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60-471: The name Cynetes (Latin Conii ) probably stems from Proto-Celtic *kwon ('dog') connected with Greek kyοn , κύων, dog. They are often mentioned in the ancient sources under various designations, mostly Greek or Latin derivatives of their two tribal names: ‘Cynetas’/’Cynetum’; ‘Kunetes’, ‘Kunetas’, and ‘Kunesioi' or ‘Cuneus’, followed by ‘Konioi’, ‘Kouneon’ and ‘Kouneous’/‘Kouneoi’. The Conii occupied since

120-471: A chain shift . The terms P-Celtic and Q-Celtic are useful for grouping Celtic languages based on the way they handle this one phoneme. But a simple division into P- / Q-Celtic may be untenable, as it does not do justice to the evidence of the ancient Continental Celtic languages . The many unusual shared innovations among the Insular Celtic languages are often also presented as evidence against

180-422: A P- vs Q-Celtic division, but they may instead reflect a common substratum influence from the pre-Celtic languages of Britain and Ireland, [1] , or simply continuing contact between the insular languages; in either case they would be irrelevant to the genetic classification of Celtic languages. Q-Celtic languages may also have /p/ in loan words, though in early borrowings from Welsh into Primitive Irish, /kʷ/

240-403: A branch of the state-run University of Algarve awarding degrees in business management and tourism as well as technical specialization courses in accountancy and post-graduation in real estate appraisal & management, and also a private institution of higher education awarding degrees in fields ranging from law to data science ( Instituto Superior Manuel Teixeira Gomes ). Portimão

300-656: A date for Proto-Celtic as early as the 13th century BC, the time of the Canegrate culture , in northwest Italy, and the Urnfield culture in Central Europe, implying that the divergence may have already started in the Bronze Age. The phonological changes from Proto-Indo-European (PIE) to Proto-Celtic (PC) may be summarized as follows. The changes are roughly in chronological order, with changes that operate on

360-520: A former sardine canning factory and features exhibits on the local fishing industry, archaeology , and ethnography . The museum also has a rooftop terrace with views of the city and the river and often hosts external exhibitions such as the Portuguese prison photo project. Located in the safest harbour and anchorage of the country, at the Arade river estuary, with over 25-hectares, Marina de Portimão

420-547: Is a city and a municipality in the district of Faro , in the Algarve region of southern Portugal . The population in 2022 was 60,879, in an area of 182.06 km . It was formerly known as Vila Nova de Portimão . In 1924, it was incorporated as a cidade and became known merely as Portimão. Historically a fishing and shipbuilding centre, it has nonetheless developed into a strong tourist centre oriented along its beaches and southern coast. The two largest population centers in

480-440: Is a race and test circuit officially recognised for the highest categories both for cars and motorcycles. MotoGP races, Superbike races, Le Mans Series races and F1 tests are scheduled. The Lisbon to Dakar Rally passed through here. The 2020 Portuguese Formula One Grand Prix took place over 66 laps of the 4.684-kilometer Autodromo Internacional do Algarve on Sunday, October 25, and was won by Lewis Hamilton . A month later

540-524: Is framed by the historical forts of Santa Catarina and São João. The water in the marina is upto 7m deep, so the vessels can come and go at any time of the tide but the entrance has a sand bar that skippers should be aware of. Marina de Portimão is located within a condominium that includes its beach, restaurants, shops, bars and swimming-pool (not accessible to marina users) with views of the sea. Besides kindergartens, and primary and secondary education schools with classes from grade 1 to grade 12, Portimão has

600-546: Is in the nearby district capital of Faro ). Administratively, the municipality is divided into three civil parishes ( freguesias ): The municipality is primarily serviced by the A22 motorway (the Via do Infante ), and the E.N.125 roadway that links it directly to the communities of Alvor (4 kilometres, 2.5 mi), Mexilhoeira Grande (9 kilometres, 5.6 mi) and Praia da Rocha (3 kilometres, 1.9 mi). The community, which

