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26-582: The conflict tactics scale ( CTS ), created by Murray A. Straus in 1979, is used in the research of family violence ." There are two versions of the CTS; the CTS2 (an expanded and modified version of the original CTS) and the CTSPC (CTS Parent-Child). As of 2005, the CTS has been used in about 600 peer reviewed scientific or scholarly papers, including longitudinal birth- cohort studies . National surveys conducted in

52-478: A "fight club" in Menlo Park, California , Kimmel remarked that there was a sadomasochistic thread running through them, and said they "are the male version of the girls who cut themselves . [...] All day long these guys think they're the captains of the universe, technical wizards. They're brilliant but empty. [...] They want to feel differently. They want to get hit, they want to feel something real." Kimmel

78-646: A 2005 article in the Journal of Interpersonal Violence , Jennifer Langhinrichsen-Rohling listed the CTS amongst the most important advances in the field of IPV research, stating it "was revolutionary because it allowed researchers to quantitatively study events that had often been ignored culturally and typically took place in private." However, the CTS is one of the most widely criticized domestic violence measurement instruments due to its exclusion of context variables and motivational factors in understanding acts of violence. The National Institute of Justice cautions that

104-562: A Social, Cultural and Historical Encyclopedia (2004) which was named "Best of Reference 2004" by the New York Public Library . Moreover, he is the editor of a series on genders and sexualities at New York University Press . In 1992–1993, Kimmel founded the journal Masculinities which was associated with the American Men's Studies Association . The journal was a precursor to the journal Men and Masculinities which

130-410: A conflict – as a behavior, and measures the conflict tactic behaviors of both the respondent and their partner/primary caregiver. However, the CTS "deliberately excludes attitudes, emotions, and cognitive appraisal of the behaviors" measured. This is because many victims of IPV do not see themselves as suffering abuse, and as such, their cognitive appraisal of their situation can affect the measurements of

156-651: A previous marriage. Michael S. Kimmel Born into a secular Jewish family in New York City, Kimmel earned a B.A. with distinction from Vassar College in 1972; an M.A. from Brown University in 1974; and Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley in 1981 with a dissertation titled: Absolutism and its Discontents: Fiscal Crisis and Political Opposition in Seventeenth Century France and England . Before joining

182-567: A statement by Kimmel, provided by the American Sociological Association, in which he delayed receipt of the award, giving his accusers six months to file a complaint with the American Sociological Association's Committee on Professional Ethics. Kimmel filed for retirement as charges from a Title IX investigation were pending. No charges from Title IX were ever filed. Since that time one of Kimmel's former graduate students accused him of using outdated language to describe

208-408: A victim-advocacy perspective. Another methodological problem is that interobserver reliability (the likelihood that the two members of the measured dyad respond similarly) is near zero for tested husband and wife couples. That is, the chances of a given couple reporting similar answers about events they both experienced is no greater than chance. On the most severe CTS items, husband-wife agreement

234-445: Is actually below chance: "On the item "beat up," concordance was nil: although there were respondents of both sexes who claimed to have administered beatings and respondents of both sexes who claimed to have been on the receiving end, there was not a single couple in which one party claimed to have administered and the other to have received such a beating." Murray A. Straus Murray Arnold Straus (June 18, 1926 – May 13, 2016)

260-445: Is considered a leading figure in the academic subfield of men's studies . He has written numerous books on gender and masculinities including Men's Lives (2010, 8th edition), The Gendered Society (2011, 4th edition), Manhood: a Cultural History (2012, 3rd edition), and Guyland: The Perilous World Where Boys Become Men (2008). He has co-edited The Handbook of Studies on Men and Masculinities (2005) and Men and Masculinities:

286-576: Is married to the journalism and media studies academic Amy Aronson . The couple has one son. Just before receiving the American Sociological Association's Jessie Bernard Award in 2018, Kimmel was accused of sexual harassment. Soon after, the Chronicle of Higher Education published an article that outlined allegations, including those of a former graduate student who described Kimmel suggesting they have sex six weeks into her graduate course, and later in her career. The Chronicle article also included

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312-436: The CTS may not be appropriate for IPV research "because it does not measure control, coercion, or the motives for conflict tactics." The scales are based on the premise that conflict is an inevitable aspect of all human association, but that the use of coercion (including force and violence) as a conflict-resolution tactic is harmful. The CTS focuses on "conflict tactics" – the method used to advance one's own interest within

338-480: The CTS misrepresents the characteristics of violence between partners. Straus responds to this criticism by stating "the idea that the CTS physical assault scale is defective because it does not take into account the context, meaning, causes, and consequences of the violent acts is analogous to declaring a reading ability test invalid because it does not provide data on why a child reads poorly (such as limited exposure to books at home or test anxiety), or for not measuring

