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163-523: Within the National Front in the late 1970s there was a growing disaffection with the leadership of John Tyndall and his associate Martin Webster and in particular their adherence to neo-Nazi principles rather than what the critics believed to be the vote-winning alternative of a more populist British nationalism. Already by 1978, Fountaine had become the focal point for a number of members of

326-446: A Third Position as an alternative to market capitalism . Allegations that a group is neo-fascist may be hotly contested, especially when the term is used as a political epithet . Some post-World War II regimes have been described as neo-fascist due to their authoritarian nature, and sometimes due to their fascination with and sympathy towards fascist ideology and rituals . According to Jean-Yves Camus and Nicolas Lebourg ,

489-527: A racial nationalist belief in a distinct white "British race", arguing that this race was threatened by a Jewish conspiracy to encourage non-white migration into Britain. He called for the establishment of an authoritarian state which would deport all non-whites from the country, engage in a eugenics project, and re-establish the British Empire through the military conquest of parts of Africa. He never gained any mainstream political respectability in

652-401: A racial nationalist , and a British nationalist, as well as a fascist , neo-fascist , and a neo-Nazi. Tyndall adhered to neo-Nazism during the 1960s, although from the 1970s onward he increasingly concealed this behind the rhetoric of "British patriotism". According to Thurlow, this was because by this time Tyndall had realised that "open Nazism was counter-productive" to his cause. This

815-529: A " Crusade against Communism". Anti- Fidel Castro terrorist Luis Posada Carriles was condemned for the Cubana Flight 455 bombing on 6 October 1976. According to the Miami Herald , this bombing was decided on at the same meeting during which it was decided to target Chilean former minister Orlando Letelier , who was assassinated on 21 September 1976. Carriles wrote in his autobiography that "we

978-635: A "moderate" result. At the school, his achievements had been sporting rather than academic, because he enjoyed playing cricket and association football and he also developed a passion for fitness. Tyndall completed his national service in West Germany from 1952 to 1954. A member of the Royal Horse Artillery , he achieved the rank of lance-bombardier . On completion, he returned to Britain and turned his attention to political issues. Initially interested in socialism , he attended

1141-557: A British movement belonging to an entirely different phase of history to model itself on the movement of Hitler". From open Hitler worship and barely disguised expression of such ideas in the National Socialist Movement, through the 'English' form of national socialism [i.e. Nazism] in the Greater British Movement, to the expression of such sentiments clothed in apparently respectable form in

1304-715: A Conservative candidate in local elections in 1983. The Nationalist Party made its last appearance in a 1984 by-election in the Southgate constituency, with James Kershaw polling only 80 votes in a seat won by Michael Portillo . The party was gone soon after this, with most of the members joining the British National Party. 23 candidates stood as Constitutional Movement and 2 candidates (Owen Hawke and Alan Wilkens) stood as National Front Constitution Movement. John Tyndall (politician) John Hutchyns Tyndall (14 July 1934 – 19 July 2005)

1467-631: A Neofascist party", in the words of political scientist Cas Mudde . At the initiative of the MSI, the European Social Movement was established in 1951 as a pan-European organization of like-minded neo-fascist groups and figures such as the Francoist Falange , Maurice Bardèche , Per Engdahl , and Oswald Mosley . Other organizations like Jeune Nation called in the late 1950s for an extra-parliamentarian insurrection against

1630-512: A criminal organization. In October, 2020, the court declared Golden Dawn to be a criminal organization, convicting 68 members of various crimes including murder. However, far-right politics continue to be strong in Greece, such as Ilias Kasidiaris ' National Party – Greeks , an Ultranationalist party. In 2021, Greek neo-Nazi youth attacked a rival group at a school in Greece. Italy was broadly divided into two political blocs following World War II:

1793-566: A direct apology to fascism by performing the Roman salute in an appearance on the national radio network. The National Reorganization Process is also considered a neo-fascist or fascist dictatorship. The Brazilian government of Jair Bolsonaro is cited as the rising point of neo-fascism in South America in the 21st century, based on the denial of science, bellicose rhetoric and authoritarian measures that withdraw rights from