660-434: Is known for its sporting events, mostly water sports , including surfing and kitesurfing ; motorsport ; beach soccer ; and the professional football team Portimonense S.C. Portimonense S.C. is the main local sports club, with competitive teams in such sports such as basketball , handball , futsal , esports and association football . It is best known for its professional association football team which plays at

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720-554: Is lost in PC, apparently going through the stages * ɸ (possibly a stage *[pʰ]) and * h (perhaps seen in the name Hercynia if this is of Celtic origin) before being completely lost word-initially and between vowels. Next to consonants, PC * ɸ underwent different changes: the clusters * ɸs and * ɸt became * xs and * xt respectively already in PC. PIE * sp- became Old Irish s ( f- when lenited, exactly as for PIE * sw- ) and Brythonic f ; while Schrijver 1995 , p. 348 argues there

780-459: Is possible to reconstruct a Proto-Celtic word for 'iron' (traditionally reconstructed as *īsarnom ) has long been taken as an indication that the divergence into individual Celtic languages did not start until the Iron Age (8th century BC to 1st century BC); otherwise, descendant languages would have developed their own, unrelated words for their metal. However, Schumacher and Schrijver suggest

840-440: Is the hypothetical ancestral proto-language of all known Celtic languages , and a descendant of Proto-Indo-European . It is not attested in writing but has been partly reconstructed through the comparative method . Proto-Celtic is generally thought to have been spoken between 1300 and 800 BC, after which it began to split into different languages. Proto-Celtic is often associated with the Urnfield culture and particularly with

900-642: Is too scanty to allow a secure reconstruction of syntax , though some complete sentences are recorded in the Continental Gaulish and Celtiberian . So, the main sources for reconstruction come from Insular Celtic languages with the oldest literature found in Old Irish and Middle Welsh , dating back to authors flourishing in the 6th century AD. Proto-Celtic is usually dated to the Late Bronze Age , ca. 1200–900 BC. The fact that it

960-754: The Estádio Municipal de Portimão and has competed in the main professional leagues of the Portuguese football league system . In the summer, a beach soccer tournament called the Mundialito de Futebol de Praia ('Little World Cup') is held. Being located on the South coast of Portugal, Portimão is well known in the sailing world for being an ideal location for sailing on the Atlantic Ocean, boasting much calmer seas and weather conditions than

1020-526: The Hallstatt culture . Celtic languages share common features with Italic languages that are not found in other branches of Indo-European, suggesting the possibility of an earlier Italo-Celtic linguistic unity. Proto-Celtic is currently being reconstructed through the comparative method by relying on later Celtic languages. Though Continental Celtic presents much substantiation for Proto-Celtic phonology , and some for its morphology , recorded material

1080-641: The Munda ( Mondego ) river valley. It has been suggested that the haplotypes HLA - A25 - B18 - DR15 and HLA-A26 - B38 - DR13 , which are unique genetic markers found in Portugal, may be from the Conii (or Oestrimni ). Their presence in these regions is attested archeologically by the elaborated cremation burial-mounds of their ruling elite, whose rich grave-goods and the inscribed slabs in ‘Tartessian alphabet’ – also referred to as ‘ Southwest script ’ – that mark

1140-440: The 17th century is located on the highest point in the city, inside the former walls. The late-Gothic portal is inspired by the most important monument of the time, The Monastery of Batalha . It has undergone several renovations over the years. The Fort of Santa Catarina is a historic fort located on the cliffs overlooking Praia da Rocha . The fort was built in the 17th century to protect the city from pirate attacks. The fortress

1200-521: The 2020 MotoGP season finale also took place at the Autodromo Internacional do Algarve on Sunday, 22 November. There is also an annual grand prix of rhythmic gymnastics , with an individual all-round competition, a team all-round competition, and finals by apparatus and by group at senior and junior levels. The Ocean Revival Project saw 4 Portuguese Navy Warships deliberately sunk to form the largest single artificial reef structure in

1260-745: The 3rd century BC, the Celtici reached the western Algarve, establishing a colony at Laccobriga ( Monte Molião , near Lagos ) and in 153 BC, during the Lusitanian Wars against Rome, Conistorgis fell to the Lusitani and their Vettones ' allies. The Conii were thence forced to switch their allegiance from the Roman Republic to the Lusitani, being subjected in 141-140 BC to Consul Quintus Fabius Maximus Servilianus ’ reprisal campaigns in

