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50-409: All Constant Pressure water guns have a rubber bladder, which is either shaped like a balloon (spherical) or is a length of latex rubber tubing (cylindrical). Water is pumped from the water gun's reservoir and into the rubber bladder, inflating it. Then the trigger is pulled, which opens a valve, allowing the bladder to push the water out of the nozzle. Due to the nature of the bladder, the stream produced

100-477: A garden hose using a quick-fill device (QFD). This allows faster filling, but makes them more limited since they require a hose to work. The Constant Pressure System was used for the first time when Larami Toys released the Super Soaker CPS 2000 in 1996. To this day, the first generation CPS 2000 is the most powerful production water gun, with an output of 30 oz. per second (~850 ml/s), and

150-414: A GHT hose to a BSP fitting, or vice versa, will damage the threads. The connector threads are not tapered, and do not seal against leaks. Instead, a pliable rubber or plastic gasket (often ambiguously called a "garden hose washer") seals the connection against leakage. A variant of this gasket also incorporates a fine-meshed metal or plastic screen to filter out small particles of dirt that may be present in

200-422: A certain task is put into an open compartment, and each attack hose is connected to the pump. Time-consuming multiple connections or problems with male and female ends are avoided by such tactics. In countries where Storz (or similar) connectors have been used for attack hoses for generations, firefighters drop a manifold at the border of the danger zone, which is connected to the apparatus by a single supply line. As

250-435: A fire hose is usually hung to dry, because standing water that remains in a hose for a long time can deteriorate the material and render it unreliable or unusable. Therefore, the typical fire station often has a high structure to accommodate the length of a hose for such preventive maintenance, known as a hose tower . On occasion, fire hoses are used for crowd control (see also water cannon ), including by Bull Connor in

300-535: A firehose can vary between 8 and 20  bar (800 and 2,000  kPa ; 116 and 290  psi ) while per the NFPA 1961 Fire Hose Standard, its bursting pressure is in excess of 110 bar. (11,000kPa; 1600psi) Hose is one of the basic, essential pieces of fire-fighting equipment. It is necessary to convey water either from an open water supply, or pressurized water supply. Hoses are divided into two categories, based on their use: suction hose, and delivery hose. After use,

350-454: A flexible hose is connected to a drinkable water supply, the spigot or tap should be fitted with an approved backflow prevention device , to prevent contaminated water from being siphoned back, in the event of a pressure drop. Many water suppliers require this, and plumbing code may legally require permanently installed backflow preventers. Special hoses designed to leak throughout their length are sometimes used to gently distribute water on

400-596: A hose fabricated of leather fastened together with copper rivets and washers was invented by members of Philadelphia 's Humane Hose Company. Around 1890, unlined fire hoses made of circular woven linen yarns began to replace leather hoses. They were certainly much lighter. As the hose fibers, made of flax, became wet, they swelled up and tightened the weave, causing the hose to become watertight. Unlined hoses, because of their lack of durability, were rapidly replaced with rubber hoses in municipal fire service use. They continued to be used on interior hose lines and hose rack until

450-502: A lawn or garden. These hoses have either many small holes drilled or punched in them, or are made of a porous material, such as sintered rubber particles. These "soaker hoses" are a simple, low-cost, substitute for a drip irrigation system. These differ from traditional hoses in that the inner membrane expands when filled with water, much like a balloon. An outer cover protects the delicate expandable membrane from punctures. Such hoses "grow" when pressurized, and shrink back down when

500-434: A number of common attachments available for the end of the hose, such as sprayers and sprinklers (which are used to concentrate water at one point or to spread it over a large area). Hoses are usually attached to a hose spigot or tap . The alternative term "hosepipe" is a chiefly British, South African, and southern US usage; "hose" or "garden hose" is the predominant term in other English-speaking areas. The term " hose "

550-521: A range of 53 feet (16 m). After the CPS 2000, Larami released several CPS models from 1996 to 2002. These are the CPS 2000 (1996), CPS 1000, CPS 1500, CPS 2500, and CPS 3000 (1998), the CPS 1200, CPS 1700, CPS 2700, and CPS 3200 (2000) the CPS 1-3-5, and CPS Splashzooka (2001), the CPS 2100, and CPS 4100 (2002). During this time, some other water guns were released that also used CPS technology, under Super Soaker 's Super Charger and Monster lines, these are