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1956-513: A directorate which helped to guide the direction of the party and could replace the leader, Tyndall's new BNP gave full executive powers to the chairman. Tyndall ran the BNP from his home, "Seacroft", in Hove , East Sussex, and he rarely left the county. In 1986 Tyndall was convicted of inciting racial hatred and sentenced to a year's imprisonment; he served only four months before his release. In 1987,

2119-447: A group, but a person would be specifically named as a danger who just happened to be a Jew. The public presentation of their leaders is one principal difference between the neo-fascists and historical fascists: their programs have been "finely honed and 'modernized'" to appeal to the electorate, a "far-right ideology with a democratic veneer". Modern neo-fascists do not appear in "jackboots and brownshirts", but in suits and ties. The choice

2282-746: A long history of service in the Royal Irish Constabulary . His grandfather had been a district inspector in the Constabulary and he had also fought against the Irish Republican Army during the Irish War of Independence . His father had moved to England, working as a Metropolitan Police officer, and then he worked as a warden at St George's House, a YMCA hostel in Southwark . Tyndall later stated that despite

2445-691: A lot to learn" and that "when one sees one's nation and people in danger there is less dishonour in acting and acting wrongly than in not acting at all." Now based in Battersea , Tyndall left Jordan and the NSM and formed his own rival, the Greater Britain Movement (GBM). According to Tyndall, "the Greater Britain Movement will uphold and preach pure National Socialism". According to the political scientist Stan Taylor,

2608-665: A loudspeaker. In 1965, the group staged a shooting incident at its Norwood headquarters, claiming that it had been an attack by anti-fascists. In another instance they distributed stickers emblazoned with a portrait of Hitler and the slogan "he was right". In 1966, several GBM members were arrested for carrying out arson attacks against synagogues. In the mid-1960s, there were five extreme-right groups operating in Britain and Tyndall believed that they could achieve more if they united. To that end, Spearhead abandoned its open affiliation with neo-Nazism in 1966. That year, Tyndall issued

2771-493: A massive programme of repatriation and resettlement overseas of those peoples of non-European origin already resident in this country. — The BNP's first policy on repatriation, 1982 Tyndall had observed the electoral success achieved by Jean-Marie Le Pen and the French National Front during the 1980s and hoped that by learning from their activities he could improve the BNP's electoral prospects. He saw

2934-558: A meeting of the NF directorate at which he urged them to call for Webster's resignation. At the meeting, Webster apologised for his conduct and the directorate stood by him against Tyndall. Angered, Tyndall then tried convincing the directorate to grant him greater powers in his position as chairman, but they refused. Tyndall resigned in January 1980, subsequently referring to the party as the "gay National Front". In June 1980, Tyndall founded

3097-651: A movement known as the Golden Dawn , widely considered a neo-Nazi party, soared in support out of obscurity and won seats in Greece 's parliament, espousing a staunch hostility towards minorities, illegal immigrants and refugees. In 2013, after the murder of an anti-fascist musician by a person with links to Golden Dawn, the Greek government ordered the arrest of Golden Dawn's leader Nikolaos Michaloliakos and other Golden Dawn members on charges related to being associated with

3260-514: A new magazine which he titled Spearhead after his former paramilitary group. Spearhead initially labelled itself "an organ of National Socialist opinion in Britain" and described Nazi Germany as "one of the greatest social experiments of our century". According to the historian Alan Sykes , this magazine became "increasingly influential" in the British far-right. The magazine advertised portraits of Hitler and swastika badges for sale. Much of

3423-469: A number of other small extreme-right groups and together they established a Committee for Nationalist Unity (CNU) in January 1982. In March 1982 the CNU held a conference at Charing Cross Hotel in central London and while the NF officially refused to send a delegation, several NF members did attend. The fifty extreme-rightists in attendance agreed that they would establish a new political party, to be known as

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3586-413: A pamphlet titled Six Principles of British Nationalism which made no mention of neo-Nazism or Jewish conspiracies. It also dropped the insistence on armed takeovers present in his earlier thought, acknowledging the possibility that extreme-right nationalists could gain power through the British electoral process. Chesterton read the pamphlet and was impressed, entering into talks with Tyndall's GBM about

