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36-477: [REDACTED] Look up conjugation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Conjugation or conjugate may refer to: Linguistics [ edit ] Grammatical conjugation , the modification of a verb from its basic form Emotive conjugation or Russell's conjugation, the use of loaded language Mathematics [ edit ] Complex conjugation ,

72-465: A Wati language wherein the correlating verb classes are presented below also by their imperative verbal endings -la, -∅, -ra and -wa respectively Ngarla , a member of the Ngayarda sub-family of languages has a binary conjugation system labelled: In the case of Ngarla, there is a notably strong correlation between conjugation class and transitivity, with transitive/ditransitive verbs falling in

108-559: A specific mathematical form, such that the pair satisfies the aforementioned commutation relation. It's important to remember that our particular "choice" of operators would merely reflect one of many equivalent, or isomorphic, representations of the general algebraic structure that fundamentally characterizes quantum mechanics. The generalization is provided formally by the Heisenberg Lie algebra h 3 {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {h}}_{3}} , with

144-586: A few Uralic and Australian Aboriginal languages , predicative adjectives and copular complements take affixes that are identical to those used on predicative verbs, but their negation is different. For example, in Turkish : Under negation, that becomes (negative affixes in bold): Therefore, the person agreement affixes used with predicative adjectives and nominals in Turkic languages are considered to be nonverbal in character. In some analyses, they are viewed as

180-515: A form of person agreement that is distinct from that used on ordinary predicative verbs . Although that is a form of conjugation in that it refers back to the person of the subject, it is not "verbal" because it always derives from pronouns that have become clitic to the nouns to which they refer. An example of nonverbal person agreement, along with contrasting verbal conjugation, can be found from Beja (person agreement affixes in bold): Another example can be found from Ket : In Turkic , and

216-418: A form of verbal takeover by a copular strategy. These common grammatical categories affect how verbs can be conjugated: Here are other factors that may affect conjugation: Indo-European languages usually inflect verbs for several grammatical categories in complex paradigms , although some, like English, have simplified verb conjugation to a large extent. Below is the conjugation of the verb to be in

252-409: A line graph, i.e. a graph representing the edge adjacencies of another graph In group theory, various notions are called conjugation: Inner automorphism , a type of conjugation homomorphism Conjugation in group theory, related to matrix similarity in linear algebra Conjugation (group theory) , the image of an element under the conjugation homomorphisms Conjugate closure , the image of

288-525: A similar verbal paradigm. Some historic verb forms are used by Shakespeare as slightly archaic or more formal variants ( I do , thou dost , he doth ) of the modern forms. Some languages with verbal agreement can leave certain subjects implicit when the subject is fully determined by the verb form. In Spanish , for instance, subject pronouns do not need to be explicitly present, but in French, its close relative, they are obligatory. The Spanish equivalent to

324-443: A subgroup under the conjugation homomorphisms Conjugate words in combinatorics; this operation on strings resembles conjugation in groups Isogonal conjugate , in geometry Conjugate gradient method , an algorithm for the numerical solution of particular systems of linear equations Conjugate points , in differential geometry Topological conjugation , which identifies equivalent dynamical systems Convex conjugate ,

360-643: A system describing a conjugate acid-base pair Conjugated system , a system of atoms covalently bonded with alternating single and multiple bonds Conjugate variables (thermodynamics) , pairs of variables that always change simultaneously Conjugate quantities , observables that are linked by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle Conjugate focal plane , in optics See also [ edit ] Conjugal (disambiguation) Conjoint All pages with titles containing conjugation All pages with titles containing conjugate Topics referred to by

396-535: A way that they become Fourier transform duals , or more generally are related through Pontryagin duality . The duality relations lead naturally to an uncertainty relation—in physics called the Heisenberg uncertainty principle —between them. In mathematical terms, conjugate variables are part of a symplectic basis , and the uncertainty relation corresponds to the symplectic form . Also, conjugate variables are related by Noether's theorem , which states that if

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432-426: Is also the traditional term for a group of verbs that share a similar conjugation pattern in a particular language (a verb class ). For example, Latin is said to have four conjugations of verbs. This means that any regular Latin verb can be conjugated in any person, number, tense, mood, and voice by knowing which of the four conjugation groups it belongs to, and its principal parts. A verb that does not follow all of

468-487: Is called a lemma . The term conjugation is applied only to the inflection of verbs, and not of other parts of speech (inflection of nouns and adjectives is known as declension ) . Also it is generally restricted to denoting the formation of finite forms of a verb – these may be referred to as conjugated forms , as opposed to non-finite forms , such as an infinitive , gerund , or participle which respectively comprise their own grammatical categories . Conjugation

