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64-643: Citizens of some states also formed Unionist Home Guard units. For example, in Kentucky , the Home Guard consisted of Unionist men; Confederate sympathizers in the state, led by Simon Bolivar Buckner , formed militia groups known as the State Guard. Home Guards were tasked with both the defense of the Confederate home front , as well as to help track down and capture Confederate Army deserters . As

128-655: A Proclamation – Declaring that Peace, Order, Tranquillity, and Civil Authority Now Exists in and Throughout the Whole of the United States of America . It noted that his April proclamation had declared "that there no longer existed any armed resistance of misguided citizens or others to the authority of the United States in any or in all the States before mentioned, excepting only the State of Texas." Whereas subsequently to

192-643: A Republican Party organization established during the 1860 election, and from members of the German Turnverein cultural organization . St. Louis Unionists were mustered into Federal service in April 1861. Five regiments were designated the 1st–5th Missouri Volunteers and five additional regiments were created as the United States Reserve Corps. The second group were commonly referred to as the (St. Louis) Home Guard, and their creation

256-551: A group of men identified as such, working as they pleased. At other times, most usually in states located in what was known as the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War , Home Guard units had base camps and headquarters, went on patrol , and scouted for possible deserters or Union stragglers. Most of the time, Home Guard units were poorly equipped, due to shortages of goods, ammunition, and weapons to supply

320-832: A key goal of the Union after Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863. The Emancipation Proclamation declared free all slaves in states in rebellion, but slaves actually gained their freedom as Union troops took Confederate territory. While slaves in much of the eastern Confederacy had already been freed by Union incursion, many of the further reaches of the Confederacy had not been touched by war, including much of Texas. On June 19, 1865, Union General Gordon Granger gave General Order No. 3 , declaring all slaves in Texas to be free. While practically

384-659: A militia named the Fighting Tigers of Columbia. The brigade stockpiled weapons, kept watch, set up a warning bell for the town, and dug a moat around the city courthouse. The University of Missouri's athletic programs are named in honor of the militia. Iowa Home Guard companies provided border defense along the Missouri border during the Civil War. During the Battle of Athens, Missouri , Iowa Home Guard companies on

448-487: A militia, the Home Guard had a rank structure and did have certain regulations, whether those were enforced or not. Home Guard units were, essentially, to be a last defense against any invading Union forces. They also were used at times to gather information about invading Union forces troop movements, as well as to identify and control any local civilians who were considered sympathetic to the Union cause. They received no military training, and although they could be drafted into

512-567: A representative of Major General Edward Canby in Shreveport, Louisiana , then took custody of Smith's force of 43,000 soldiers when they surrendered, by then the only significant Confederate forces left west of the Mississippi River. With this ended all organized Southern military resistance to the Union forces. Smith signed the surrender papers on June 2 on board the U.S.S. Fort Jackson just outside Galveston Harbor. In view of

576-518: A shock to both North and South. Unaware of Lee's surrender on April 9 and the assassination on April 14, General James H. Wilson 's Raiders continued their march through Alabama into Georgia. On April 16, the Battle of Columbus, Georgia was fought. This battle – erroneously – has been argued to be the "last battle of the Civil War" and equally erroneously asserted to be "widely regarded" as such. Columbus fell to Wilson's Raiders about midnight on April 16, and most of its manufacturing capacity

640-412: A year by then. The end of slavery in the United States of America is closely tied to the end of the Civil War. As the main cause of the war , slavery led to Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation , freeing slaves in the Confederacy as the Union advanced. The last slaves in the Confederacy were not freed until June 19, 1865, now celebrated as the national holiday Juneteenth . After the end of hostilities,

704-434: Is suppressed, and therefore, also, that all the disabilities and disqualifications attaching to said State and the inhabitants thereof consequent upon any proclamations issued by virtue of the fifth section of the act entitled "An act further to provide for the collection of duties on imports, and for other purposes," approved the thirteenth day of July, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, are removed. The CSS Shenandoah