3749-518: A potential merger of their respective organisations. Independently, Chesterton had also been discussing the issue of a unification with Bean's BNP. This proved successful, as the LEL and BNP merged to form the National Front (NF) in 1967. According to Thurlow, the formation of the NF was "the most significant event on the radical right and fascist fringe of British politics" since the internment of

3912-463: A rejection of rational arguments against this interpretation; and an appeal to the majority based on race and masculinity ". According to some opinion writers, Hindutva shows ethno-nationalism and hyper-militarism similar to Revisionist Zionism and Kahanism . Adolf Hitler 's propaganda which advocated the hegemony of "Greater Germany" inspired similar ideas of "Indonesia Mulia" (esteemed Indonesia ) and "Indonesia Raya" (great Indonesia) in

4075-698: A second meeting that same year in Zürich to set up a second group pledged to wage war on communists and non- white people . Several Cold War regimes and international neo-fascist movements collaborated in operations such as assassinations and false flag bombings. Stefano Delle Chiaie , who was involved in Italy's Years of Lead , took part in Operation Condor ; organizing the 1976 assassination attempt on Chilean Christian Democrat Bernardo Leighton . Vincenzo Vinciguerra escaped to Franquist Spain with

4238-599: A secondary school teacher. Together the two groups embarked on a project of stirring up racial tensions among white Britons and black Caribbean immigrants in Notting Hill . Tyndall briefly left the NLP and in his absence Bean and Jordan merged their respective groups into the British National Party (BNP) in 1960. The BNP were racial nationalists, calling for the preservation of a " Nordic race "—of which

4401-570: A vehicle to criticise rival factions with the NF. As a result, he was expelled from the party during a disciplinary tribunal in November 1975. Tyndall took the issue to the high court , who overturned the expulsion. The 'Populists' then left the party, splitting to form the National Party in January 1976, which for a short time proved more electorally successful than the NF. Back in the party and with his main rivals gone, Tyndall regained

4564-551: A wide range of far-right ideas, from neoreactionaries to white nationalists —is often included under the umbrella term "neo-fascist", because alt-right individuals and organizations advocate a radical form of authoritarian ultranationalism . Brenton Harrison Tarrant , the Australian perpetrator of the Christchurch mosque shootings at Al Noor Mosque and Linwood Islamic Centre in Christchurch , New Zealand ,

4727-569: Is a post-World War II far-right ideology that includes significant elements of fascism . Neo-fascism usually includes ultranationalism , ultraconservatism , racial supremacy , right-wing populism , authoritarianism , nativism , xenophobia , and anti-immigration sentiment, sometimes with economic liberal issues, as well as opposition to social democracy , parliamentarianism , Marxism , capitalism , communism , and socialism (sometimes are opposed to liberalism and liberal democracy ). As with classical fascism, it occasionally proposes

4890-884: Is a power bloc made up of non-fascist conservatives and far-right neo-fascists; although still without the support of the broad and fanatical mass movement which was the basis of European fascism. Groups which are identified as neo-fascist in the United States generally include neo-Nazi organizations and movements such as the Proud Boys , the National Alliance , and the American Nazi Party . The Institute for Historical Review publishes negationist historical papers which are often of an antisemitic nature. The alt-right —a loosely connected coalition of individuals and organizations which advocates

5053-597: Is considered fascist by some analysts because of its engagement in Islamic extremism . The National Socialism Association (NSA) is a neo-fascist political organization founded in Taiwan in September 2006 by Hsu Na-chi (許娜琦), a 22-year-old female political science graduate of Soochow University . The NSA views Adolf Hitler as its leader and often uses the slogan "Long live Hitler". This has brought them condemnation from

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5216-492: Is deliberate, as the leaders of the various groups work to differentiate themselves from the brutish leaders of historical fascism and also to hide whatever bloodlines and connections tie the current leaders to the historical fascist movements. When these become public, as they did in the case of Haider, it can lead to their decline and fall. In 1951, the New European Order (NEO) neo-fascist European-wide alliance

5379-401: Is what it is. — Tyndall's views on electoral 'respectability' Encouraged by Webster and new confidante Richard Verrall , in the mid-1970s Tyndall returned to his openly hardline approach of promoting biological racist and antisemitic ideas. This did not help the NF's electoral prospects. In the 1979 general election , the NF mounted the largest challenge of any insurgent party since