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600-399: A result, the tiny item "hose coupler" has also influenced the looks and design of fire apparatus. Fire hoses must sustain high tensile forces during operation. These arise from both pressure and flow. The magnitude of the axial tension in a fire hose is where p is pressure in the hose relative to the ambient pressure, A 1 is the hose cross-sectional area, ρ is the water density, and Q

650-798: A soft-suction hose, is actually a short length of fabric-covered, flexible discharge hose used to connect the fire pumper suction inlet with a pressurized hydrant. It is not a true suction hose, since it cannot withstand negative pressure. In the past, cotton was the most common fiber used in fire hoses, but most modern hoses use synthetic fiber like polyester or nylon filament. The synthetic fibers provide additional strength and better resistance to abrasion. The fiber yarns may be dyed various colors, or may be left natural. Coatings and liners use synthetic rubbers, which provide varying degrees of resistance to chemicals, temperature, ozone, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, mold, mildew, and abrasion. Different coatings and liners are chosen for specific applications. Fire hose

700-651: A thin, elastic outer coating that reduces liquid absorption into the jacket and may slightly improve abrasion resistance. Type 3: Covered lined hose: Covered lined hose has a thicker elastic cover that prevents liquid absorption but also adds substantial improvements to abrasion and heat resistance. There are several types of hose designed specifically for the fire service. Those designed to operate under positive pressure are called discharge hoses; they include: attack hose, supply hose, relay hose, forestry hose, and booster hose. Those designed to operate under negative pressure are called suction hoses. Another suction hose, called

750-445: A typical garden hose can mate with the female connector on another, which allows multiple garden hoses to be linked end-to-end to increase their overall length. Small rubber or plastic washers (often confusingly called "hose washers") are used in female ends to prevent leakage, because the threads are not tapered and are not used to create a seal. Most garden hoses are not rated for use with hot water; even leaving certain hoses in

800-549: A variety of natural and synthetic fabrics and elastomers in their construction. These materials allow the hoses to be stored wet without rotting and to resist the damaging effects of exposure to sunlight and chemicals. Modern hoses are lighter weight than older designs, which has reduced the physical strain on firefighters. Various devices are becoming more prevalent to remove air from the interior of fire hose, commonly referred to as fire hose vacuums . This makes hoses smaller and somewhat rigid, allowing more hose to be packed into

850-549: Is also used for other types of flexible, water-carrying tubes such as fire hose used by fire departments . Garden hoses are typically made of extruded synthetic rubber or soft plastic , often reinforced with an internal web of fibers . As a result of these materials, garden hoses are flexible and their smooth exterior facilitates pulling them past trees, posts and other obstacles. Garden hoses are also generally tough enough to survive occasional scraping on rocks and being stepped on, without damage or leaking. Each male end of

900-404: Is fairly constant, and has almost the same range and power throughout the entire shot, most streams dropping only one foot in range towards the end of a continuous shot, unlike most air pressure based water guns which exhibit a constant loss of pressure while the trigger is pulled. Some bladder water guns, such as Speedloaders, Water Worms, and Super Chargers, are inflated with water directly from

950-438: Is known colloquially as "garden hose thread" (GHT), but its official designation is NH ("National Hose"): The US standard was defined by NFPA 1963, "Standard for Fire Hose Connections", then later by ANSI-ASME B1.20.7, which specifies 1 + 1 ⁄ 16 inches (27 mm) diameter straight (non-tapered) thread with a pitch of 11.5 threads per inch (TPI). The female thread is abbreviated FHT (for "female hose thread"), and

1000-426: Is laid down from the delivery side of the pump (outlet), and the water passing through it is always at a pressure greater than that of the atmosphere. Delivery hose is divided into two categories: percolating hose, and non-percolating hose. Percolating hose Percolating hose is used mainly to fight forest fires. The seepage of water through the hose protects the hose against damage by glowing embers falling onto it or