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768-598: The Barracouta , Waddell immediately converted the warship back to a merchant ship, storing her cannon below, discharging all arms, and repainting the hull. At this point, Waddell decided to sail back to England and surrender the Shenandoah in Liverpool . Surrendering in an American port carried the certainty of facing a court with a Union point of view and the very real risk of a trial for piracy, for which he and

832-551: The Indian Territory realized that the Confederacy could no longer fulfill its commitments to them. Therefore, the Camp Napoleon Council was called to draft an agreement to present a united front as they negotiated a return of their loyalty to the United States. Native American tribes further west, many of them also at war with the U.S. Army , were also invited to take part, and several of them did. At

896-589: The articles of surrender agreement of the Army of Northern Virginia on April 9, at Appomattox Court House , by General Robert E. Lee and concluded with the surrender of the CSS Shenandoah on November 6, 1865, bringing the hostilities of the American Civil War to a close. Legally, the war did not end until a proclamation by President Andrew Johnson on August 20, 1866, when he declared "that

960-418: The "war would be carried on with re-newed vigor". Shenandoah proceeded to capture a further ten whalers in the following seven hours. Waddell then steered Shenandoah south, intending to raid the port of San Francisco which he believed to be poorly defended. En route they encountered an English barque , Barracouta , on August 2 from which Waddell learned of the final collapse of the Confederacy including

1024-750: The Army of Tennessee as General Orders #22. The remaining parts of the Florida "Brigade of the West" surrendered with the rest of Johnston's forces on May 4, 1865, at Greensboro, North Carolina . On May 4, 1865, Union Maj. Gen. Henry Halleck proposed "to issue an order that all armed men in Virginia who do not surrender by a certain date shall be held as outlaws and robbers." This was approved by Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton and Halleck issued General Orders No. 6, Military Division of

1088-491: The Army via Confederate units that were stationed near to whatever area the deserters were captured. Sometimes deserters faced summary execution by the Home Guard. By 1864, the Union Army occupied much of the formerly Confederate-controlled areas. With Union forces now patrolling home-front areas, many Home Guard units disbanded to avoid being considered or mistaken for guerrillas , and it became increasingly difficult for

1152-688: The Camp Napoleon meeting as unofficial and unauthorized. President Johnson later called for a meeting at Fort Smith (called the Fort Smith Council ), which was held in September, 1865. Confederate leaders asked General Kirby Smith to send reinforcements from his Army of the Trans-Mississippi to east of the Mississippi River in the spring of 1864 following the Battle of Mansfield and the Battle of Pleasant Hill . This

1216-580: The Confederacy to enforce any action against deserters who returned home. Even in the Western theater states of Arkansas , Texas and Louisiana , Union troops were regularly seen, and at times the troops had taken control of many towns or cities. Some Southern citizens who lived in those states and who did not support secession had now openly come out in support of the Union, often forming Union Army regiments or units to serve in that army. These newly formed Union units, made up of local citizens, personally knew

1280-493: The Confederacy, slavery did not end until 1866. On June 19, 1865, Maj. Gen. Gordon Granger issued General Orders No. 4, Headquarters District of Texas, Galveston, Tex., stating that "All lawless persons committing acts of violence, such as banditti, guerrillas, jayhawkers, horse-thieves, &c. are hereby declared outlaws and enemies of the human race, and will be dealt with accordingly." President Andrew Johnson issued three proclamations in 1865 and 1866 that formally declared

1344-506: The Confederate Army. They rarely dressed in anything that could be called a uniform , but did make efforts to wear the same color clothing as the Confederate soldiers. By the middle of the war, many Home Guard units were composed of wounded soldiers that had returned to recover. Deserters that were encountered by Home Guard patrols were dealt with in many different fashions. At times, the deserting soldiers would be returned to

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1408-503: The Confederate Congress, not to mention the other branches of the government and the military, little attention was paid to the Home Guard units. All were commanded locally, and rarely did they receive any specific direction. In essence, the Home Guard units could work as they pleased. More often than not they made their own decisions and priorities. Depending on the area, Home Guard units would be at times nothing more than