5542-659: The National Herald , the mouthpiece of the Indian National Congress party, stated that "it [RSS] seems to embody Hinduism in a Nazi form" with the recommendation that it must be ended. Similarly, in 1956, another Congress party leader compared Jana Sangh to the Nazis in Germany. After the 1940s and 1950s, a number of scholars have labelled or compared Hindutva to fascism. Marzia Casolari has linked

5705-472: The 1994 local elections . Tyndall stood as the BNP candidate in the 1994 Dagenham by-election , in which he gained 9% of the vote and had his electoral deposit returned. This was the first time that an extreme right candidate had retained their deposit since Webster's 1973 showing for the NF in West Bromwich . In the 1997 general election , the party stood over fifty candidates. Tyndall stood in

5868-631: The 2022 Italian general election , in which FdI became the first party, have been variously described as Italy's first far-right-led government in the republican era and its most right-wing government since World War II. The Russia-Ukraine war has divided the Italian far right , including neo-fascists, into three clusters: the pro-Western and Atlanticist extreme right (e.g. CasaPound ), nostalgic and pro-Putin neo-fascism ( New Force ), and an ideologically evolving collection of National Bolshevik and Eurasianist militants. Recent studies have studied

6031-636: The 6th World Festival of Youth and Students which was held in Moscow , the capital city of the Soviet Union , in 1957. Nevertheless, he began to believe that left-wing politics was being infused with "anti-British attitudes", moving swiftly to the political right . He was devoted to the preservation of the British Empire and he was hostile to what he believed was the growing permissiveness of British society , stating that "the smell everywhere

6194-511: The British National Party (BNP). According to Tyndall, "The BNP is a racial nationalist party which believes in Britain for the British, that is to say racial separatism." Under Tyndall's leadership, in 1982 the BNP issued its first policy on immigration as "immigration into Britain by non-Europeans ... should be terminated forthwith and we should organise a massive programme of repatriation and resettlement overseas of those peoples of non-European origin already resident in this country." Tyndall

6357-653: The British far-right . In the pamphlet, he attacked democratic systems of government as part of a conspiracy orchestrated by Jews, quoting from The Protocols of the Elders of Zion . It called for the replacement of the United Kingdom's liberal democratic system with an authoritarian one in which a "Leader" is given absolute power. Within the BNP, Tyndall established an elite group known as Spearhead, members of which wore military-style uniforms inspired by those of

6520-702: The Christian Democrats , who remained in power until the 1990s, and the Italian Communist Party (PCI), which was very strong immediately after the war and achieved a large consensus during the 1970s. With the beginning of the Cold War , the American and British governments turned a blind eye to the refusal of Italian authorities to honor requested extraditions of Italian war criminals to Yugoslavia , which they feared would benefit

6683-613: The Conservative Party and hoped to win votes and members from the right-wing of the Tories. Like the British Democratic Party , which broke away from the NF at the same time, it sought to distance itself from the vote-losing open Nazism that both groups associated with Tyndall, Webster and the other leaders of the NF. The Movement produced its own newspaper, Frontline News as well as a magazine Excalibur ,

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6846-707: The Constitutional Court of Serbia . Earlier, on 18 June 1990, Vojislav Šešelj organized the Serbian Chetnik Movement (SČP) though it was not permitted official registration due to its obvious Chetnik identification. On 23 February 1991, it merged with the National Radical Party (NRS), establishing the Serbian Radical Party (SRS) with Šešelj as president and Tomislav Nikolić as vice president. It

7009-690: The Labour Party in 1918 , with 303 candidates. Among them were Tyndall's wife, mother-in-law and father-in-law. Tyndall stood in Hackney South and Shoreditch , securing 7.6%; this was the Front's best result that election, but was down from the 9.4% they had gained in that constituency in October 1974. In the election, the NF "flopped dismally", securing only 1.3% of the total vote, down from 3.1% in October 1974. This decline may have been due to

