sarven faced Chris Benoit as Al Snow, in a 15-minute match that was hailed as one of the best of the year. Sarven was also being courted by Jim Cornette for his Smoky Mountain Wrestling federation. ECW booker Paul Heyman agreed to let him work for both companies. Sarven soon found that he

2673-559: A tryout as an agent for TNA Wrestling. He made his return to television on the July 15, 2010, edition of Impact! , aligning himself with fellow ECW alumni Tommy Dreamer , Raven , Stevie Richards , Rhino , Brother Devon , Pat Kenney and Mick Foley in their invitation by Dixie Carter to TNA. The following week, TNA president Dixie Carter agreed to give the ECW alumni their own reunion pay–per–view event, Hardcore Justice: The Last Stand , as

2772-598: A winning effort. On the February 13, 2015, edition of Impact Wrestling (which was taped on January 29), Snow returned to TV as a heel, where he was seen in the SSE Hydro , calling out Scottish wrestler and British Boot Camp 2 contestant, Grado . Grado would come out to the ring where Snow would give him the opportunity to retire from wrestling, Grado would not take the offer. On the February 20 edition of Impact Wrestling (also taped January 29) Snow would face Grado in

2871-543: Is devoted to understanding the diseases that affect the nervous system, like multiple sclerosis , Alzheimer's , Parkinson's , and Lou Gehrig's . Research commonly occurs in private, government and public research institutions and universities. Some common tasks for neuroscientists are: The overall median salary for neuroscientists in the United States was $ 79,940 in May 2014 . Neuroscientists are usually full-time employees. Median salaries at common work places in

2970-485: Is to the developing brains in rats. They found that the rats who were deprived of nurture from the mother for just one hour had reduced functions in processes like DNA synthesis and hormone secretion. Michael Meaney and his colleagues found that the offspring of mother rats who provided significant nurture and attention tended to show less fear, responded more positively to stress, and functioned at higher levels and for longer times when fully mature. They also found that

3069-492: The Frontier Wrestling Alliance promotion at its Lights Camera Action show on December 14, 2001. Nowinski competed in its main event teaming up with Alex Shane to defeat Drew McDonald and Flash Barker. Though this was the only show Nowinski did for the promotion, he regards it as the best promotion he has ever worked for outside of WWE. In early 2002 he continued to work in the independents throughout

Christopher Nowinski - Misplaced Pages Continue

3168-630: The Raw announce table after a victory at Unforgiven in 2003. When Tough Enough IV came to SmackDown! , Snow was on the scene and turned face once again. On April 12, 2004, episode of Raw, Snow dressed up as the Five Star Ninja a portray of Shinobi which he lost to Tajiri . In September 2004 Snow left Sunday Night Heat as a commentator and went to Velocity . He continued to coach for WWE Tough Enough season 4. He did not wrestle any matches for WWE in 2005. Instead, he continued working in

3267-663: The World Wrestling Federation (WWF) when he signed a contract in August 1995. During his tenure in the company, Sarven wrestled under numerous gimmicks , such as Avatar , which saw him come to the ring unmasked, putting on a mask to wrestle, then removing it afterwards. The gimmick was based on Mighty Morphin Power Rangers and Mortal Kombat whose popularity the company wanted to capitalize on at that time. During his particularly short run under this gimmick, Sarven's WWF debut as Avatar took place on

3366-476: The special guest enforcer for the match between Kurt Angle and Rhino . Angle said he had hired "another former World Champion" and someone who had co-held a world tag team title with Foley. This person would debut during Angle's match to "take care of Foley". And on the night in question, Al Snow revealed himself to be the mystery ally of Angle, who interrupted the match by slapping Foley. The distraction allowed Angle to beat Rhino. In March 2010, Sarven received

3465-504: The spinal cord . When it came to the brain, he believed that sensory sensation was caused in the middle of the brain, while the motor sensations were produced in the anterior portion of the brain. Galen imparted some ideas on mental health disorders and what caused these disorders to arise. He believed that the cause was backed-up black bile, and that epilepsy was caused by phlegm. Galen's observations on neuroscience were not challenged for many years. Medieval beliefs generally held true