504-750: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Biology disambiguation pages Grammatical conjugation Verbs may inflect for grammatical categories such as person , number , gender , case , tense , aspect , mood , voice , possession , definiteness , politeness , causativity , clusivity , interrogatives , transitivity , valency , polarity , telicity , volition , mirativity , evidentiality , animacy , associativity, pluractionality , and reciprocity . Verbs may also be affected by agreement , polypersonal agreement , incorporation , noun class , noun classifiers , and verb classifiers . Agglutinative and polysynthetic languages tend to have

540-424: Is the notion of conjugation classes, which are a set of groups into which each lexical verb falls. They determine how a verb is conjugated for Tense–aspect–mood . The classes can but do not universally correspond to the transitivity or valency of the verb in question. Generally, of the two to six conjugation classes in a Pama-Nyungan language, two classes are open with a large membership and allow for new coinages, and

576-465: Is usually the most irregular verb. The similarities in corresponding verb forms may be noticed. Some of the conjugations may be disused, like the English thou -form, or have additional meanings, like the English you -form, which can also stand for second person singular or be impersonal . son One common feature of Pama–Nyungan languages , the largest family of Australian Aboriginal languages ,

612-573: The canonical commutation relation : [ x ^ , p ^ ] = x ^ p ^ − p ^ x ^ = i ℏ {\displaystyle [{\widehat {x}},{\widehat {p\,}}]={\widehat {x}}{\widehat {p\,}}-{\widehat {p\,}}{\widehat {x}}=i\hbar } For every non-zero commutator of two operators, there exists an "uncertainty principle", which in our present example may be expressed in

648-952: The l -class and intransitive/semi-transitive verbs in the ∅- class. These classes even extend to how verbs are nominalized as instruments with the l- class verb including the addition of an /l/ before the nominalizing suffix and the blank class remaining blank: l-class example: Kunyjarta-lu Woman- ERG mara hand ku-rnu CAUS - PST parnu-nga 3SG - GEN warnta stick pirri-lpunyjarri, dig- INS kurni-rnu throw- PST kunyjarta woman kurri teenager Kunyjarta-lu mara ku-rnu parnu-nga warnta pirri-lpunyjarri, kurni-rnu kunyjarta kurri Woman-ERG hand CAUS-PST 3SG-GEN stick dig-INS throw-PST woman teenager ‘(The) woman caused her digging stick to be in (the) hand (i.e. picked up her digging stick), (and) threw (it) at (the) girl.’ ∅-class example Conjugate quantities Conjugate variables are pairs of variables mathematically defined in such

684-572: The ("dual") lower-semicontinuous convex function resulting from the Legendre–Fenchel transformation of a "primal" function Probability and statistics [ edit ] Conjugate prior , in Bayesian statistics, a family of probability distributions that contains a prior and the posterior distributions for a particular likelihood function (particularly for one-parameter exponential families) Conjugate pairing of probability distributions, in

720-501: The Fourier-analytic theory of characteristic functions and statistical mechanics Science [ edit ] Sexual conjugation , a type of isogamy in unicellular eukaryotes Bacterial conjugation , a mechanism of exchange of genetic material between bacteria Conjugate vaccine , in immunology Conjugation (biochemistry) , covalently linking a biomolecule with another molecule Conjugate (acid-base theory) ,

756-594: The French je suis (I am) can be simply soy (lit. "am"). The pronoun yo (I) in the explicit form yo soy is used only for emphasis or to clear ambiguity in complex texts. Some languages have a richer agreement system in which verbs agree also with some or all of their objects. Ubykh exhibits verbal agreement for the subject, direct object, indirect object, benefaction and ablative objects ( a.w3.s.xe.n.t'u.n , you gave it to him for me ). Basque can show agreement not only for subject, direct object and indirect object but it also can exhibit agreement for

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792-445: The change of sign of the imaginary part of a complex number Conjugate (square roots) , the change of sign of a square root in an expression Conjugate element (field theory) , a generalization of the preceding conjugations to roots of a polynomial of any degree Conjugate transpose , the complex conjugate of the transpose of a matrix Harmonic conjugate in complex analysis Conjugate (graph theory) , an alternative term for

828-478: The following: In classical physics , the derivatives of action are conjugate variables to the quantity with respect to which one is differentiating. In quantum mechanics, these same pairs of variables are related by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle . In quantum mechanics , conjugate variables are realized as pairs of observables whose operators do not commute. In conventional terminology, they are said to be incompatible observables . Consider, as an example,

864-544: The form: Δ x Δ p ≥ ℏ / 2 {\displaystyle \Delta x\,\Delta p\geq \hbar /2} In this ill-defined notation, Δ x {\displaystyle \Delta x} and Δ p {\displaystyle \Delta p} denote "uncertainty" in the simultaneous specification of x {\displaystyle x} and p {\displaystyle p} . A more precise, and statistically complete, statement involving

