Misplaced Pages

#311688

49-636: Arizona Territory , colloquially referred to as Confederate Arizona , was an organized incorporated territory of the Confederate States of America that existed from August 1, 1861, to May 26, 1865, when the Confederate States Army Trans-Mississippi Department , commanded by General Edmund Kirby Smith , surrendered at Shreveport, Louisiana . However, after the Battle of Glorieta Pass ,

98-665: A crossing. With Canby advancing down the east bank of the Rio Grande and the loss of control of the countryside to New Mexican guerillas after the Second Battle of Mesilla the Confederates abandoned Mesilla and retreated south to Franklin, Texas . In 1862 the California Column volunteers who fought at Stanwix Station and Picacho Pass fought at the Battle of Apache Pass against 500 Apaches . The battle

147-409: A delegate to Congress . Anti-slavery Representatives opposed creating a new territory, as they feared it had the potential to become a slave state . Many people in the area were pro-slavery, with business connections in southern states, from which some had migrated. In addition, all of this new territory lay below the old Missouri Compromise line of demarcation between slave and free states. Since

196-653: A few miles north of 36°30′ in places. The line west of Arkansas is slightly further north at 37°. In southeastern Missouri, the Missouri Bootheel along the Mississippi River extends about 50 miles (80 kilometers) to the south, all the way to the 36th parallel north , and about 30 miles (50 kilometers) inland. This was because politicians in that region along that major river felt that it would be advantageous to be located in Missouri rather than in

245-457: A force under Lieutenant-Colonel John R. Baylor arrived in El Paso, Texas across the border from Mesilla. With support from the secessionist residents of Mesilla, Baylor's 2nd Texas Mounted Rifles entered the territory and took a position in the town on July 25. Union forces under Major Isaac Lynde at nearby Fort Fillmore prepared to attack Baylor. On July 25 the two armies met outside of town at

294-613: Is a barrier to communication for those people unfamiliar with the respective field. Parallel 36%C2%B030%E2%80%B2 north Download coordinates as: The parallel 36°30′ north is a circle of latitude that is 36 1 ⁄ 2 degrees north of the equator of the Earth. This parallel of latitude is particularly significant in the history of the United States as the line of the Missouri Compromise , which

343-766: Is considered part of the American Civil War. There were also several engagements between Apaches and Confederates. The Battle of Dragoon Springs marks the only known Confederate combat deaths in the modern confines of Arizona. Other engagements include the Siege of Tubac , the Battle of Cookes Canyon , the Battle of the Florida Mountains , the Battle of Pinos Altos and a number of other smaller skirmishes and massacres. The territorial government relocated to Franklin, then with Confederate military units retreated to San Antonio abandoning West Texas . For

392-418: Is labeled colloq. for "colloquial" in dictionaries when a different expression is preferred in formal usage, but this does not mean that the colloquial expression is necessarily slang or non-standard . Some colloquial language contains a great deal of slang, but some contains no slang at all. Slang is often used in colloquial speech, but this particular register is restricted to particular in-groups, and it

441-423: Is most commonly used within specific occupations, industries, activities, or areas of interest. Colloquial language includes slang, along with abbreviations, contractions, idioms, turns-of-phrase, and other informal words and phrases known to most native speakers of a language or dialect. Jargon is terminology that is explicitly defined in relationship to a specific activity, profession, or group. The term refers to

490-493: Is not a necessary element of colloquialism. Other examples of colloquial usage in English include contractions or profanity . "Colloquial" should also be distinguished from "non-standard". The difference between standard and non-standard is not necessarily connected to the difference between formal and colloquial. Formal, colloquial, and vulgar language are more a matter of stylistic variation and diction , rather than of

539-431: Is ordinary natural language , as distinct from specialized forms used in logic or other areas of philosophy. In the field of logical atomism , meaning is evaluated in a different way than with more formal propositions . Colloquialisms are distinct from slang or jargon . Slang refers to words used only by specific social groups, such as demographics based on region, age, or socio-economic identity. In contrast, jargon

SECTION 10

#1732779621312

588-726: The Apache . These Native Americans were attacking White settlers, killing off ranchers and mining camps all over Traditional Arizona . This became open warfare following the February 3–9, 1861 Bascom Affair , that brought Cochise into the war. Arizona settlers were also disturbed by the closing of the Butterfield Overland Mail route and their stations in March 1861, which had connected the Arizona frontier colonies to