1472-462: The Confederate service if need be, there are only a few cases in which that happened. It was often made up of older planters or others exempted from front line service. A bounty was offered by the Confederate government for the capture of deserters, although it was rarely paid, due to the government's debt. While most able-bodied Southern men went away to war, many stayed behind, either by choice or due to something that prevented them from serving in

1536-428: The Home Guard was later used to help capture Confederate army deserters returning to their homes. The Home Guard possessed a wide range of powers, whether those powers were legitimate and recognized by the Confederacy or not. As there were few younger Southern men at home, few could stand in the way of any Home Guard unit that wished to abuse its powers. In addition to this, due to the war demanding so much attention from

1600-528: The James, on May 6, 1865, effective from May 20, 1865. The order stated that "all persons found in arms against the authority of the United States in the State of Virginia and North Carolina, will be treated as outlaws and robbers." Confederate President Jefferson Davis fled Richmond, Virginia , following its evacuation in the early part of April 1865. On May 5, 1865, in Washington, Georgia , Davis had held

1664-669: The Sea of Okhotsk, north of Japan, then continued to the Aleutians and into the Bering Sea and Arctic Ocean , crossing the Arctic Circle on June 19. Continuing then south along the coast of Alaska the Shenandoah came upon a fleet of Union ships whaling on June 22. She opened continuous fire, destroying a major portion of the Union whaling fleet. Capt. Waddell took aim at a fleeing whaler, Sophia Thornton , and at his signal,

1728-426: The State of Texas, as well as to the other States which had been involved in insurrection... Now, therefore, I, Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, do hereby proclaim and declare that the insurrection which heretofore existed in the State of Texas is at an end and is to be henceforth so regarded in that State as in the other States before named in which the said insurrection was proclaimed to be at an end by

1792-506: The aforesaid proclamation of the 2d day of April, 1866. And I do further proclaim that the said insurrection is at an end and that peace, order, tranquillity, and civil authority now exist in and throughout the whole of the United States of America. This final date, August 20, 1866, was adopted as the legal end of the Civil War by United States courts, departments, and agencies, as well as Congress. An 1867 act of Congress extended soldiers' wartime rates of pay "for three years from and after

1856-422: The army. Planters owning 20 slaves or more were exempted from service, with other family members exempted based on their total slaveholding . Although many states did not initially form Home Guard units, by 1863 all 11 Confederate states had done so. Initially tasked with being the defense force against any Union Army elements that might pass through the Confederate battle lines and enter into Southern territory,

1920-455: The crew could be hanged. Sailing south around Cape Horn and staying well off shore to avoid shipping that might report Shenandoah's position, they saw no land for another 9,000 miles until they arrived back in England, having logged a total of over 58,000 miles around the world in a year's travel—the only Confederate ship to circumnavigate the globe. Thus the final Confederate surrender of

1984-475: The end of the meeting, on May 26, 1865, the council appointed commissioners (no more than five for each tribe) to attend a conference with the U.S. government in Washington, D.C. , at which the results of the Camp Napoleon Council would be presented and discussed. However, the U.S. government refused to treat with such a large group representing so many tribes. Furthermore, the government regarded

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2048-533: The end of the rebellion in different parts of the former Confederacy. The first, issued on June 13, 1865, declared the rebellion fully suppressed only within the state of Tennessee , Johnson's home state where he had been military governor. And I hereby also proclaim and declare that the insurrection, so far as it relates to, and within the State of Tennessee, and the inhabitants of the said State of Tennessee as reorganized and constituted under their recently adopted constitution and reorganization, and accepted by them,

2112-570: The following commands under his direction on April 26, 1865: the Department of Tennessee and Georgia; the Army of Tennessee; the Department of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida; and the Department of North Carolina and Southern Virginia. In doing so, Johnston surrendered to Sherman around 30,000 men. On April 27 his adjutant announced the terms to the Army of Tennessee in General Orders #18, and on May 2 he issued his farewell address to