900-581: The generalized uncertainty principle is given by: σ A 2 σ B 2 ≥ ( 1 2 i ⟨ [ A ^ , B ^ ] ⟩ ) 2 {\displaystyle {\sigma _{A}}^{2}{\sigma _{B}}^{2}\geq \left({\frac {1}{2i}}\left\langle \left[{\widehat {A}},{\widehat {B}}\right]\right\rangle \right)^{2}} Now suppose we were to explicitly define two particular operators, assigning each

936-422: The laws of physics are invariant with respect to a change in one of the conjugate variables, then the other conjugate variable will not change with time (i.e. it will be conserved). Conjugate variables in thermodynamics are widely used. There are many types of conjugate variables, depending on the type of work a certain system is doing (or is being subjected to). Examples of canonically conjugate variables include

972-622: The listener as the implicit benefactor: autoa ekarri digute means "they brought us the car" (neuter agreement for the listener), but autoa ekarri ziguten means "they brought us the car" (agreement for feminine singular listener). Languages with a rich agreement morphology facilitate relatively free word order without leading to increased ambiguity. The canonical word order in Basque is subject–object–verb , but all permutations of subject, verb and object are permitted. In some languages, predicative adjectives and copular complements receive

1008-587: The measurable quantities given by position ( x ) {\displaystyle \left(x\right)} and momentum ( p ) {\displaystyle \left(p\right)} . In the quantum-mechanical formalism, the two observables x {\displaystyle x} and p {\displaystyle p} correspond to operators x ^ {\displaystyle {\widehat {x}}} and p ^ {\displaystyle {\widehat {p\,}}} , which necessarily satisfy

1044-402: The most complex conjugations, although some fusional languages such as Archi can also have extremely complex conjugation. Typically the principal parts are the root and/or several modifications of it ( stems ). All the different forms of the same verb constitute a lexeme , and the canonical form of the verb that is conventionally used to represent that lexeme (as seen in dictionary entries)

1080-675: The other hand I goes , you goes etc. are not grammatical in standard English. (Things are different in some English dialects that lack agreement.) A few English verbs have no special forms that indicate subject agreement ( I may , you may , he may ), and the verb to be has an additional form am that can only be used with the pronoun I as the subject. Verbs in written French exhibit more intensive agreement morphology than English verbs: je suis (I am), tu es ("you are", singular informal ), elle est (she is), nous sommes (we are), vous êtes ("you are", plural), ils sont (they are). Historically, English used to have

1116-501: The present tense (of the infinitive, if it exists, and indicative moods), in English , German , Yiddish , Dutch , Afrikaans , Icelandic , Faroese , Swedish , Norwegian , Latvian , Bulgarian , Serbo-Croatian , Polish , Slovenian , Macedonian , Urdu or Hindi , Persian , Latin , French , Italian , Spanish , Portuguese , Russian , Albanian , Armenian , Irish , Ukrainian , Ancient Attic Greek and Modern Greek . This

Conjugation - Misplaced Pages Continue

1152-540: The remainder are closed and of limited membership. In Wati languages , verbs generally fall into four classes: They are labelled by using common morphological components of verb endings in each respective class in infinitival forms. In the Wanman language these each correspond to la , ya , rra , and wa verbs respectively. See also a similar table of verb classes and conjugations in Pitjantjatjara,

1188-497: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Conjugation . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conjugation&oldid=1180807525 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Linguistics disambiguation pages Mathematics disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

1224-405: The standard conjugation patterns of the language is said to be an irregular verb . The system of all conjugated variants of a particular verb or class of verbs is called a verb paradigm ; this may be presented in the form of a conjugation table . Verbal agreement , or concord , is a morpho - syntactic construct in which properties of the subject and/or objects of a verb are indicated by

1260-593: The standard deviation σ {\displaystyle \sigma } reads: σ x σ p ≥ ℏ / 2 {\displaystyle \sigma _{x}\sigma _{p}\geq \hbar /2} More generally, for any two observables A {\displaystyle A} and B {\displaystyle B} corresponding to operators A ^ {\displaystyle {\widehat {A}}} and B ^ {\displaystyle {\widehat {B}}} ,

1296-417: The verb form. Verbs are then said to agree with their subjects (resp. objects). Many English verbs exhibit subject agreement of the following sort: whereas I go , you go , we go , they go are all grammatical in standard English, he go is not (except in the subjunctive , as "They requested that he go with them"). Instead, a special form of the verb to go has to be used to produce he goes . On

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