364-413: The CTS. Common scoring methods include: Critics of the CTS argue it is an ineffective tool with which to measure IPV rate because, although it counts the number of acts of violence, it does not provide information about the context in which such acts occur (including the initiation, intention, history, or pattern of violence). Critics say such contexts cannot be divorced from the act itself, and therefore

390-475: The CTS. Straus explains that the "discrepancy between the behavior and the cognitive appraisal of the behavior is important for understanding family violence and for designing programs of prevention and treatment. However, it is possible to identify the discrepancy only if there is an instrument such as the CTS which obtains the behavioral data." A CTS-based study would ideally include data from respondents and their partners/primary caregivers in order to investigate

416-732: The Family Research Laboratory at the University of New Hampshire. Straus served as president of the Society for the Study of Social Problems (1989–90) and the Eastern Sociological Society (1991–92). He was also a founding editor of the peer-review academic journals Teaching Sociology and Journal of Family Issues . He was married to Dorothy Dunn Straus and had a son and a daughter from

442-512: The Stony Brook University faculty in 1987, Kimmel worked as assistant professor of sociology at Rutgers University from 1982 to 1986 as well as visiting assistant professor at New York University . He returned to his alma mater, the University of California, Berkeley, where he was visiting professor from 1992 to 1994. In the academic year 1992–1993, he was voted "Best Professor" on campus by The Daily Californian . Kimmel

468-735: The USA include two National Family Violence Surveys (1975 and 1985), the National Violence Against Women Survey (1998), which, according to Straus, used a "feminist version" of the CTS in order to minimize data on female perpetration of intimate partner violence (IPV), and the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being. A major international survey to use the CTS was the 2006 International Dating Violence Study, which investigated IPV amongst 13,601 college students across thirty-two different countries. In

494-444: The degree of symmetry or asymmetry between their responses. The CTS can be administered through an in-person interview, telephone interview, self-administered questionnaire, and/or computer-administered questionnaire. The revised CTS2 measures a total of 39 behaviors. Each of these behaviors, or "items", is divided into five categories: "Negotiation", "Psychological Aggression", "Physical Assault", "Sexual Coercion" and "Injury." Each of

520-458: The five categories is then further subdivided into two subscales: "Negotiation" is subdivided into "Cognitive" and "Emotional", while the other four categories are subdivided into "Minor" and "Severe." There are six items in "Negotiation", eight in "Psychological Aggression," twelve in "Physical Assault," seven in "Sexual Coercion," and six in "Injury." Examples from each category include: CTS2 questions are presented in pairs. The first question in

546-452: The harmful effects of reading difficulty (such as low self-esteem or dropping out of school)." Michael Kimmel says of this argument, "such an analogy is utterly inadequate. It is more akin to a teacher who doesn't look at how far off the spelling mistakes are or whether there is a pattern in the mistakes that might point to a physiological problem like dyslexia or some other learning disability, as compared to academic laziness, and thus leaving

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572-700: The learning problems untouched and misdirecting funds away from towards punitive after-school programs for lazy students." Another common criticism is that the CTS carries ideological assumptions about domestic violence, such as the notion that partner violence is the result of an "argument" rather than an attempt to control one's partner. Furthermore, the CTS asks about frequency only in the past twelve months and fails to detect ongoing systematic patterns of abuse. It also excludes incidents of violence that occur after separation and divorce. The CTS also does not measure economic abuse, manipulation involving children, isolation, or intimidation – all common measures of violence from

598-457: The pair asks respondents to indicate how often they carried out each item, in a range from "never" to "more than 20 times," in the referent period. The second asks how often the partner carried out each item within the same referent period. Default referent periods are usually 12 months, but other spans of time can be used. Subscales measuring the degree of severity of "less severe" and "more severe" behaviors are included for all CTS scales, "based on

624-430: The presumed greater harm resulting from acts in the severe subscale." The severity of behaviors can also be measured by analyzing the frequency of the acts and by whether an injury was reported by the respondent. The CTSPC (parent-child relationships) has scales to measure: The CTSPC also includes supplementary questions on instances of neglect, sexual abuse, and discipline in the past week. There are many ways to score

650-443: Was an American professor of sociology at the University of New Hampshire . He is best known for creating the conflict tactics scale , the "most widely used instrument in research on family violence ". Straus was born to Samuel and Kathleen Straus in New York City on June 18, 1926. Straus' research focused on families, corporal punishment, and intimate partner violence with an emphasis on cross-national comparisons. He founded

676-537: Was picked up by SAGE Publications in 1998 and became one of the first academic journals focused on men, with Kimmel as its editor. In 2004, Kimmel was one of 15 scholars chosen for innovative scholarship by the Carnegie Corporation of New York . His research title was "Globalization and its Mal(e)contents: The Gendered Moral and Political Economy of the Extreme Right" . In an article about

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