637-551: The Arkansas Territory , which became the State of Arkansas in 1836. The parallel 36°30′ then forms the rest of the boundary between Missouri and Arkansas. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 established the latitude 36°30′ as the northern limit for slavery to be legal in the territories of the west. As part of this compromise, Maine (formerly a part of Massachusetts ) was admitted as a free state. This addition maintained

686-648: The California Column route of advance on the Gila River , 80 miles east of its base at Fort Yuma . This skirmish, known as the Battle of Stanwix Station , was the westernmost engagement of regular forces in the Civil War, and successfully delayed the advance of the California forces. The following month a small picket troop of the Rangers north of Tucson fought with an equally small Union cavalry patrol from

735-591: The East and California . In March 1861, the citizens of Mesilla called a secession convention to join the Confederacy. On March 16 the convention adopted a secession ordinance, citing the region's common interests and geography with the Confederacy, their political sympathy with the Southern secession movement, their opposition to the "sectional" party, the "Black" Republicans, the need of frontier protection, and

784-533: The Kansas Territory in 1854, and the Colorado Territory in 1861 moved the boundaries of one of the western territories, New Mexico, north to the 37th parallel north . New Mexico Territory was eventually split in two states, New Mexico and Arizona , which were admitted in 1912, but this was long after the 13th Amendment had abolished slavery in all of the United States. The gap between

833-653: The 36°30′ latitude to the Federal Government . Over the following half-century, this land became parts of Kansas , Colorado , New Mexico , and Oklahoma. The Compromise of 1850 confirmed that the 36°30′ parallel was the northmost boundary of Texas. Then Kansas was admitted to the Union as a free state in 1861. The creation of the New Mexico Territory and the Utah Territory in 1850,

882-545: The Battle of Mesilla in a brief engagement in which the Union troops were defeated. Major Lynde then abandoned Fort Fillmore and began a march north to join the troops at Fort Craig under Colonel Edward R. S. Canby . However, his retreat came to a halt in severe heat and was overtaken by Baylor. Lynde surrendered his command without a shot fired at San Augustine Springs, in the Organ Mountains . On August 1, 1861,

931-561: The California Column in the so-called Battle of Picacho Pass again delaying the advance of the California Column to Tucson. By July 1862, Union forces of the California Column were approaching the territorial capital of Mesilla from the west but severe flooding of the Rio Grande barred their way and they had to divert north to Fort Thorn and the San Diego Crossing and wait two weeks for the water to fall enough for

980-817: The Confederate Arizona was approximately the southern half of the historic New Mexico Territory, while the Union-defined Arizona Territory was approximately the western half of what had been New Mexico Territory, which became the basis for present-day Arizona. Before the start of the war, the land of the current states of New Mexico and Arizona was part of the New Mexico Territory and the Gadsden Purchase , which ran parallel to William Walker's Republics of Lower California and Sonora . As early as 1856,

1029-625: The Confederate Territory of Arizona was passed by the Confederate Congress in early 1862 and proclaimed by President Jefferson Davis on February 14, 1862. Coincidentally, Arizona statehood was approved exactly fifty years later on February 14, 1912. Efforts by the Confederacy to secure control of the region led to the New Mexico Campaign. Baylor sent Company A, Arizona Rangers to Tucson to protect

SECTION 20

#1732779621312

1078-571: The Confederate territorial government withdrew to El Paso, Texas . With the approach of Union troops , it relocated to San Antonio , where it remained for the duration of the civil war. The territory continued to be represented in the Confederate States Congress , and Confederate troops continued to fight under the Arizona banner until the war ended. The political geography of the two Arizona Territories differed in that

1127-501: The Confederates had to retreat from the territory, and by July 1862, effective Confederate control of the territory had ended. Delegates to the secession convention had voted in March 1861 to secede from the New Mexico Territory and the Union , and seek to join the Confederacy. It consisted of the portion of the New Mexico Territory south of the 34th parallel , including parts of the modern states of New Mexico and Arizona . The capital

1176-603: The Indians of New Mexico would be removed to northern Arizona. In April 1860, impatient for Congress to act, the territory called a convention and 31 delegates met in Tucson . In July 1860, the convention drafted a constitution for a "Territory of Arizona" to be organized out of the New Mexico Territory south of 34th parallel north . The convention elected Lewis S. Owings as the Territorial Governor, and elected