7172-670: The Marshall Plan , along with the French Communist Party (PCF). In 1946, a group of Italian fascist soldiers founded the Italian Social Movement (MSI) to continue advocating the ideas of Benito Mussolini . The leader of the MSI was Giorgio Almirante , who remained at the head of the party until his death in 1988. Despite attempts in the 1970s towards a " historic compromise " between the PCI and

7335-475: The New National Front (NNF). The NNF claimed that a third of the NF's membership defected to join them. Tyndall stated that "I have one wish in this operation and one wish alone, to cleanse the National Front of the foul stench of perversion which has politically crippled it". As his choice of party name suggested, he remained hopeful that his breakaway group could eventually be re-merged back into

7498-653: The Slovak National Uprising , NATO , the United States , and the European Union . The party also endorses the clerical fascist war criminal and former Slovak President Jozef Tiso . In 2003, Kotleba founded the far-right political party Slovak Community (Slovak: Slovenská Pospolitosť ). In 2007, the Slovak interior ministry banned the party from running and campaigning in elections. In spite of this ban, Kotleba's party got 8.04% of votes in

7661-596: The Weimar Republic to obtain power, although it took an anti-democratic but constitutional process in the form of presidential appointment rather than election through the Reichstag. Others point to the current neo-fascists not being totalitarian in nature, but the organization of their parties along the lines of the Führerprinzip would seem to indicate otherwise. Historian Stanley G. Payne claims that

7824-435: The aestheticization of politics and by using the narcissism of small differences to find a target for hate to exploit in order to maintain a social hierarchy instead of protecting all individuals. A number of historians and political scientists have pointed out that the situations in a number of European countries in the 1980s and 1990s, in particular France, Germany and Italy, were in some significant ways analogous to

7987-438: The anti-fascist activist Gerry Gable , Spearhead represented the first "terrorist group" founded by neo-Nazis in Britain. Both Bean and another senior BNP member, Andrew Fountaine , were concerned about the overt neo-Nazism embraced by Tyndall and Jordan, instead thinking that the BNP should articulate a more British-oriented form of racial nationalism. In 1962, Bean held a meeting at which Tyndall and Jordan were expelled from

8150-667: The centre-right party The People of Freedom in 2009. Neo-fascist parties in Italy include the Tricolour Flame ( Fiamma Tricolore ), the New Force ( Forza Nuova ), the National Social Front ( Fronte Sociale Nazionale ), and CasaPound . The national-conservative Brothers of Italy (FdI), main heirs of MSI and AN, has been described as neo-fascist by several academics, and it has some neo-fascist factions within their internal organization. The results of

8313-607: The extreme-right . In the mid-1950s, he joined the League of Empire Loyalists (LEL) and came under the influence of its leader, Arthur Chesterton . Finding the LEL too moderate, in 1957 he and John Bean founded the National Labour Party (NLP), an explicitly " National Socialist " (Nazi) group. In 1960, the NLP merged with Colin Jordan 's White Defence League to found the first British National Party (BNP). Within

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8476-547: The "British race" was considered a branch—by removing both immigrants and Jewish influences from Britain. Tyndall soon joined this new BNP, and became a close confidante of Jordan, who helped Tyndall to further embrace neo-Nazism . Tyndall also developed a friendship with Martin Webster , who became a long-term comrade after watching Tyndall speak at a Trafalgar Square rally in 1962. In April 1961, Tyndall self-published his pamphlet, The Authoritarian State: Its Meaning and Function , which helped to cement his reputation within

8639-416: The "naïve chasing of moonbeams". In November 1979, Fountaine unsuccessfully tried to oust Tyndall as leader, subsequently establishing the National Front Constitutional Movement . Tyndall had grown distant from Webster over their differences and in the late 1970s began blaming him for the party's problems. Webster had for instance disagreed with Tyndall's support for Chesterton's leadership, while Tyndall

8802-433: The 1980 Bologna railway bombing . In 1987, the reins of the MSI party were taken by Gianfranco Fini , under whom in 1995 it was dissolved and transformed into the National Alliance (AN). The party led by Fini distanced itself from Mussolini and fascism and made efforts to improve its relations with the Jewish community, becoming a conservative right-wing party until its merger with Silvio Berlusconi 's Forza Italia into

