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43-419: The Bureau ensures the operation of mobile phone conversation control equipment. Latvian state security and law enforcement agencies, authorized by law, conduct mobile phone conversation control using this equipment. Captured data is automatically transmitted to the respective authority, which initiates the interception of telephone conversations. The Constitution Protection Bureau was established in 1995 based on

86-617: A Roman Catholic (65.8% of the population in 2011), while Lutheranism has been more common in other regions of Latvia . One of the most important Catholic spiritual centers in Latvia is located in Aglona . Built in 1780, Basilica of the Assumption of Aglona that is one of the eight international shrines recognized by the Holy See , historically has been a popular destination for

129-443: A length of 120 kilometres. Other major rivers of the region are Rēzekne (116 km) and Malta (105 km). The highest point of Latgale is Lielais Liepukalns , 289.8 meters high. Latgale region historically had its cultural differences in comparison to the rest of Latvia, such as religion, traditions, and language. Due to the influence of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , the population of Latgale has remained predominantly

172-482: A noun meant "a gathering, a meeting, a council." In the 19th century, as the concept of nations began to emerge, Juris Alunāns , a member of a Latvian nationalist group called the Young Latvians , claimed ownership to the word "saeims". Despite the similar sound, similar semantic structure and clear historical connotations, he claimed that it was a purely Latvian word that he had invented. As mentioned earlier,

215-605: A part of the Latvian Soviet autonomy of Iskolat and a part of the Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic on 17 December 1918. In January 1920, a joint force of Latvian and Polish armies defeated the Soviet 15th Army in the battle of Daugavpils which lead to the resignation of the government of Soviet Latvia on 13 January and Latvian-Russian cease-fire on 1 February 1920. After signing of

258-849: A period of Russification was begun, during which the Latgalian language (written in Latin script) was forbidden. This ban was lifted in 1904, and a period of Latgalian reawakening began. Two years later, Latgalian politician Francis Trasuns was elected as a member of the State Duma of the Russian Empire . After the First Latgale Latvians Congress in 1917, it was decided that Dvinsky , Lyutsinsky and Rezhitsky Uyezds , populated mostly by Latvians should be transferred to Governorate of Livonia . It became

301-921: A structural unit of the Ministry of Justice . In 2003, the Latvian National Security Authority (NSA, Nacionālā drošības iestāde or NDI) was established as one of the substructures of the Bureau. Its establishment was a mandatory requirement for Latvia's accession to NATO and the European Union (EU). The last inspection by the General Secretariat Security Bureau of the EU in 2012 and the NATO Security Bureau in 2015 acknowledged that

344-414: A vessel for bringing food to the field), bļūda (bowl) and kryuze , were used in the local households for everyday use for several centuries. In 20th century, Latgalian ceramicists started to create decorative wares, such as candlesticks and decorative plates. Latgalian ceramics rose to the international prominence, when Andrejs Paulāns and Polikarps Vilcāns works were awarded with a Gold Medal at

387-956: Is 32.4% for the Latvian Way party in the 1993 election . This means that a coalition has always been necessary. If a seat falls vacant during a term of the Saeima, it is filled by the next candidate on the appropriate list. The Communist Party of Latvia is the only political party that is banned. Summary of the 1 October 2022 Latvian Saeima election results 56°57′04″N 24°06′18″E  /  56.95111°N 24.10500°E  / 56.95111; 24.10500 Latgale Latgale ( Latgalian : Latgola ; Latvian : Latgale ; Russian : Латгалия , romanized :  Latgaliya ; Polish : Łatgalia ; German : Lettgallen ; Belarusian : Латгалія , romanized :  Lathalija ; Belarusian Latin : Łathalija ; Latin : Lettgallia ), also known as Latgalia or Latgallia ,

430-612: Is a standardised form of local varieties of High Latvian dialect. Originally the territory of what is now Latgale was populated by the Eastern Baltic Latgalian tribe. During the 10th–12th centuries two principalities, Jersika and Atzele , existed on the territory of modern Latgale and Eastern Vidzeme . In addition Latgalians inhabited parts of modern Pskov Oblast in Russia and Vitebsk Region in Belarus. In