1050-549: Is the volumetric flow rate. This tension is the same regardless of the bend angle of the hose. When a nozzle is connected to a hose and water is ejected, the nozzle must be restrained by an anchor such as the hands of a firefighter. This anchor must apply a force in the direction of the spray, which is called the nozzle reaction. The magnitude of the nozzle reaction is the jet momentum flow rate, R = ρ Q 2 / A 2 , {\textstyle R=\rho Q^{2}/A_{2},} where A 2

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1100-575: Is unknown exactly what the dispute was over, it is strongly suggested that Hasbro was suing for the Water Warriors Hydro Power water guns , which were becoming too similar to Hasbro 's Constant Pressure System. Since then, the Water Warriors line has not contained a single Hydro Power water gun . Garden hose A garden hose , hosepipe , or simply hose is a flexible tube used to convey water . There are

1150-507: Is usually manufactured in a plant that specializes in providing hose products to municipal, industrial, and forestry fire departments. Here is a typical sequence of operations used to manufacture a double jacket, rubber-lined fire hose. In addition to the final pressure testing, each hose is subjected to a variety of inspections and tests at each stage of manufacture. Some of these inspections and tests include visual inspections, ozone resistance tests, accelerated aging tests, adhesion tests of

1200-532: The Birmingham campaign against protesters during the Civil Rights Movement in 1963. Until the mid-19th century, most fires were fought by water transported to the scene in buckets. Original hand pumpers discharged their water through a small pipe or monitor attached to the top of the pump tub. It was not until the late 1860s that hoses became widely available to convey water more easily from

1250-479: The 1960s to 1980s. In January 1981, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration revised their standards such that unlined hoses were to no longer be installed for interior hose lines. Following the invention of the vulcanization process as a means of curing raw soft rubber into a harder, more useful product, the fire service slowly made the transition from bulky and unreliable leather hose to

1300-852: The Aquapack Devastator, the Flash Flood, the Arctic Blast, the Hydroblitz, and the Hydro Cannon. However, these blasters were not nearly as powerful as the previous ones Some other companies used rubber bladders in their water guns despite the patent. These include the Speed Loader line from 1999, the Water Worm , and a few Water Warriors blasters. In the case of Water Warriors, Hasbro ended up suing them over

1350-571: The SC (Super Charger) 500, SC 600, and Power Pak (1999) SC Big trouble, Monster and Monster XL (2000) Monster (2001) (the prior Monster being renamed the Monster X) In 2002, the Super Soaker brand was taken over by Hasbro , along with the CPS patents. Hasbro mostly released smaller air pressure water guns, although they continued to make a few water guns with CPS technology. These included

1400-697: The Storz connector is used by several countries. Belgium and France use the Guillemin connector . Spain, Sweden and Norway each have their own quick coupling. Countries of the former Soviet Union area use the Gost coupling. Baarle-Nassau and Baarle-Hertog , two municipalities on the Belgian-Dutch border, share a common international fire department. The fire trucks have been equipped with adapters to allow them to work with both Storz and Guillemin connectors. In

1450-482: The United States, a growing number of departments use Storz couplers for large-diameter supply hose, or other quick-action couplings. Because the usage is not standardized, mutual aid apparatus might have a compartment on their trucks dedicated to a multitude of hose adapters. The different styles of hose couplings have influenced fireground tactics. Apparatus in the United States features "preconnects": Hose for

1500-422: The advantage of interconnecting without distinction between "male" and "female" connectors, Some connectors also incorporate an "autostop" feature. This is an internal valve which is shut off by water pressure, and it is opened only by connecting a fitting or appliance; thus, disconnecting a hose fitted with this adaptor will automatically stop the flow of water. This eases connecting and changing appliances without

1550-399: The bond between the liner and inner jacket, determination of the amount of hose twist under pressure, dimensional checks, and many more. The trend in fire hose construction over the last 20 years has been to use lighter, stronger, lower maintenance materials. This trend is expected to continue in the future as new materials and manufacturing methods evolve. One result of this trend has been