3564-551: The tag team partner of Marty Jannetty in February 1996. The duo were promoted as The New Rockers, a throwback to the original Rockers team of Jannetty and Shawn Michaels . Eventually, Jannetty left in December 1996, and Sarven was reduced to jobbing for mid-carders in January 1997. In the late 1990s, WWF and ECW began to cross-promote their organizations to counteract the success of World Championship Wrestling (WCW); Sarven

3663-456: The 15th-Anniversary special on December 10, 2007, Snow participated in the 15th Anniversary Battle Royal where he eliminted Doink the Clown and Gangrel . He was eliminated by Flash Funk . After WWE ceased affiliations with Ohio Valley Wrestling in February 2008, Sarven was released from his position as a trainer. Snow was allowed to compete on the independent circuit while under contract with

3762-500: The Andre Waters case. Nowinski contacted Omalu, who discovered the brain was still available, and Nowinski called Mary Strzelczyk, Justin's mother, to ask for permission to Omalu to examine it for CTE. Omalu's positive diagnosis was confirmed by two other neuropathologists . Nowinski came together with Ted Johnson , former New England Patriots linebacker, on revealing symptoms of concussions after Johnson (who received over half

3861-567: The Concussion Legacy Foundation (CLF) in Boston, Massachusetts in reaction to medical research indicating brain trauma in sports had become a public health crisis. Postmortem analysis of the brain tissue of former contact sports athletes was revealing that repetitive brain injuries, both concussions and subconcussive blows, could lead to the neurodegenerative disease chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). An absence of awareness and education on concussions, specifically proper diagnosis and management,

3960-578: The March 29, 2016 Impact Wrestling Snow returned as a heel attacking Grado backstage. On the April 5, 2016 Impact Wrestling TNA Management Director Billy Corgan suspended Al Snow for the week without pay and said next week he must apologise. When Al Snow returned from his suspension week, he entered the ring and said the ease new talents get today with earning respect and a name in the professional wrestling business, drove him crazy as he and others of his and generations before him needed to get some for quite

4059-607: The Mat . He also participated in the wrestling documentary, Bloodstained Memoirs . Al Snow also appeared as a coach on WWE Tough Enough (then called WWF Tough Enough ) during the show's first three seasons. On November 10, 2012, Snow, along with several other TNA workers, was featured in an episode of MTV 's Made . Snow completed his work as the "Man in Black" for the independent horror film Lake Eerie on October 23, 2013. The film stars Lance Henriksen , Betsy Baker and

Christopher Nowinski - Misplaced Pages Continue

4158-483: The May 12 episode of Raw , where Nowinski teamed with La Résistance ( René Duprée and Sylvain Grenier ) in a losing effort against Steiner, Test and Goldust . On the May 26 episode of Raw , Nowinski aligned himself with Thuggin' And Buggin' Enterprises , an African American wrestling stable consisting of Rodney Mack , Jazz and their manager Theodore Long . At Insurrextion , Nowinski teamed with Mack and Long in

4257-725: The Midwest Championship Wrestling title. Sarven wrestled in various independent promotions throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, capturing both tag team and singles titles, but failed to make any big breaks. In 1993 he competed in the WWF as a jobber losing to Marty Jannetty and The Undertaker under the name Steve Moore . He gained a reputation as "the best-kept secret in wrestling". Sarven helped train future Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) Hall of Fame member and NWA World Heavyweight Champion Dan Severn . During this time he would sometimes wrestle as Shinobi,

4356-626: The Nome King in the feature film Dorothy and the Witches of Oz (2012) with Christopher Lloyd , as well as starring in the action film Overtime , and the comedy film Agua Caliente . He had an uncredited role in the drama film Rudy (1993). Snow also appeared in They're Just My Friends (2006) and co-stars alongside Tiger Chung Lee in Mountain Mafia (2009). In 2006, he played himself in

4455-561: The October 23, 1995, episode of Monday Night RAW , defeating Bryan Walsh. About a month after his debut, he was scheduled to be the third man for The Underdogs at Survivor Series but for reasons unknown, was replaced by Bob Holly . After this, he started teaming with Aldo Montoya . His two final matches as Avatar were against Sycho Sid & 1-2-3 Kid . He was also to partake in the 1996 Royal Rumble match but once again, due to unknown reasons, never appeared. His final match in February