2176-546: The gunner jerked a wrist strap and fired the last two shots of the American Civil War. Shenandoah had so far captured and burned eleven ships of the American whaling fleet while in Arctic waters. Waddell finally learned of Lee's surrender on June 27 when the captain of the prize Susan & Abigail produced a newspaper from San Francisco. The same paper contained Confederate President Jefferson Davis 's proclamation that

2240-437: The last Confederate ship, CSS Shenandoah , did not surrender until November 6. It had continued sailing around the world raiding vessels until it finally received news of the end of the war. Shenandoah also fired the last shots of the war on June 22. By April 6, 1866, the rebellion was declared over in all states but Texas. Finally, on August 20, 1866, the war was declared legally over, though fighting had been over for more than

2304-749: The last meeting of his Cabinet. At that time, the Confederate government was declared dissolved. The meeting took place at the Heard house, the Georgia Branch Bank Building, with 14 officials present. Despite the fact that there were still small pockets of resistance in the South, the president declared that the armed resistance was "virtually" ended and that nations or ships still harboring fugitives would be denied entry into U.S. ports. Persons found aboard such vessels would no longer be given immunity from prosecution of their crimes. Premised on

2368-754: The laws of war and were unconditionally released. Shenandoah herself was sold to Sultan Majid bin Said of Zanzibar in 1866 and renamed El Majidi . Several of the crew moved to Argentina to become farmers and eventually returned to the United States. On April 6, 1866, Johnson issued a second proclamation that formally ended the rebellion in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia (as well as proclaiming it ended, rather than merely "suppressed," in Tennessee). Only Texas, where pockets of resistance remained,

2432-442: The means of procuring ammunition or repairing arms, without money or credit to provide food, it was impossible to continue the war except as robbers." On April 17 Sherman and Johnston met at Bennett Place, and the following day an armistice was arranged, with terms discussed and agreed upon. Grant had authorized the surrender only of Johnston's forces, but Sherman exceeded his orders by providing very generous terms. These included that

2496-552: The members of the Home Guard, which greatly hampered, if not completely disabled, the Home Guard's ability to function. By the war's end , very few such units were still in existence. However, some were still active in areas where Union soldiers were less common, although these were mostly bands of thieves preying on the less fortunate. One of the most notorious of these was the Independent Rangers, led by early Old West outlaw Cullen Baker . In late 1864, this band

2560-565: The order took some time to spread and enforce, its date of enactment was momentous, marking the legal end of slavery in the Confederacy. This is now celebrated as the national holiday Juneteenth . The full end of slavery in the United States did not come until December 6, with the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . In Native American territories that had sided with

2624-694: The other side of the Des Moines River protected the supply depots. The Kentucky Home Guard participated in the Battle of Barbourville , Kentucky in September 1861 as well as the Battle of Camp Wildcat and many other skirmishes such as the Battle of Augusta (1862) . Union supporting Home Guards in Pendleton County, Virginia (in the mountains of what is now the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia ) attacked Confederate works and small detachments with indifferent success during

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2688-555: The rebel states be immediately recognized after their leaders signed loyalty oaths; that property and personal rights be returned to the Confederates; the reestablishment of the federal court system; and that a general amnesty be given. On April 24, authorities in Washington rejected Sherman's proposed terms; two days later, Johnston agreed to the same terms Lee had received previously on April 9. General Johnston surrendered

2752-443: The said 2d day of April, 1866, the insurrection in the State of Texas has been completely and everywhere suppressed and ended and the authority of the United States has been successfully and completely established in the said State of Texas and now remains therein unresisted and undisputed... Whereas all the reasons and conclusions set forth in regard to the several States therein specially named now apply equally and in all respects to