8965-400: The 1980s, although electoral success eluded it. Tyndall's refusal to moderate the BNP's policies or image caused anger among a growing array of "modernisers" in the party, who ousted him in favour of Nick Griffin in 1999. In 2005, Tyndall was charged with incitement to racial hatred for comments made at a BNP meeting. He died two days before his trial was due to take place. Tyndall promoted

9128-400: The 1983 general election—although far fewer of these enquirers became members. The party was stagnating, and Tyndall's "political career was now on borrowed time". After the BNP's poor performance at the 1997 general election, opposition to Tyndall's leadership grew. His position was damaged by a lack of financial transparency in the party, with concerns being raised that large donations to

9291-527: The BNP and C18 were physically fighting each other. In December 1993, Tyndall issued a bulletin to BNP branches declaring C18 to be a proscribed organisation, furthermore suggesting that it may have been established by agents of the state to discredit the party. To counter C18's influence, he secured the American white nationalist militant William Pierce as a guest speaker at the BNP's annual rally in November 1995. Immigration into Britain by non-Europeans ... should be terminated forthwith and we should organise

9454-449: The BNP become the most prominent force on the British far-right as the NF collapsed amid internal arguments and schisms. In the early 1990s, a paramilitary group known as Combat 18 (C18) was formed to protect BNP events from anti-fascist protesters. Tyndall was displeased that by 1992, C18 was having an increased influence over the BNP's street activities. Relations between the groups deteriorated such that by August 1993, activists from

9617-425: The BNP opened discussions with an NF faction, the National Front Support Group (NFSG), to discuss the possibility of a merger, but the NFSG decided against it, remaining cautious about Tyndall's total domination of the BNP. By 1988, Searchlight reported that the party's membership had declined to around 1,000. Tyndall responded by trying to raise finances, calling for greater sales of their newspaper and increasing

9780-403: The BNP to a clear growth in electoral support. Tyndall nevertheless believed that the BNP's electoral success had less to do with Griffin's reforms and more to do with external factors such as the 2001 Oldham riots . In turn, Griffin criticised Tyndall in the pages of Identity , claiming that the latter was committed to "the sub-Mosleyite wackiness of Arnold Leese's Imperial Fascist League and

9943-500: The BNP, Tyndall and Jordan established a paramilitary wing called Spearhead, which angered Bean and other party members. They expelled Tyndall and Jordan, who went on to establish the National Socialist Movement and then the international World Union of National Socialists . In 1962, they were convicted and briefly imprisoned for their paramilitary activities. After a split with Jordan, Tyndall formed his Greater Britain Movement (GBM) in 1964. Although never changing his basic beliefs, by

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10106-568: The BNP, he still kept a range of Holocaust deniers and convicted criminals close to him. He expressed the view that "we should not be looking for ways of applying ideological cosmetic surgery to ourselves in order to make our features more appealing to our public". Conversely, in the early 1990s a 'moderniser' faction emerged in the party that favoured a more electorally palatable strategy and an emphasis on building grassroots support to win local elections. They were impressed by Le Pen's move to disassociate his party from biological racism and focus on

10269-518: The Big Government mania of the 1930s". Griffin expelled Tyndall from the party in August 2003, but had to allow his return following an out-of-court settlement shortly after. Tyndall gave a speech at a BNP event in which he claimed that Asians and Africans had only produced "black magic, witchcraft, voodoo, cannibalism and Aids", also attacking the Jewish leader of the Conservative Party, Michael Howard , as an "interloper, this immigrant or son of immigrants, who has no roots at all in Britain". The speech

10432-399: The Bolsonarism, the different wings (military, ideological, religious, capital, etc.) present pragmatic disagreements, strategies, objectives and distinct methods. The core of this Brazilian neo-fascism converged its interests and rhetoric with Pentecostal religious fundamentalism and both allied themselves with military sectors and liberal think tanks , so that within bolsonarism there

10595-471: The British Empire". Jordan himself accused Tyndall of being "an extreme Tory imperialist, a John Bull , unable to recognise the call of race beyond Britain's frontiers". Tyndall later described his membership of these openly neo-Nazi groups as a "youthful indiscretion". He expressed the view that while he regretted his involvement in them, he was not ashamed of having done so: "though some of my former beliefs were mistaken, I will never acknowledge that there