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1600-442: The flowing stream of water. The purpose of this filter is to intercept debris which could otherwise clog the small openings used to disperse a spray of water from various garden sprayers and sprinklers. Adaptors made of metal or plastic are available to interconnect GHT, BSP, NPT , hose barb , and quick-connect fittings. In the 1980s, the use of quick-connector systems became increasingly popular. These are fittings that attach to

1650-592: The hand pumps, and later steam pumpers, to the fire. In Amsterdam in the Dutch Republic, the Superintendent of the Fire Brigade, Jan van der Heyden , and his son Nicholaas took firefighting to its next step with the fashioning of the first fire hose in 1673. These 50-foot (15 m) lengths of leather were sewn together like a boot leg. Even with the limitations of pressure, the attachment of

1700-512: The hose and or screw into common hose connectors and equipment, allowing hoses and accessories to be easily connected together using a snap-fit type system. The first plastic connector was invented in the UK by Hozelock in 1959, and the style has now become a de facto standard throughout Europe and the wider world, compatible with and imitated by many other manufacturers. A differently-designed hermaphroditic quick-connect hose fitting made by GEKA has

1750-684: The hose being laid on hot ground. Non-percolating hose In fire services, non-percolating hoses are generally used for delivering water. Non-percolating hose consists of a reinforced jacket made from polyester or nylon yarns. This type of hose has an inner lining of vulcanized rubber fixed to the jacket by an adhesive. The use of non-percolating hose is recommended in certain applications, as friction losses will be much less than that of percolating hoses. Lined hose are divided into 3 types: Type 1: Lined hose without external jacket treatment: Such hose absorbs liquid into reinforcement jacket and requires drying after use. Type 2: Coated lined hose: This has

1800-415: The hose depends on the capacity of the pump, and three standard sizes such as 75mm, 100mm, and 140mm are generally used. Partially Embedded suction hose Partially Embedded suction hose is usually made of a tough rubber lining embedded fully as a spiral, with tempered, galvanized steel wire. This embedding is arranged so that it provides a full waterway and a relatively smooth internal surface. The wall of

1850-453: The hose is prepared from several layers of canvas and rubber lining so that turns of each one lie midway between turns of the other. The complete wall is consolidated by vulcanizing. Fully embedded (smooth bore) suction hose Fully embedded (smooth bore) suction hose has a thick, internal rubber lining embedded fully with a spiral of wire. Suction hose should be constructed to withstand a pressure of 10.5 bar. Delivery Hose Delivery hose

1900-464: The hose to the gooseneck nozzle allowed closer approaches and more accurate water application. Van der Heyden was also credited with an early version of a suction hose using wire to keep it rigid. In the United States, the fire hose was introduced in Philadelphia in 1794. This canvas hose proved insufficiently durable, and sewn leather hose was then used. The sewn leather hose tended to burst, so

1950-497: The inner surface of the hose. Clinical cases of Legionnaires' disease or Pontiac fever have been found to be associated with inhalation of garden hose aerosols containing Legionella bacteria. The report provided measured microbial densities resulting from controlled hose conditions in order to quantify the human health risks. The densities of Legionella spp. identified in two types of hoses were found to be similar to those reported during legionellosis outbreaks from other causes. It

2000-1003: The introduction of lightweight supply hoses in diameters never possible before. Hoses up to 12 in (30.5 cm) in diameter with pressure ratings up to 150 psi (10.3 bar; 1,030 kPa) are now available. These hoses are expected to find applications in large-scale industrial firefighting , as well as in disaster relief efforts and military operations. Fire hoses come in a variety of diameters. Lightweight, single-jacket construction, 3 ⁄ 4 , 1, and 1 + 1 ⁄ 2  inch diameter hose lines are commonly used in wildfire suppression applications. Heavy duty double, double-jacket, 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 , 1 + 3 ⁄ 4 , 2, 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 , and on occasion 3-inch lines are used for structural applications. Supply lines, used to supply firefighting apparatus with water, are frequently found in 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 , 4, 4 + 1 ⁄ 2 , 5 and 6-inch diameters. There are several systems available for repairing holes in fire hoses,