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1320-508: The African and Brazilian colonies, such as slaves and sugar, were introduced into the Portuguese territory. But, by the 17th and 18th century, the rhythm of growth slowed considerably. As commerce decreased the inhabitants emigrated, a fact that accelerated after the 1755 earthquake, causing the destruction within the city. The main church was destroyed, while many of the small chapels were damaged. The city walls were severely damaged, not just by

1380-615: The Algarve are Portimão and Faro . The area was settled during the prehistoric epoch: the Cynetes , influenced by the Celts and Tartessos lived in the Algarve for many centuries. In the area of Alcalar there are several remnants of Neolithic funerary sites of which only one, Alcalar monument number seven , comprising a circular chamber composed of schist stone and long corridor, remains. Comparable to western European and Irish monuments,

1440-672: The Castle of São João (in Ferragudo) and the Fort of Santa Catarina (Portimão) , protected the centre from attacks from pirates and privateers during this period. In Portimão, a major part of the commerce was accomplished across the sea. The transport across the Arade River was done across a boat that docked at the Largo de Barca . Until bridge and road was constructed, 400 years later, it was

1500-754: The Celts. The capital of the Conii was Conistorgis , according to Strabo, who considered the region Celtic . In the local language Conistorgis probably means "City of the Conii". Its precise location has not been determined. Some authors suggest that Pax Julia might have been founded over the ruins of Conistorgis. Other Conii towns ( Oppida ) included Ipses ( Alvor ), Cilpe ( Cerro da Rocha Branca – Silves ), Ossonoba (near Faro ; Iberian-type mint: Osunba ), Balsa (Quinta da Torre de Aires, Santa Luzia – Tavira ), Baesuris ( Castro Marim ; Iberian-type mint: Baesuri ) and Myrtilis ( Mértola ; Iberian-type mint: Mrtlis Saidie ). According to Pomponius Mela

1560-1081: The Iberian southwest. In 138-137 BC the Cyneticum was aggregated into Hispania Ulterior province, only to become again a battleground during the Sertorian Wars , when Quintus Sertorius seized Conistorgis and Consul Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius devastated the region in retaliation, being defeated at the battle of Laccobriga in 78 BC. In 27-13 BC the romanized Conii were incorporated into Lusitania province. Proto-Celtic language Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European Proto-Celtic , or Common Celtic ,

1620-766: The Ligurians established themselves. They appear to be related to the Aquitanians and the Basques . Inscriptions in the Tartessian language have been found in the area, in a variety often referred to as Southwest Paleohispanic script . The name Conii , found in Strabo , seems to have been identical with the Cynesii , who were mentioned by Herodotus as the westernmost dwellers of Europe and distinguished by him from

1680-590: The Ria de Alvor dunes allow the existence of a marshland and estuary , on which a great diversity of species depend, both fauna and flora, as well as the communities of fishermen and local shellfishers. Portimão is crossed by the Arade River . Portimão has a hot-summer mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Csa ) with hot dry summers and mild wet winters moderated by the Atlantic Ocean . The lowest temperature

1740-570: The United Kingdom, Portugal and Ireland. Seasonal concentration (44%) usually occurred around the high-summer months (July, August and September). The Algarve in general is a major draw for tourists. In 2018, the region's income from tourism was over a billion euros; the number of visitors totaled 4.2 million. The region's tourism contributed €1.08 billion to the economy in that year. The Igreja Matriz de Portimão (Portimão’s Main Church) from

1800-609: The Western coastline. Portimão is the host venue for many prestigious sailing events including the annual Portimão, Portugal Match Cup event which is a part of the World Match Racing Tour . The event draws the world's best sailing teams to Portimão. The identical supplied (SM-40) boats are raced two at a time. Points accrued count towards the World Match Race Tour and a place in the final event of

1860-520: The altitude and relief of the municipality of Portimão generically follow the three types of territory present in the Barlavento : the coastal region, the Barrocal (a region between the coastal region and the mountains) and the mountains up north. Each one with their own geological, morphological and pedagogical characteristics. The badlands of Ponta João D’Arens host several species of birds and