4554-428: The September 9 episode of Raw . A week later, Dreamer attacked Nowinski in a classroom. Their feud ended on the October 14 episode of Raw , where Nowinski was once again successful in defeating Dreamer. Over the next few weeks, Nowinski claimed victories over Jeff Hardy and Booker T before starting a feud with his former Tough Enough trainer, Al Snow . On the November 25 episode of Raw , Nowinski went against Maven in

4653-590: The States and Heartland Wrestling Association in Ohio. On the June 10, 2002, episode of Raw , Nowinski debuted in WWE as a heel, helping William Regal beat Bradshaw in a European Championship match. Nowinski had a short-lived alliance with Regal, defeating Spike Dudley in his debut match the following week with Regal in his corner. Nowinski teamed with Regal on the June 24 episode of Raw , defeating Bradshaw and Dudley. Nowinski continued to feud with Bradshaw over

4752-596: The U.S. and Europe, especially in the U.K. and Germany. In March 2009, he made an appearance in Chikara 's King of Trios tournament, teaming up with Glacier and D'Lo Brown . On October 21, 2022, Snow and Kal Herro won the OFE Tag Team as the Newest Rockers. Snow wore attire that he wore as Leif Cassidy. In the lead-up to the December 7, 2008, TNA show Final Resolution , Mick Foley assigned himself as

4851-580: The United States are shown below. Neuroscientists research and study both the biological and psychological aspects of the nervous system. Once neuroscientists finish their post doctoral programs, 39% go on to perform more doctoral work, while 36% take on faculty jobs. Neuroscientists use a wide range of mathematical methods, computer programs, biochemical approaches and imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging , computed tomography angiography , and diffusion tensor imaging . Imaging techniques allow scientists to observe physical changes in

4950-829: The WWE. Snow would feud with Chris Candido for Northeast Wrestling in Connecticut in the fall of 2004. On May 7, 2005, Snow teamed with D'Lo Brown losing to Mick Foley and Shane Douglas at Mark Curtis Memorial Reunion in Johnson City, Tennessee. In 2006, Snow was pinned by the Millennium Wrestling Federation (MWF) Heavyweight Champion "Sudden Impact" Dylan Kage of Paul Bearer 's Trifecta stable at MWF Fireworks On The 4th . Snow would return to WWE's active roster full time in June 2006. After being released in February 2008 by WWE, Snow has regularly competed in several independent promotions in

5049-532: The academy had applied to the Kentucky Department of Education for formal accreditation as a vocational school. The academy has developed a two-year, 60-credit hour program (on the semester system) in all aspects of the wrestling business, ranging from in-ring performance to writing and TV production. Assuming state approval is received, the Louisville academy will start accepting applications for

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5148-399: The attribution of functions based on location to be crude. Pushing away from the superficial proposals made by Galen and medieval beliefs, Vesalius did not believe that studying anatomy would lead to any significant advances in the understanding of thinking and the brain. Research in neuroscience is expanding and becoming increasingly interdisciplinary. Many current research projects involve

5247-561: The brain and spinal cord, as signals occur. Neuroscientists can also be part of several different neuroscience organizations where they can publish and read different research topics. Neuroscience is expecting job growth of about 8% from 2014 to 2024, a considerably greater than average job growth rate when compared to other professions. Factors leading to this growth include an aging population, new discoveries leading to new areas of research, and increasing utilization of medications. Government funding for research will also continue to influence

5346-581: The brain come from the Egyptians . In about 3000 BC the first known written description of the brain also indicated that the location of brain injuries may be related to specific symptoms. This document contrasted common theory at the time. Most of the Egyptians' other writings are very spiritual, describing thought and feelings as responsibilities of the heart . This idea was widely accepted and can be found into 17th century Europe . Plato believed that

5445-473: The brain was the locus of mental processes. However, Aristotle believed instead the heart to be the source of mental processes and that the brain acted as a cooling system for the cardiovascular system. In the Middle Ages, Galen made a considerable impact on human anatomy . In terms of neuroscience, Galen described the seven cranial nerves ' functions along with giving a foundational understanding of