473-555: Is a unicameral parliament consisting of 100 members who are elected by proportional representation , with seats allocated to political parties which gain at least 5% of the popular vote. Elections are scheduled to be held once every four years, normally on the first Saturday of October. The most recent elections were held in October 2022 . The President of Latvia can dismiss the Saeima and request early elections. The procedure for dismissing it involves substantial political risk to

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516-446: Is determined by the party, this has no effect on the actual chances of each candidate. Instead, voters cast "specific votes" for candidates. These votes can be either positive votes or negative votes. The number of votes for each candidate is determined by taking the number of votes for the respective list, and adding it to the candidate's positive votes, before subtracting the number of negative votes for that candidate. The candidates with

559-636: Is known as The land of lakes due to large number of lakes in the region. The biggest lake in Latgale and second biggest in Latvia is Lake Rāzna in Rēzekne Municipality . Its area is 57.81 km . Lake Drīdzis , located in the Krāslava Municipality is the deepest lake in Latvia with a maximum depth of 65.1 meters. Dubna is the longest river in Latgale and 8th longest river in Latvia with

602-774: Is one of the Historical Latvian Lands . It is the easternmost region of the country and lies north of the Daugava River . While most of Latvia is historically Lutheran , Latgale is predominantly Roman Catholic : 65.3% according to a 2011 survey. After the Counter-Reformation it was the northernmost predominantly Catholic province or region in Europe. There is a considerable Eastern Orthodox minority (23.8%), of which 13.8% are Russian Orthodox Christians and 10.0% are Old Believers . As of 2020,

645-495: The 2nd from 3 November 1925 to 5 November 1928, the 3rd from 6 November 1928 to 2 November 1931, and the 4th from 3 November 1931 to 15 May 1934 (date of the Latvian coup d'état ). The Saeima is an entirely elected body. All Latvian citizens (including naturalized citizens) over the age of 18 are eligible to vote. Candidates must be qualified to vote, but must also be over 21, must not be former employees of

688-767: The King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Stephen Báthory in Truce of Yam-Zapolsky on 15 January 1582. In 1621 most of the Duchy of Livonia was ceded to the Swedish Empire , but part of the Duchy including Latgale remained under Polish-Lithuanian control. This became known as the Inflanty Voivodeship . The creation of Polish Inflanty is the birth of the region we now know of as Latgale. During this period

731-614: The Latvian–Soviet Peace Treaty , parts of the Vitebsk Governorate and Pskov Governorate were incorporated into the new Republic of Latvia. United with other ethnic Latvian territories, as claimed by the declaration of independence (ethnic borders as national borders), they formed the districts of Daugavpils , Ludza , Rēzekne and Jaunlatgale, later Abrene district . During the World War II , Latgale

774-873: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , was exposed to the Polish mode of administration and introduced to the Sejm-system. The Warsaw Sejm of 1677 settled the case of remaining part of Polish Livonia or Latgale ( Polish : Inflanty ), naming it a voivodeship and a duchy, with the right to name three senators: the Bishop, the Voivode and the Castellan of Inflanty (...) Local sejmiks took place at Daugavpils , while starostas resided at Daugavpils, Ludza , Rēzekne and Viļaka . The voivodeship had six deputies to

817-531: The USSR and Latvian SSR State security services, intelligence or counter-intelligence services or any other foreign affiliated organizations, must not have been convicted of a criminal offence or deemed to be of diminished mental capacity. The term of the Saeima is four years. An election may be called early, but doing so is more complicated than in other parliamentary democracies. If the President proposes that

860-497: The 1937 Paris Exhibition . In early Soviet period, Latgalian ceramicists struggled because of high taxes and being forced to join the kolkhoz's . Since 50's, ceramicists became more respected thanks to the enthusiasm of Gaigalava -born art historian Jānis Pujāts , who organized exhibitions in Latvia and outside its borders that showcased the works of several Latgalian ceramicists. In 1958, Andrejs Paulāns and Polikarps Vilcāns became first Latgalian ceramicists to be recognized as

903-550: The Bureau and the NSA complied with all specified security requirements and would continue to be entitled to receive classified information. On October 26, 2004, the Cabinet of Ministers approved Regulation No. 887 "List of State Secrets Objects," indicating military, political, economic, scientific, technical, or other information, the loss or unlawful disclosure of which may harm the national security, economic, or political interests of