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1920-511: The city has ever experienced was −2 °C (28 °F) in January 1976. Along with other municipalities in the Algarve, Portimão is very sunny, averaging over 3,000 hours of sunshine a year. The average sea temperature is around 16 °C (61 °F) in winter and 20 to 21 °C (68 to 70 °F) in the summer. Portimão receives approximately 300 to 350 mm of precipitation yearly. The wettest months are November, December, and January, while

1980-466: The city turned into one of the more important fishing and packing centres in the Algarve, until the 20th century, when the 1980s recession finally caused these businesses to fold. At the end of the 20th century, visitors to the region began travelling to the beaches of Praia da Rocha or Praia da Santa Catarina. On 1 August 1910, the Praia da Rocha Casino was opened, symptom of the growing influx of tourists to

2040-501: The driest months are June, July, and August. The city has an average of 8 to 11 rainy days per month during the wet season. Portimão is the most important urbanized city in the Barlavento Algarvio (the western Algarve), supporting a sizeable population with harbour and a small airfield ( Portimão Airport ) of its own with schedules flights to some domestic destinations by Aero VIP (the larger Faro International Airport

2100-499: The earthquake but also the resulting tsunami. The Fort of Santa Catarina also suffered damage, but was reconstructed in 1792 and 1794, by the Count of Val de Reys. Close to Portimão, Silves Castle was also destroyed in the 1775 earthquake, its Gothic portico with vegetative motifs was later rebuilt. This impressive structure offers a glimpse into the past and a vivid reminder of the region’s historical importance. Twenty years after

2160-477: The earthquake, the Marquess of Pombal, wanted to make Portimão a bishopric, and in this evolution, he elevated the town to the status of city. Queen Maria I of Portugal vetoed these intentions. The civil statute was only issued in 1924, by the Marquess' illustrious son Manuel Teixeira Gomes, as Republican president. In the 19th century, a fishing conserving industry reinvigorated the old city. Now renamed Portimão,

2220-532: The family until the 17th century. The shipbuilding industry took on an important place in the city's development. These activities were registered in the royal documents that included authorization of Sebastian of Portugal (in 1536). The king visited in 1573, passing the night and assisting a solemn mass in the Convent of São Francisco. In the port of Portimão local products, such as figs, olives, oil, wine and fish were regularly exported, while other products from

2280-492: The fledgling Kingdom of Portugal , during the reign of Afonso III of Portugal . Due to the constant raids of pirates, the coastal area of Portimão was considered unsafe to live. Its geographic location created strong economic conditions to allow the region to prosper, eventually allowing Portimão to obtain the status of town in 1435. The inhabitants understood the necessity of constructing walls, in order to protect themselves from constant invasions. The construction of two forts,

2340-432: The following evidence: Proto-Indo-European (PIE) voiced aspirate stops * bʰ , * dʰ , * gʰ/ǵʰ , merge with * b , * d , * g/ǵ in PC. The voiced aspirate labiovelar * gʷʰ did not merge with * gʷ , though: plain * gʷ became PC * b , while aspirated * gʷʰ became * gʷ . Thus, PIE * gʷen- 'woman' became Old Irish and Old Welsh ben , but PIE * gʷʰn̥- 'to kill, wound' became Old Irish gonaid and Welsh gwanu . PIE * p

2400-596: The funeral crypt, with two lateral ritual niches, was protected by a tumulus : a similar site exists in Monte Canelas. The mouth of the Arade River proved an important natural shelter that soon became a small commercial port for the Phoenicians , Greeks and Carthaginians . The Carthaginians founded two settlements nearby in the mid-6th century   BC, known by their Roman names Portus Magonis and Portus Hannibalis (" Hannibal 's Port"). The former