5544-418: The brain, and how it can be seen through a lens of biochemical and biophysical processes. Behavioral neuroscience encompasses the whole nervous system, environment and the brain how these areas show us aspects of motivation, learning, and motor skills along with many others. Computational neuroscience uses mathematical models to understand how the brain processes information. Some of the first writings about

5643-600: The dangers of concussions in football and other contact sports; the book includes stories from National Football League (NFL) players and fellow wrestlers, and has an introduction written by former governor of Minnesota and professional wrestler, Jesse Ventura . Later that year, Nowinski initiated an inquiry into the suicide of Andre Waters , a 44-year-old former NFL defensive back who shot himself on November 20, 2006. Waters had sustained several concussions over his career, and at Nowinski's behest, Waters' family agreed to send pieces of his brain to be tested. Bennet Omalu ,

5742-423: The demand for this specialty. Neuroscientists typically enroll in a four-year undergraduate program and then move on to a PhD program for graduate studies. Once finished with their graduate studies, neuroscientists may continue doing postdoctoral work to gain more lab experience and explore new laboratory methods. In their undergraduate years, neuroscientists typically take physical and life science courses to gain

5841-542: The dog if Snow defeated him in a match for the Hardcore title; however, after losing the match he reneged and kept the dog. Later, in a segment on WWF SmackDown! , Big Boss Man invited Snow to his hotel room to discuss the situation, before serving Snow dinner which was then revealed to be Pepper. (In a 2008 interview, Snow said that this angle had been based on a story of Mr. Fuji having done something similar with his partner Professor Tanaka's dog. ) The feud culminated at

5940-429: The heads into the ring before the match started. The biggest match of his ECW career came when he wrestled for the promotion's World Heavyweight Championship , losing to Shane Douglas at Wrestlepalooza in 1998. Sarven was then recalled to the company in May 1998, where he continued his gimmick of talking to "Head", creating some of the more memorable humorous skits of " The Attitude Era " including fighting himself in

6039-452: The importance of touch is shown in newborn humans. The same results that were shown in rats, also held true for humans. Babies that received less touch and nurture developed slower than babies that received a lot of attention and nurture. Stress levels were also lower in babies that were nurtured regularly and cognitive development was also higher due to increased touch. Human offspring, much like rat offspring, thrive off of nurture, as shown by

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6138-494: The independent feature film The Still Life . Snow can also be seen as the brutal serial killer Grim, also known as "The Reaper's", in Feathered Italian Films latest slasher films The Legacy and Hell House . Head also cameos in "The Legacy". He was one of the leads in the sci-fi/action/comedy film Overtime (2011) by director Matt Niehoff. Snow had a quick line in the wrestling documentary Beyond

6237-420: The independents. In June 2006, Snow returned to wrestling full-time as a member of the new ECW brand. His first appearance in the new brand was in the WWE vs ECW Battle Royal at the "WWE vs. ECW Head to Head" special, where he was accompanied by Head. He was eliminated from the match. On the June 13, 2006, debut of ECW on Sci-Fi , Snow participated in an Extreme Battle Royal, which was won by Sabu . Over

6336-448: The integration of computer programs in mapping the human nervous system. The National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) sponsored Human Connectome Project , launched in 2009, hopes to establish a highly detailed map of the human nervous system and its millions of connections. Detailed neural mapping could lead the way for advances in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders . Neuroscientists are also at work studying epigenetics ,

6435-403: The language of the country, and wearing attire which would suit the stereotype of that country. This continued until he lost the title to William Regal . In 2001, Snow tried to rally support from the fans to vote for him as the new Commissioner of the company following Foley's on-screen firing by Vince McMahon in December 2000. By March 2001, a match was set up between Snow and Regal to determine

6534-426: The life of a child from an ocean riptide at Santa Rosa Beach . On August 29, 2017, Prowrestling.net broke the news that Snow had signed a deal with ECW Press to release an autobiography. Co-written by Ross Owen Williams, who also co-authored Bob Holly 's autobiography The Hardcore Truth , the book was released in April 2019. In the press release, Snow said "we want the book to cover more than what I did in front of

6633-447: The match, making sure Shera wins. At backstage, a bit later, Al Snow was interviewed and talked angrily, cursing Grado and Shera in the process. On May 24 episode of Impact! , Al Snow went on to win a back and forth street fight against Grado with the help of the debuting Basille Baraka and Baron Dax , thus forming the tag team faction known as The Tribunal . On November 10, episode of Impact , The Tribunal attacked him until Shera made