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946-609: The Latgalian language was influenced by Polish and developed separately from the Latvian spoken in other parts of Latvia. In 1772, Latgale was annexed by the Russian Empire after the First Partition of Poland . Latgale was incorporated into the Vitebsk Governorate . In 1860, Daugavpils and Rēzekne became a part of the Saint Petersburg–Warsaw railway route. In 1865, as part of Russia's anti-Polish policies,

989-1058: The Law on the Constitution Protection Bureau adopted by the Saeima . It is named after the constitution of Latvia - the Satversme . Since November 6, 1995, the Bureau has overseen the Centre for the Documentation of the Consequences of Totalitarianism (CDCT, Latvian : Totalitārisma seku dokumentēšanas centrs , TSDC), which was established by the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Latvia on April 16, 1992, and initially operated as

1032-650: The People's Artists of the Latvian SSR . Ceramics remains one of the trademarks of Latgale and has a great legacy in the region. Established in 1976, Latgale Ceramics Studio in Rēzekne was renamed to Andrejs Paulāns Folk Applied Art Studio in 1986. One of the streets in the Latgalian town of Preiļi is named in honor of him. In Rainis Museum in Jasmuiža are located the relocated workshop and kiln of Andrejs Paulāns , and

1075-554: The Riga constituency. Seats are distributed in each constituency by open list proportional representation among the parties that overcome a 5% national election threshold using an unmodified version of the Webster/Sainte-Laguë method . Voters cast a vote for a party list, which consists of the candidates that the party has submitted in that constituency. Although a specific ordering is listed for each candidate, which

1118-692: The Rules of Order of Saeima ( Saeimas kārtības rullis , also Rules of Procedure), adopted 23 March 1923 with amendments in 1929 and 1994. The Saeima traces its origins to the Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland , which led to the creation of the Sejm (Seimas) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later to the creation of the Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . Polish Livonia , a part of

1161-512: The Saeima be dissolved, a national referendum must be held to confirm the dissolution. If the dissolution is not approved, the President is removed from office. If one-tenth of the electorate signs a petition demanding a dissolution, a referendum can be held without the involvement of the President. There are five constituencies, Kurzeme (12 deputies), Latgale (14), Riga (35), Vidzeme (25), and Zemgale (14). Overseas votes are counted for

1204-654: The Sejm, but only two of them came from Inflanty, the other four were symbolically named by the king, to remember the lost part of Livonia ( Swedish Livonia ). However, the rest of Latvia belonged to the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia , which was governed by the Dukes and the Landtag of Courland. The word sejm derives from the verb "sjąć się" meaning "to get together", with similar words in some other Slavic languages, of proto-Slavic origin *sъjęti < *sъjemti Sejm, then, as

1247-619: The cultural regions of the Republic of Latvia . The land size of Latgale is 14,547 km and it is bigger than some of the European countries, such as Montenegro , Cyprus and Luxembourg . Latgale is the easternmost region of Latvia and is located north of the Daugava River . It is a landlocked region that has no access to sea or ocean. It shares international borders with Russia and Belarus . The most populated cities in Latgale are Daugavpils (82,046) and Rēzekne (31,216). Latgale

1290-697: The first decade of the 13th century the Principality of Jersika , also known as Lettia , was allied with the Principality of Polotsk and Lithuanian dukes against the Bishopric of Livonia , but was defeated in 1209. Part of it was divided between the Bishopric and the Livonian Brothers of the Sword , the remainder became a vassal country. In 1239, after the death of King Visvaldis , the latter

1333-407: The highest number of votes fill the party's seats. A positive vote is indicated by drawing a plus sign (+) next to the candidate's name on the ballot paper. A negative vote is indicated by crossing out the candidate's name. Voters may only cast specific votes for the candidates on the list that they voted for. It is uncommon for any party to achieve more than 30% of the vote in an election. The record

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1376-480: The limits of the Latvian language. Nevertheless, according to Alunāns, the word is purely Latvian and completely independent of the aforementioned historical context. However, the prefix sa- to a verb in modern Latvian language usually stands for a complete action and the word "Saeima" can stand for a meaning "let's gather together completely". In the pre-war Latvia, the Saeima was elected for three-year terms. The 1st Saeima met from 7 November 1922 to 2 November 1925,