10758-421: The British authorities had prohibited the American neo-Nazi George Lincoln Rockwell from entering the UK, the NSM managed to smuggle him in via Ireland to attend a summer camp in August 1962. There, the NSM took part in the formation of the World Union of National Socialists (WUNS), at which Jordan was elected 'world führer' and Rockwell as his heir. Among those in attendance were the neo-Nazi Savitri Devi and

10921-410: The Constitutional Movement without a strong leader. The failure of this campaign, in which the party lost out to both the original NF and the New National Front , saw the party go into decline. Not long after this the party was contacted by Tyndall, Ray Hill and Charles Parker as part of their Committee for Nationalist Unity initiative in which they were aiming to forge a united far-right group from

11084-634: The Cubans didn't oppose ourselves to an isolated tyranny, nor to a particular system of our fatherland, but that we had in front of us a colossal enemy, whose main head was in Moscow, with its tentacles dangerously extended on all the planet." In Finland, neo-fascism is often connected to the 1930s and 1940s fascist and pro-Nazi Patriotic People's Movement (IKL), its youth movement Blues-and-Blacks and its predecessor Lapua Movement . Post-war fascist groups such as Patriotic People's Movement (1993) , Patriotic Popular Front , Patriotic National Movement , Blue-and-Black Movement and many others consciously copy

11247-464: The DC, the PCI did not have a role in executive power until the 1980s. In December 1970, Junio Valerio Borghese attempted, along with Stefano Delle Chiaie, the Borghese Coup which was supposed to install a neo-fascist regime. Neo-fascist groups took part in various false flag terrorist attacks, starting with the December 1969 Piazza Fontana massacre , for which Vincenzo Vinciguerra was convicted, and they are usually considered to have stopped with

11410-416: The East London constituency of Poplar and Canning Town , where he received 7.26% of the vote. Tyndall was attacked and badly beaten by anti-fascists at an election meeting in Stratford, East London. He was also photographed with the London nail bomber, David Copeland . Tyndall claimed that following the election, the party received between 2,500 and 3,000 enquiries—roughly the same as they had received after

11573-455: The East London neighbourhood of Millwall —after a campaign that targeted the anger of local whites over the perceived preferential treatment received by Bangladeshi migrants in social housing . At the time Tyndall described this as the BNP's "moment in history", deeming it a sign that the party was entering the political mainstream. Following an anti-BNP campaign launched by anti-fascist and local religious groups it lost its Millwall seat during

11736-679: The European Parliament (MEPs), including former party leader Nick Griffin . Other British organisations described as fascist or neo-fascist include the National Front , Combat 18 , the English Defence League , and Britain First . In Argentina, a notable advocate of neo-fascism was president María Estela Martínez de Perón , who applied anti-communist policies under the fascist police organization Triple A and economic market opening policies. Perón made

11899-533: The European soul is to be recovered in our country and throughout Europe, it can only be by the elimination of this cankerous microbe in our midst. — Tyndall's views on Jews, published in the NLP journal In April 1958, Tyndall and Bean founded their own extreme-right group, the National Labour Party (NLP). The group was based at Thornton Heath , Croydon and attracted its early membership from former LEL members living in south and east London. According to

12062-535: The GBM reflected Tyndall's desire for "a specifically British variant of National Socialism". It called for the criminalisation of sexual relations and marriages between white Britons and non-whites and called for the sterilisation of those it deemed unfit to reproduce. The group established its base in a run-down building in Notting Hill, with swastikas being sprayed onto the exterior and an image of Hitler decorating

12225-450: The HQ of the main NF. Fountaine had split from the NF in opposition to what he claimed was the increasing Nazism amongst the leadership, the encouragement of links with violent subcultures such as football hooliganism and Nazi skinheads as well as a strong current of homosexuality which he claimed existed amongst the leadership. The new party ambitiously launched itself as an alternative to

12388-674: The Hungarian minority is also present, especially in Transylvania . Other nationalistic and irredentist groups such as the Greater Romania Party do not originate from Legionarism, but in fact grew out of national communist tendencies from the era of Nicolae Ceaușescu (the party was founded by his "court poet" Corneliu Vadim Tudor ). The Romanian Hearth Union (UVR), which had around 4 million supporters in 1992, has been described as neofascist. Its political branch