6732-482: The nervous system, whereas applied research seeks to address a specific problem, such as developing a treatment for a neurological disorder . Biomedically-oriented neuroscientists typically engage in applied research. Neuroscientists also have a number of career opportunities outside the realm of research, including careers in industry, science writing, government program management, science advocacy, and education. These individuals most commonly hold doctorate degrees in

6831-653: The new Commissioner, which resulted in Regal winning. Snow then took some time off from the ring in order to commit more time for the reality show Tough Enough . He made his return to the ring in October 2001 during the InVasion era and challenged Christian for the WWF European Championship at Survivor Series , which he lost. Snow's last championship reign came on March 11, 2002, when he defeated Goldust to win his last Hardcore Championship. He lost

6930-493: The next few weeks, with their feud ending on the July 8 episode of Raw , where Nowinski teamed with Jackie Gayda in a losing effort against Bradshaw and Trish Stratus , while also trying to warm up Regal from his breakdown after he lost the European Championship to Jeff Hardy . Nowinski feuded with The Dudley Boyz ( Bubba Ray Dudley and Spike Dudley) through the summer. Nowinski defeated Tommy Dreamer on

7029-467: The next four months, he was used sporadically, mostly as a jobber , losing to people such as Test and Kevin Thorn . Snow was taken off the ECW roster in October 2006. Snow then returned with the company as a trainer at Ohio Valley Wrestling in 2007. On the February 3, 2007 OVW TV tapings, Snow was named the new OVW Troubleshooter by Danny Davis in response to Danny Basham 's WWE release. On Raw XV,

7128-399: The observations work, and give a model for it. One recent behavioral study is that of phenylketonuria (PKU) , a disorder that heavily damages the brain due to toxic levels of the amino acid phenylalanine . Before neuroscientists had studied this disorder, psychologists did not have a mechanistic understanding as to how this disorder caused high levels of the amino acid and thus treatment

7227-400: The promotion's day-to-day operations. On August 27, 2022, Snow and Doug Basham defeated Adam Revolver and Joe Mack at OVW The Big One. Snow was heavily featured in the docuseries Wrestlers , a Netflix released series focused on OVW that was released September 13, 2023. Following the series release, OVW had their first Thursday night sold-out show in eight years. He had a cameo as

7326-432: The proposals of Galen, including the attribution of mental processes to specific ventricles in the brain. Functions of regions of the brain were defined based on their texture and composition: memory function was attributed to the posterior ventricle, a harder region of the brain and thus a good place for memory storage. Andreas Vesalius redirected the study of neuroscience away from the anatomical focus; he considered

7425-560: The rats who were given much attention as adolescents also gave their offspring the same amount of attention and thus showed that rats raised their offspring similar to how they were raised. These studies were also seen on a microscopic level where different genes were expressed for the rats that were given high amounts of nurture and those same genes were not expressed in the rats who received less attention. The effects of nurture and touch were not only studied in rats, but also in newborn humans . Many neuroscientists have performed studies where

7524-551: The ring name Chris Harvard and later under his real name. Nowinski attended John Hersey High School in Arlington Heights, Illinois , serving as team captain of the football and basketball teams. He graduated cum laude from Harvard with a Bachelor of Arts in sociology in 2000. Nowinski played college football for the Crimson as a defensive tackle , earning second-team All- Ivy League honors. He worked as

7623-619: The safety of contact and collision sports worldwide. Nowinski's work was documented on ESPN 's Outside the Lines on September 5, 2007. On the same day, Benoit's brain examination report showed extensive damage due to concussions that could have led to dementia. Since Nowinski's departure from WWE and the publication of his book Head Games , he has garnered a significant amount of media attention, making numerous appearances on networks such as ESPN and CNN to discuss sports-related head injuries. On June 14, 2007, Nowinski and Robert Cantu founded

7722-580: The save, turning face once again in the process. On December 8 episode of Impact Wrestling , Snow and Shera defeated The Tribunal in a Double Strap Match to end the feud. On June 19, 2017, Al Snow was released from Impact Wrestling. On April 7, 2018, it was reported Snow purchased Ohio Valley Wrestling . In January 2021, Snow sold a majority interest in OVW to a group led by radio host Matt Jones , and former 21c Museum Hotels CEO and current mayor of Louisville, Kentucky , Craig Greenberg . Snow continues to run