1225-406: The Rio Grande and surprised a Union force of New Mexican militia cavalry in a small engagement west of the Rio Grande at the village of Canada Alamosa , ending with another Confederate victory and the capture of 25 men of that unit including its commander. The next day after disarming and paroling the captured New Mexican enlisted men, Coopwood retired southward along the west bank of the river with

1274-551: The balance of power in the U.S. Senate between the free states and the slaveholding states. The bulk of Missouri lies north of the 36°30′ line, but Southern planters who lived in southeastern Missouri supported slavery, especially for farming on their cotton plantations. Hence, part of the Missouri Compromise arose from this. Also, the slave states of the Southern United States wanted to have

1323-510: The banner of Arizona fought until the end of the war in May 1865. Colloquialism A specific instance of such language is termed a colloquialism. The most common term used in dictionaries to label such an expression is colloquial . Colloquialism or general parlance is distinct from formal speech or formal writing . It is the form of language that speakers typically use when they are relaxed and not especially self-conscious. An expression

1372-736: The boundary between Tennessee and Kentucky , in the region west of the Tennessee River and east of the Mississippi River . This parallel also forms part of the boundary between Missouri and Arkansas in the region west of the St. Francis River , and part of the boundary between the Oklahoma Panhandle and the Texas Panhandle . The rest of the boundaries between Virginia and North Carolina ; between Virginia and Tennessee ; and between Tennessee and Kentucky lie close to

1421-638: The boundary was set along the line surveyed. The final part of the Kentucky-Tennessee boundary, between the Tennessee River and the Mississippi River , was not surveyed until after 1819 when treaties extinguished Native American claims in the area. The final portion was surveyed east from the Mississippi River along 36°30′. Due to the relative precision of the survey of 36°30′ on the Mississippi River, Congress decided to continue

1470-419: The language used by people who work in a particular area or who have a common interest. Similar to slang, it is shorthand used to express ideas, people, and things that are frequently discussed between members of a group. Unlike slang, it is often developed deliberately. While a standard term may be given a more precise or unique usage amongst practitioners of relevant disciplines, it is often reported that jargon

1519-466: The line west as the northern boundary of Arkansas Territory , with the exception of the Missouri Bootheel . The parallel 36°30′ north is part of a nearly straight east–west line of state borders (with small variations) starting on the East Coast of the United States , beginning with the border between Virginia and North Carolina. However, this boundary and the one between Kentucky and Tennessee lie

Confederate Arizona - Misplaced Pages Continue

1568-408: The loss of postal service routes under the United States government, as reasons for their separation. The ordinance proposed the question of secession to the western portions of the territory. On March 28 a second convention in present-day Tucson met and ratified the ordinance. The conventions subsequently established a provisional territorial government for the Confederate "Territory of Arizona." Owings

1617-620: The new Arizona Territory until 1871, when it was given to Nevada by the Federal government. The Compromise of 1850 made no attempt to divide California along the line of 36°30′, or to allow slavery south of it; the social and political conditions created by the California Gold Rush ruled out any such idea, and California was admitted to the union as a free state. During the American Civil War (1861–65), all of

1666-539: The northern boundary of Texas on the parallel 36°30′ north and the southern boundaries of Kansas and Colorado on the parallel 37° north created the No Man's Land that later became the Oklahoma Panhandle in 1889. While a significant part of Nevada (containing Las Vegas ) is south of 36°30′, at the time of the admission of Nevada in 1864, it was in the New Mexico Territory. This land was not split off from

1715-644: The parallel 36°30′. The boundary between Kentucky and Tennessee was defined as 36°30′, based on the Royal Colonial Boundary of 1665 that set the boundary of the Colony of Virginia and the Province of Carolina . In 1779 and 1780, surveyors were sent to mark the line on the ground as far as the Tennessee River . As they worked west their line drifted north until by the time they reached the river they were about 10′ north of 36°30′. Despite this error

1764-478: The population from the Apache and delay the advance of Union troops from Fort Yuma . In 1862 Baylor was ousted as governor of the territory by President Davis, and the Confederate loss at the Battle of Glorieta Pass forced Confederate retreat from the territory. On March 30, Union forces fought a smaller engagement against a detachment of Company A, Arizona Rangers , a Confederate force destroying supply depots along

1813-640: The proceedings of the Tucson convention were never ratified by the United States Congress, the Provisional Territory was not considered a legal entity. For a time it operated as a de facto , if not de jure , government for the intended Arizona Territory. Lewis S. Owings, Governor of the Provisional Territory, appointed James Henry Tevis to raise the first Territorial Militia. This comprised three companies of Arizona Rangers for