1419-535: The newly built castle of Daugavpils . Latgalian territories remained a part of Livonian confederation until the Livonian War . During this war, Latgale was annexed by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1559–1562), which in 1569 was incorporated into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . Ivan IV of Russia annexed Latgale in 1577, but renounced his claims to Livonia after the successful Livonian campaign of

1462-538: The pilgrims. Thousands of pilgrims from Latvia and abroad visit Aglona every year on 15 August, to attend the feast day of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Aglona has been twice visited by a Roman pontiff . Pope John Paul II visited Aglona in 1993 and Pope Francis in 2018. The region of Latgale historically has been the most prolific producer of ceramic wares. Archeological investigations have shown that Latgalians were well acquitted with

1505-460: The pottery craft in the period of early medieval state of Jersika . Most of the types of wares of Latgalian ceramics, such as vuoraunīks (a pot for cooking), madaunīks (a pot for honey storage), sloinīks (a pot for storing fruit preserves ), stuodiņs (a pot for storing sour cream ), ļaks (a vessel for storage of oil), pīna pūds (a pot for storing cow's milk ), kazeļnīks (a pot for goat milk storage), puorūss (lit. "over-handle",

1548-451: The president, including a risk of loss of office. On 28 May 2011 president Valdis Zatlers decided to initiate the dissolution of the Saeima, which was approved in a referendum , and the Saeima was dissolved on 23 July 2011. The current Speaker of the Saeima is Daiga Mieriņa of the Union of Greens and Farmers party. The basic document that regulates the proceedings of the parliament is

1591-483: The region are lower than in other parts of the country. Historically, several different forms of the name Latgalia have been used. Since 2004, use of the Latgalian language has been the subject of a major sociolinguistic/ethnolinguistic poll and study, conducted by the Rēzekne Augstskola and the Centre d'Étude Linguistiques Pour l'Europe. As of 2011 97,600 people in the region spoke Latgalian language , which

1634-594: The region's population was 255,968. The region has a large population of ethnic Russians , especially in Daugavpils , the largest city in the region and the location of the region's only public university , the University of Daugavpils . Many of the Russians who lived in Latgale before Soviet rule are Old Believers . Rēzekne , often called the heart of Latgale, Krāslava , and Ludza are other large towns in

1677-721: The region, which also has a Belarusian minority. There is also a significant Polish minority . As part of the Polotsk and Vitebsk guberniyas, the region was part of the Pale of Settlement and had a very large Jewish population – but many of the Jews were killed in WW2 and most of the remainder emigrated. Other than in Daugavpils , the Baltic German presence in Latgale was less sizable than in other regions of Latvia. Average incomes in

1720-406: The state. In the field of state secret protection, the Bureau carries out checks on individuals to issue or extend special permits for access to state secret objects (special permits), as well as checks and accredits premises used for work with classified information. Saeima The Saeima ( Latvian pronunciation: [ˈsai.ma] ) is the parliament of the Republic of Latvia . It

1763-428: The word bears a similar meaning: "a gathering, a meeting, a council". He claimed that the word he constructed stemmed from the archaic Latvian word eima instead, meaning "to go" (derived from the PIE *ei "to go" and also a cognate with the Ancient Greek eimi , Gaulish eimu , among others). He could not explain, however, how the s- prefix got added to the word, and what sense this addition made within

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1806-420: Was first occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940 and by the Nazi Germany in 1941. In 1944, at the beginning of the second occupation of Latvia by the Soviet Union, the eastern municipalities of the Abrene district including Abrene were incorporated into the Russian SFSR . Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the restoration of Latvian independence in 1991, Latgale regained its status of one of

1849-483: Was incorporated into the territory of the Livonian Order . In 1242, after defeat in the Battle of the Ice , eastern Latgale ( Lotygola ) temporarily passed to the Novgorod Republic . In 1263, Livonian knights started to build the Wolkenburg castle as the seat of an order convent near the Rāzna lake (today within the Rāzna National Park ). It became the oldest order stronghold of the Latgale region. In 1277, Grand duke Traidenis of Lithuania unsuccessfully besieged

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