2460-647: The genitive singular does not match Proto-Indo-European's -osyo , which would have yielded -osjo . As in the masculine paradigm, the genitive singular does not match Proto-Indo-European's -osyo , which would have yielded -osjo . E.g. * ɸlāmā 'hand' (feminine) ( Old Irish lám ; Welsh llaw , Cornish leuv , Old Breton lom ) E.g. * sūlis 'sight, view, eye' (feminine) ( Brittonic sulis ~ Old Irish súil ) E.g. * mori 'body of water, sea' (neuter) ( Gaulish Mori - ~ Old Irish muir ~ Welsh môr ) Portim%C3%A3o Portimão ( European Portuguese pronunciation: [puɾtiˈmɐ̃w] )

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2520-597: The graves, evidence contact with North Africa and the eastern Mediterranean since the 9th century BC. Scholars like Schulten , consider the Conii a Ligurian tribe (related to the Ligures of North-western Italy/South-eastern France) and believe that the «Ligurians are the original people of the Iberian Peninsula». The Conii would have left their mark not only in Portugal but also in Spain and European regions where

2580-553: The late Bronze Age most of the present-day Lower Alentejo , Algarve , the southern part of Badajoz and the northwestern portions of Córdoba and Ciudad Real provinces, giving the Algarve its pre-Roman name, the Cyneticum . Prior to the Celtic- Turduli migrations of the 5th to 4th centuries BC, the original Conii territories also included upper Alentejo and the Portuguese coastal Estremadura region stretching up to

2640-465: The late 3rd century BC. The Conii seemed to have played no significant role in the Second Punic War and subsequent conflicts, even though they were constantly under the pressure from the northernly Celtic tribes throughout the 3rd to 2nd centuries BC, which may explain their willingness to place themselves under the protection of foreign powers such as Carthage and later Rome . Around

2700-456: The only form of crossing the river. In 1453, King Afonso V of Portugal , under petition from several inhabitants in Portimão, authorized the founding of new settlement, which became the urbanized centre of Portimão (then named São Lourenço Barrosa ). In 1476, Vila Nova de Portimão is donated by Afonso V of Portugal to his financial inspector, D. Gonçalo Vaz de Castelo Branco, remaining in

2760-667: The outcome of earlier ones appearing later in the list. These changes are shared by several other Indo-European branches. The following sound changes are shared with the Italic languages in particular, and are cited in support of the Italo-Celtic hypothesis. One change shows non-exact parallels in Italic: vocalization of syllabic resonants next to laryngeals depending on the environment. Similar developments appear in Italic, but for

2820-872: The parent language. Proto-Celtic is believed to have had nouns in three genders , three numbers and five to eight cases. The genders were masculine, feminine and neuter; the numbers were singular, plural and dual. The number of cases is a subject of contention: while Old Irish may have only five, the evidence from Continental Celtic is considered rather unambiguous despite appeals to archaic retentions or morphological leveling . These cases were nominative , vocative , accusative , dative , genitive , ablative , locative and instrumental . Nouns fall into nine or so declensions, depending on stem. There are * o -stems, * ā -stems, * i -stems, * u -stems, dental stems, velar stems, nasal stems, * r -stems and * s -stems. However, Celtiberian shows -o- stem genitives ending in -o rather than -ī : aualo "[son] of Avalos". Also note that

2880-543: The population of these parva oppida did not surpass 6,000 inhabitants. A powerful urban aristocracy of Phoenician and Turdetanian or Turduli colonists dominated all the trade, fishing, and shipbuilding in these same coastal settlements since the 4th century BC, until the Carthaginians occupied the Cyneticum and founded the Punic colonies of Portus Hannibalis (near Portimão?) and Portus Magonis ( Portimão ) at

2940-528: The region, many aristocrats from the southern part of the country and Andalusia . The place became populated by houses and chalets built for, or rented to, the numerous tourists. The first hotel constructed, the Hotel Viola, dated to the first part of the 20th century, and was expanded after 1932, when the space became too small to support the influx of travellers. In 1936, the Hotel Bela Vista

3000-683: The same exception occurred again in the High German consonant shift .) In Gaulish and the Brittonic languages , the Proto-Indo-European * kʷ phoneme becomes a new * p sound. Thus, Gaulish petuar[ios] , Welsh pedwar "four", but Old Irish cethair and Latin quattuor . Insofar as this new /p/ fills the gap in the phoneme inventory which was left by the disappearance of the equivalent stop in PIE, we may think of this as