2816-484: The said insurrection is at an end and that peace, order, tranquillity, and civil authority now exist in and throughout the whole of the United States of America." Lee's defeat on April 9 began the effective end of the war, after which there was no substantial resistance, but the news of his surrender took time to spread and some fighting continued, though only small skirmishes . President Abraham Lincoln lived to see Lee's surrender after four bloody years of war, but he

2880-539: The state in June 1861, Union loyalists as Home Guard units in areas outside of St. Louis were organized and mobilized by Brigadier General Nathaniel Lyon to oppose Sterling Price's Missouri State Guard, which was forming at the same time. One of these units, the Benton County Home Guards, was defeated by a battalion of Missouri State Guards at the Battle of Cole Camp . In late 1861 and early 1862

2944-480: The state out of the Union or keep the state within it. Home Guard companies and regiments were raised by Union supporters, particularly German-Americans, to oppose the secessionist paramilitary Minutemen , secessionist elements in the official Missouri Volunteer Militia and eventually the secessionist Missouri State Guard . Many of the Home Guard regiments in the St. Louis area were raised from pre-existing Wide Awakes ,

3008-504: The surrender of all Confederate Armies east of the Mississippi River, on May 11, 1865, Gen. Grant issued General Orders No. 90 from the War Department stating "That from and after the first day of June, 1865, any and all persons found in arms against the United States, or who may commit acts of hostility against it east of the Mississippi River, will be regarded as guerrillas and punished with death." The Native American tribes of

3072-592: The surrender of the Confederate Trans-Mississippi Department to Maj. Gen. Canby on May 26, 1865, Brig. Gen. Cyrus Bussey issued General Orders No. 24 from Headquarters Third Div., 7th Army Corps, Fort Smith, Ark., June 2, 1865, stating that "All such persons who remain in arms engaged in acts of hostility to the United States after a reasonable time to be informed of their surrender, will be regarded as guerrillas and outlaws, and when arrested will be shot." Ending slavery had become

3136-457: The surrenders of Johnston's, Kirby Smith's, and Magruder's armies and the capture of President Davis. The long log entry of the Shenandoah for August 2, 1865, begins "The darkest day of my life." Captain Waddell realized then in his grief that they had taken innocent unarmed Union whaling ships as prizes when the rest of the country had ended hostilities. Following the orders of the captain of

3200-545: The three-month-service Home Guard were replaced by Unionist militia regiments, including the new Missouri State Militia , as well as the compulsory Enrolled Missouri Militia in July 1862, and the Provisional Enrolled Missouri Militia , formed later. One particularly famous Home Guard militia was that of Columbia, Missouri . In 1864, it was rumored that Price, by then a Confederate general,

3264-714: The war did not occur until November 6, 1865, when Waddell's ship reached Rock Ferry and was surrendered to Capt. R. N. Paynter, commander of HMS  Donegal of the British Royal Navy . The Shenandoah was officially surrendered by letter to the British Prime Minister, the Earl Russell . Ultimately, after an investigation by the British Admiralty court, Waddell and his crew were exonerated of doing anything that violated

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3328-532: The war-torn nation then entered the Reconstruction era in a partially successful attempt to rebuild the country and grant civil rights to freed slaves. Although President Abraham Lincoln lived to see the effective end of the war, he did not live to see it through to its conclusion. Assassin John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln on April 14, 1865, and he died the next morning. Lincoln's death was

3392-710: The war. The best known of these irregulars called themselves the "Swamp Dragons". Union volunteer infantry regiments known as the Indian Home Guard were recruited from the Five Civilized Tribes in the Indian Territory . Although the tribal leadership had supported the Confederacy , many of the tribal members did not. Conclusion of the American Civil War The conclusion of the American Civil War commenced with

3456-548: Was among nearly one hundred thousand Confederate soldiers who were surrendered from North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. The conditions of surrender were in a document called "Terms of a Military Convention" signed by Sherman, Johnston, and Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant at Raleigh, North Carolina . The first major stage in the peacemaking process was Lee's surrender at Appomattox on April 9, 1865. This, coupled with Lincoln's assassination, induced Johnston to act, believing: "With such odds against us, without