1862-522: The protection of the Territory from marauding Apaches and bandits. Two companies were raised in the Pinos Altos mining camp, and another at Mesilla. After the start of the American Civil War, support for the Confederacy was strong in the southern part of the New Mexico Territory. Some residents felt neglected by the United States government. They worried about the lack of sufficient troops to fight

1911-562: The rest of the war, California Column troops controlled all of Confederate Arizona, Franklin and Fort Quitman in West Texas. The government in exile remained in Texas for the duration of the war, although MacWillie continued to represent the territory in the First and 2nd Confederate States Congresses . Minor resistance in Arizona continued at the partisan level, and Confederate units under

1960-412: The standard and non-standard dichotomy. The term "colloquial" is also equated with "non-standard" at times, in certain contexts and terminological conventions. A colloquial name or familiar name is a name or term commonly used to identify a person or thing in non-specialist language, in place of another usually more formal or technical name. In the philosophy of language , "colloquial language"

2009-507: The states located wholly south of 36°30′ north joined the Confederate States of America . All of the states with land north of the parallel, except Virginia, stayed in the Union, although Kentucky and Missouri had Confederate legislatures that were elected in parallel with their regular legislatures. Also Maryland , another slave state, was occupied by the Union Army under the commands of President Abraham Lincoln , and its legislature

Confederate Arizona - Misplaced Pages Continue

2058-560: The support of another slave state so the Senate could not abolish slavery in the United States. This situation remained in effect for decades because as the free states of Michigan , Wisconsin , and Iowa were admitted to the Union, the new slave states of Arkansas , Florida , and Texas were also admitted. When the Republic of Texas joined the United States in 1845 as a slave state, it was required to cede all of its claimed land north of

2107-706: The territorial government in Santa Fe had raised concerns about being able to effectively govern the southern part of the territory. It was separated from the rest by the Jornada del Muerto , a difficult stretch of desert . In February 1858, the New Mexico territorial legislature adopted a resolution in favor of the creation of the Arizona Territory. The border was to be defined along the 32nd meridian west from Washington . The legislature proposed that all

2156-530: The two captured Union officers and an NCO to a camp 15 miles to the north of Fort Thorn . There a Union column of Mounted Infantry sent to relieve the New Mexican militia force caught up with Coopwood, and skirmished for a few hours with the Confederates until their ammunition was depleted, forcing the Mounted Infantry to retire northward to their base at Fort Craig . The proposal to organize

2205-487: The victorious Baylor proclaimed the existence of a Confederate Arizona Territory, which comprised the area defined in the Tucson convention the previous year. He appointed himself as permanent governor . Among his cabinet members was the Mesilla attorney Marcus H. MacWillie , who served as the territorial attorney general . The next month, Baylor's cavalrymen under Bethel Coopwood , marched north from Camp Robledo along

2254-494: Was Mesilla , along the southern border. The breakaway region overlapped Arizona Territory , established by the Union government in February 1863. Arizona was proclaimed a Confederate territory on August 1, 1861, after Colonel John R. Baylor 's victory at the Battle of Mesilla . His hold on the area was broken after Glorieta Pass (March 26–28, 1862), the defining battle of the New Mexico Campaign . In July 1862,

2303-447: Was elected again as provisional governor and Granville Henderson Oury was chosen as a delegate to petition for the territory's admission into the Confederacy. Arizona was thought to be important to the role of the New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War primarily because it offered Confederate access to California. Consequently, it was the scene of several important battles in the war's Trans-Mississippi Theater . In July 1861

2352-475: Was thus pressured into voting not to secede. Naturally, Lincoln and the remaining members of the U.S. Congress wanted Maryland to stay in the Union in order to prevent the national capital city of Washington, D.C. from being surrounded by Confederate states, and hence being cut off from the rest of the Union. If such a thing had happened, then the Federal government would have been forced to move somewhere else further north, such as to Philadelphia . Starting at

2401-596: Was used to divide the prospective slave and free states west of the Mississippi River , with the exception of Missouri , which is mostly north of this parallel. The line continues to hold cultural, economic, and political significance to this day; the Kinder Institute for Urban Research defines the Sun Belt as being south of 36°30′N latitude. In the United States , the parallel 36°30′ forms part of

#311688