3060-422: The saw-milling/forestry industry (including cork), among others. In the last quarter of the 20th century, tourism became an accentuated economic factor in the regions growth, with the development of activities oriented towards the sea and development of seasonal infrastructures that permitted an influx of new money. By the beginning of the 21st century, 74% of the roughly 2,000 annual overnight stays originated from

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3120-639: The season, with the overall winner taking the title ISAF World Match Racing Tour Champion. Match racing is an ideal sport for spectators in Portimão. The Portimão coastline has also been host to the sport of powerboating. The Portuguese Grand Prix of the Sea run by Powerboat P1 as part of its international championship is also held in Portimão. In the hills near Portimão stands the Autódromo Internacional do Algarve . Finished in October 2008, it

3180-586: The syllabic nasals *m̩, *n̩, the result is Proto-Italic *əm, *ən (> Latin em ~ im , en ~ in ). The following consonants have been reconstructed for Proto-Celtic (PC): Eska has recently proposed that PC stops allophonically manifest similarly to those in English . Voiceless stop phonemes /t k/ were aspirated word-initially except when preceded by /s/, hence aspirate allophones [tʰ kʰ]. And unaspirated voiced stops /b d ɡ/ were devoiced to [p t k] word-initially. This allophony may be reconstructed to PC from

3240-466: Was an intermediate stage * sɸ- (in which * ɸ remained an independent phoneme until after Proto-Insular Celtic had diverged into Goidelic and Brythonic), McCone 1996 , pp. 44–45 finds it more economical to believe that * sp- remained unchanged in PC, that is, the change * p to * ɸ did not happen when * s preceded. (Similarly, Grimm's law did not apply to * p, t, k after * s in Germanic , and

3300-407: Was built on the site where a small chapel dedicated to St. Catherine of Alexandria already existed. Inside the fortifications, the original Gothic portal of this chapel has been preserved. Today, the fort is a popular tourist attraction that offers views of the beach and the sea. The fort also houses a small museum with exhibits on the history of the fort and the city. Portimão Museum is housed in

3360-418: Was constructed as total tourists began to exceed a thousand people annually. It turned into a popular destination for sport fishing, and among popular nautical sports, jet skiing, sailing, windsurfing, diving and dolphin watching. The municipality is located on the western southern coast of the Algarve, bordering the municipalities of Lagos , Lagoa , Monchique and Silves . The geographical distribution of

3420-482: Was founded on the right margin of the Arade River, and oriented towards the sea, is inserted in a region whose geography and physical characteristics justify a seafaring economy. Its maritime economy allowed the development of industries oriented towards salination of fish, the open-water fishing industry, conservation and canning, the construction of ships and transport. Further, the Arade basin permitted rural commerce associated with cultivation of carob , fig, almonds and

3480-759: Was ruled by the Visigoths until the arrival of the Moors . It was during the Moorish occupation that the settlement changed to Burj Munt . The river and its ocean access to the ancient city of Shilb ( Silves ), then capital of the Arabian Algarve . Along with Silves and Alvor, the small fishing centre in Portimão was reconquered in 1249 from the Arabs by Knights of the Order of Santiago and forcibly integrated into

3540-459: Was the nucleus of present-day Portimão. Obvious vestiges of the Roman occupation are situated near Figueira, at Quinta da Abicada , in the confluence of two rivers, where the remains of various rooms were unearthed. Also, in the area of Coca Maravilhas was discovered a well-preserved period cistern , while along the Arade River there have been identified gold coins. In the 5th century, the Algarve

3600-631: Was used by sound substitution due to a lack of a /p/ phoneme at the time: Gaelic póg "kiss" was a later borrowing (from the second word of the Latin phrase osculum pacis "kiss of peace") at a stage where p was borrowed directly as p , without substituting c . The PC vowel system is highly comparable to that reconstructed for PIE by Antoine Meillet . The following monophthongs are reconstructed: The following diphthongs have also been reconstructed: The morphological (structure) of nouns and adjectives demonstrates no arresting alterations from

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