7821-444: The sciences, but may also hold a master's degree. Neuroscientists focus primarily on the study and research of the nervous system . The nervous system is composed of the brain , spinal cord and nerve cells. Studies of the nervous system may focus on the cellular level, as in studies of the ion channels , or instead may focus on a systemic level as in behavioural or cognitive studies. A significant portion of nervous system studies

7920-592: The street near the ECW Arena during a Mummers Day parade. He got the idea to portray an individual with a schizophrenic disorder using the head as a prop for projection . In this role, Sarven received a lot of fan and management support for his J.O.B. Squad storyline, which promoted him as being driven insane by his years as a jobber for the WWF. In the storyline, Snow, upset at his lot in life, asked Cactus Jack what he had to do to get anywhere in wrestling. Jack said to Snow that to become famous he had to "get

8019-401: The study of how certain factors that we face in our everyday lives not only affect us and our genes but also how they will affect our children and change their genes to adapt to the environments we faced. Neuroscientists have been working to show how the brain is far more elastic and able to change than we once thought. They have been using work that psychologists previously reported to show how

8118-582: The three finalists on WWE's (at the time trading as WWF) first season of Tough Enough , which Maven Huffman won. After failing to win the competition, Nowinski made appearances in independent promotions in Massachusetts before being hired by WWF and entering its developmental territories. Nowinski competed as Chris Harvard, capitalizing on his status as an alumnus of Harvard University. Nowinski made his first major independent appearance in London, UK for

8217-606: The title to his former Tough Enough student, Maven , a few days later. He was drafted to SmackDown! as part of the 2002 Brand Extension , where he teamed up with Maven. After taking time off again for another season of Tough Enough , Snow returned as a member of the Raw roster in October and eventually became a commentator for Sunday Night Heat alongside Jonathan Coachman . When Coachman sided with Eric Bischoff , Snow followed suit, turning heel. The two feuded with Jim Ross and Jerry Lawler , and briefly replaced them at

8316-630: The various studies of neuroscientists. Al Snow Allen Ray Sarven (born July 18, 1963) is an American professional wrestler , better known by his ring name Al Snow . He is best known for his tenures in Extreme Championship Wrestling and WWF/E . Snow has also held various backstage positions for professional wrestling promotions. Snow worked as a road agent for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA, later Impact Wrestling) from 2010 to 2017 and has owned Ohio Valley Wrestling since 2018 (first as majority owner, and

8415-411: The vocational program in May 2019 and start accredited instruction that August. Snow has been married three times. He married Pam Sarven in 1986 and the couple had two children. They divorced in 2004. His second wife was fellow wrestler Cynthia Lynch who wrestled under the name of Bobcat. They married in 2009 and divorced in 2015. In 2017, he married his third wife, Jessica Gousha. In 2021, Snow saved

8514-591: Was "absolutely unsafe to work in that ring. They have no oversight into what actually happens in the ring, and they are encouraging steroid use." In September 2015, the "Sports Legacy Institute" announced a rebrand and changed its name to the Concussion Legacy Foundation. The rebrand aimed to align the evolution of the organization's programs with its name. Nowinski served as co-director at the CTE Center of BUSM, where he worked closely with Ann McKee , M.D., and other center experts, until 2013. Initially, he worked as

8613-490: Was a voracious eater of cheese and later his attempt to force him to wear a Green Bay Packers " Cheesehead " hat). At WrestleMania 2000 the two suffered a loss against Test and Albert. Also in the same year, Snow won the WWF European Championship from Perry Saturn . He then began a tongue-in-cheek gimmick of entering the ring to various European countries' native music, with his theme song sung in

8712-459: Was against Isaac Yankem . On February 20, 1996, Sarven wrestled as Shinobi , a "ninja assassin" hired by Jim Cornette to dispose of Shawn Michaels , who defeated Shinobi in quick fashion. Avatar returned for one last appearance against Justin Bradshaw at a house show on March 17, 1996, at MSG in a losing effort. Sarven received his first mainstream exposure with the WWF as Leif Cassidy ,