2050-431: The male part is abbreviated MHT (for "male hose thread"). This fitting is used with 1 ⁄ 2 -inch, 5 ⁄ 8 -inch, and 3 ⁄ 4 -inch hoses. In other countries, a British Standard Pipe (BSP) thread is used, which is 3 ⁄ 4 inch (19 mm) and 14 TPI (male part outside diameter is 26.441 mm or 1.04 in). The GHT and BSP standards are not compatible, and attempting to connect

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2100-550: The most common being the Stenor Merlin , which offer patching materials for Type 1, 2, and 3 hoses. The patches come in two different sizes and two different colours (red and yellow). The patches are vulcanised onto the hose and usually last the lifetime of the hose. Hose connections are often made from brass, though hardened aluminum connections are also specified. In countries which use quick-action couplers for attack hoses, forged aluminum has been used for decades because

2150-412: The need to shut off the water first. In 2014, it was reported that use of common garden hoses in combination with spray nozzles may generate aerosols containing droplets smaller than 10 μm, which can be inhaled by nearby people. Water stagnating in a hose between uses, especially when warmed by the sun, can host the growth and interaction of Legionella and free-living amoebae (FLA) as biofilms on

2200-413: The patent. The "bladder water gun" patent expired in 2016. In 2020, German outdoor company Spyra GmbH launched its own CPS-based line of electric water guns marketed under the same name. In 2010, Buzz Bee Toys Inc. was successfully sued by Hasbro Inc . for a patent infringement . Hasbro claimed that Buzz Bee Toys infringed on a patent related to its Nerf Super Soaker water toy. Although it

2250-410: The pressure is released, allowing for easier storage. Garden hoses connect using a male/female thread connection. The technical term for this arrangement is a "hose union ". Spigots or sillcocks have male hose connectors only, and the mating end of a hose has a captive nut which fits the threads there. The thread standard for garden hose connectors in the United States, its territories, and Canada

2300-565: The same compartment on a fire-fighting apparatus. Suction Hose Suction hose is laid down on the suction side of pump (inlet) where the water passing through it is at a pressure either below or above that of the atmosphere. It is designed to resist internal and external pressure. It should have sufficient strength to withstand the pressure of external air when a vacuum has formed inside. It should also be strong enough to resist hydrant pressure. Usually an appliance has to carry about 10 m of suction hose in either 3 m or 2.5 m length. The diameter of

2350-673: The sun while pressurized can cause them to burst. Hoses used to carry potable water are typically made of NSF International -listed polymers tested and shown not to leach harmful materials into the drinking water, such as the plasticizers ( phthalates ) used in polyvinyl chloride (PVC, or vinyl) hoses. As implied by the name, garden hoses are commonly used to transport water for gardening, lawn care, and other landscaping purposes. They are also used for outdoor cleaning of items such as vehicles, equipment, building exteriors, and animals. NSF-approved hoses may be used for connecting drinkable water to recreational vehicles and trailers. Whenever

2400-416: The unlined linen hose, then to a multi-layer, rubber lined and coated hose with interior fabric reinforcement. This rubber hose was as bulky, heavy, and stiff as a leather hose, but was not prone to leaking. It also proved more durable than unlined linen hose. Its wrapped construction resembled some hoses used today by industry, for example, fuel delivery hoses used to service airliners. Modern fire hoses use

2450-412: The weight penalty of brass for Storz couplers is higher than for threaded connections . Threaded hose couplings are used in the United States and Canada. Each of these countries uses a different kind of threading. Many other countries have standardized on quick-action couplings, which do not have a male and female end, but connect either way. Again, there is no international standard: In Central Europe,

2500-458: Was proposed that the risk could be mitigated by draining hoses after use. Fire hose A fire hose (or firehose ) is a high-pressure hose that carries water or other fire retardant (such as foam ) to a fire to extinguish it. Outdoors, it attaches either to a fire engine , fire hydrant , or a portable fire pump. Indoors, it can permanently attach to a building's standpipe or plumbing system. The usual working pressure of

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