3520-496: Was assassinated just five days later. The Battle of Columbus, Georgia , was fought on April 16, the day after Lincoln died. For the most part though, news of Lee's defeat led to a wave of Confederate surrenders. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston surrendered his large Army of Tennessee and the Southeastern Department on April 26. The Confederate cabinet was dissolved on May 5, and Confederate President Jefferson Davis

3584-635: Was captured by Union soldiers on May 10, one day after Lincoln's successor, Andrew Johnson, declared that the belligerent rights of the Confederacy were at an end, with the rebellion effectively over. The last battle of the war was fought at Palmito Ranch on May 12–13. The last large Confederate military department, the Trans-Mississippi Department , surrendered on May 26, completing the formalities on June 2. The last surrender on land did not come until June 23, when Cherokee Confederate General Stand Watie gave up his command. At sea,

3648-600: Was commissioned as a commerce raider by the Confederacy to interfere with Union shipping and hinder their efforts in the American Civil War. A Scottish-built merchant ship originally called the Sea King , it was secretly purchased by Confederate agents in September 1864. Captain James Waddell renamed the ship Shenandoah after she was converted to a warship off the coast of Spain on October 19, shortly after leaving England. William Conway Whittle, Waddell's right-hand man,

3712-675: Was criticized as these regiments exceeded the requirement for Missouri volunteers under the Militia Act of 1792 . During the Price–Harney Truce , Governor Claiborne Jackson and Missouri State Guard commander Major General Sterling Price demanded that the 1st–5th U.S.R.C. be disbanded as illegal organizations. (These regiments continued to serve though the Missouri Secession Crisis , later being converted into three-year regiments.) Once actual hostilities began in

3776-585: Was destroyed on the 17th. Confederate Colonel John Stith Pemberton , the inventor of Coca-Cola , was wounded in this battle, which resulted in his obsession with pain-killing formulas, ultimately ending in the recipe for his celebrated drink. The next major stage in the peace-making process concluding the American Civil War was the surrender of General Joseph E. Johnston and his armies to Major General William T. Sherman on April 26, 1865, at Bennett Place , in Durham, North Carolina. Johnston's Army of Tennessee

3840-418: Was excluded. Now, therefore, I, Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, do hereby proclaim and declare that the insurrection which heretofore existed in the States of Georgia, South Carolina, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Florida is at an end and is henceforth to be so regarded. The formal end of the war came on August 20, 1866, when Johnson signed

3904-464: Was not practical due to the Union naval control of the Mississippi River and the unwillingness of western troops to be transferred east of the river. Smith instead dispatched Major General Sterling Price and his cavalry on an invasion of Missouri that was ultimately not successful. Thereafter the war west of the Mississippi River was principally one of small raids. By May 26, 1865, a representative of Smith's negotiated and signed surrender documents with

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3968-512: Was planning on turning his march through Missouri towards the staunchly pro-Union town. Columbia had value not only as a stronghold of pro-Union thought, but served as home to a garrison of Union troops and prison located in the library and main academic building at the University of Missouri . Worried about Price's raid and concerned about the presence of bushwhackers in the surrounding areas of pro-Confederate Boone County , 90 men assembled

4032-591: Was responsible for what became known as the Massacre of Saline , when they murdered ten unarmed men from Perry County, Arkansas , on the Saline River . Home Guard (Union) In the American Civil War the Home Guard or Home Guards were local militia raised from Union loyalists. In Missouri after the start of the Civil War there were several competing organizations attempting to either take

4096-671: Was the ship's executive officer. The Shenandoah , sailing south then east across the Indian Ocean and into the South Pacific, was in Micronesia at the Island of Ponape (called Ascension Island by Whittle) at the time of the surrender of Lee's Army of Northern Virginia to the Union forces on April 9, 1865. Waddell had already captured and disposed of thirteen Union merchantmen. The Shenandoah destroyed one more prize in

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