8811-525: Was allowing the disease to proliferate. Finally, with brain trauma becoming the signature injury of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, this research/education model could also be applied to the military. CLF was founded to solve the concussion crisis in sports and the military through medical research, treatment, and education & prevention. The initial vision of the CLF was to formalize neuropathological research and develop and treatment, via partnership with

8910-405: Was impaled with a spike by Prince Albert , Snow replaced Head with a chihuahua named Pepper, who he claimed talked to him. A variety of segments were broadcast showing Snow's interactions with the dog, including bringing Pepper to the ring to either "participate" in matches or be held by the broadcast team. This led to a storyline where Big Boss Man kidnapped Pepper. Big Boss Man agreed to return

9009-478: Was killed in an automobile crash in 2004 at age 36. Julian Bailes, the chairman of the department of neurosurgery at West Virginia University and the Steelers' team neurosurgeon during Strzelczyk's career, insisted to Nowinski over a phone conversation that he thought Strzelczyk's death, which was precipitated by strange behavior that some had labeled as "bipolar", was worth looking into due to its similarities to

9108-607: Was not being utilized by ECW and went to Smoky Mountain full-time. In Smoky Mountain Wrestling, Snow teamed with Unabomb (Glenn Jacobs, later to be known as Kane ) as The Dynamic Duo and defeated the Rock 'n' Roll Express for the SMW Tag Team Championship . Both wrestlers caught the attention of the World Wrestling Federation and were signed by the end of 1995. Sarven began working for

9207-434: Was not well understood, and oftentimes, was inadequate. The neuroscientists that studied this disorder used the previous observations of psychologists to propose a mechanistic model that gave a better understanding of the disorder at the molecular level. This in turn led to better understanding of the disorder as a whole and greatly changed treatment that led to better lives for patients with the disorder. Another recent study

9306-593: Was often the butt of Foley's jokes during Foley's tenure as the Commissioner in 2000. However, they are close friends in real life. Foley continued to use Snow as the butt of many jokes in his second book, Foley Is Good: And the Real World Is Faker than Wrestling . In early 2000, he began to team with Steve Blackman as an "odd couple" tag team called Head Cheese (the "cheese" part being given various explanations, including Snow's claim that Blackman

9405-418: Was one of the wrestlers sent to Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW). He left in July of that year and went to ECW. His last appearance in WWF in September 1997 was a loss to Tiger Ali Singh at WWF One Night Only . Sarven found success back in ECW in August 1997, billed once again as Al Snow. Sarven developed a new character gimmick after reading about abnormal psychology and finding a mannequin head on

9504-410: Was quoted as saying "What kind of message would this toy send children about brutalization of women?" Sarven used the story as part of an angle in which the controversy caused Al Snow to develop depression. At WrestleMania XV , Snow lost a WWF Hardcore Championship triple threat match involving Hardcore Holly and Billy Gunn . During the summer of 1999, at the conclusion of a storyline where Head

9603-778: Was released in Summer 2015. Snow also played "Henchman" in Jessica Sonneborn 's horror film Alice D . Al Snow is the co-founder of "Collar X Elbow", a clothing brand for independent wrestling fans. Near the end of 2015, Al Snow and Simon Van Der Wolf started a training academy, originally based in the UK but since expanded to include branches in many other countries. They along with other professional wrestlers (including Joe E. Legend , Doug Williams , Phil Powers, Jonny Storm, John Klinger, and many more) held tryouts in February 2016. In April 2019, local media in Louisville reported that

9702-409: Was something else that allowed them to mimic expressions. Neuroscientists then provided a model for what was occurring and concluded that infants did in fact have these neurons that fired when watching and mimicking facial expressions. Neuroscientists have also studied the effects of "nurture" on the developing brain. Saul Schanberg and other neuroscientists did a study on how important nurturing touch

9801-553: Was that of mirror neurons , neurons that fire when mimicking or observing another animal or person that is making some sort of expression, movement, or gesture. This study was again one where neuroscientists used the observations of psychologists to create a model for how the observation worked. The initial observation was that newborn infants mimicked facial expressions that were expressed to them. Scientists were not certain that newborn infants were developed enough to have complex neurons that allowed them to mimic different people and there

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