12551-526: The LEL's attempts to exert pressure on the mainstream Conservative Party . They wanted to be involved in a more radical party, one that would combine "nationalism" with "popular socialism" and which would reach out to the white working class through appeals against immigration from the Caribbean . By his systematic attack on all European culture the Jew is polluting and destroying the European soul ... If

12714-743: The Legion of the Archangel Michael. There are some modern political organisations which consider themselves heirs of Legionarism, this includes Noua Dreaptă and the Everything For the Country Party , founded by former Iron Guard members. The latter organisation was outlawed in 2015. Aside, from these Romanian organisations, the Sixty-Four Counties Youth Movement representing ultra-nationalism from

12877-635: The NF he had still "preserve[d] and defend[ed]" "those traits which were the hallmark" of earlier neo-Nazi groups. Walker noted that in October 1975 Tyndall wrote articles for Spearhead which had clearly "returned to the language and ideology of the Nazi days", and that another article printed the previous month was "pure Nazism in that it reflects exactly the mood and spirit of Mein Kampf ." The historian Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke stated that Tyndall simply "cloaked his former extremism in British nationalism", while

13040-586: The NF. A poor showing in the February 1974 general election resulted in Tyndall being challenged by two groups within the party, the ' Strasserites ' and the ' Populists ', the latter of whom were largely Powellite ex-members of the Conservative Party. The Populist challenge was successful and in October 1974 Tyndall was replaced as chairman by John Kingsley Read . Tyndall then used Spearhead as

13203-611: The NF. There developed a great rivalry between the two groups, and as the NF's new leadership moved it away from the Tyndallite approach, Tyndall realised that he may never have the opportunity to regain his position within it. John Tyndall was both [the BNPs] greatest asset and its greatest drawback. His persistence, rock-like reliability and leadership had kept the movement going, but with almost imperceptible growth since its 1982 foundation. — John Bean In January 1981, Tyndall

13366-850: The NNF, Hill's wing of the British Movement and other groups such as the Constitutional Movement. Although the group did not join this initiative it lost Robin May, its main organiser in the East End of London , to Tyndall's group. A number of party members followed May and joined him in attending the March 1982 meeting at the Charing Cross Hotel in which Tyndall, Parker, Hill, Kenneth McKilliam and John Peacock announced

13529-484: The National Front, Tyndall was to retain the basic extremist views which had always characterised his thought. — Historian Richard Thurlow, 1987 Following this shift away from overt allegiance to Nazism, Tyndall's supporters and detractors continued to dispute whether he remained a convinced Nazi. Academic commentators consider that his basic ideological world-view did not change. In 1981, Nigel Fielding stated that while Tyndall's views had "moderated remarkably", in

13692-475: The Nazis and underwent paramilitary and ideological training. Tyndall had a great liking for wearing jackboots - Jordan related that on the way to a far-right meeting in Germany, Tyndall made his entourage look for a shoe shop so that he could purchase a pair of genuine German jackboots. It is likely that there were no more than 60 members of Spearhead. The group campaigned on behalf of imprisoned Nazi war criminals Rudolf Hess and Adolf Eichmann . According to

13855-707: The PCI. With no event such as the Nuremberg trials taking place for Italian war crimes, the collective memory of the crimes committed by Italian fascists was excluded from public media, from textbooks in Italian schools, and even from the academic discourse on the Western side of the Iron Curtain throughout the Cold War. The PCI was expelled from power in May 1947, a month before the Paris Conference on

14018-502: The Slovak 2016 parliamentary elections. As of December 2022, voter support has dropped significantly to about 3.1%, under the 5% threshold required to enter parliament. Grey Wolves is a Turkish ultranationalist and neo-fascist youth organization. It is the "unofficial militant arm" of the Nationalist Movement Party . The Grey Wolves have been accused of terrorism . According to Turkish authorities,

14181-632: The United Kingdom although he proved popular among sectors of the British far-right. John Tyndall was born in Stork Nest, Topsham Road in Exeter , Devon, on 14 July 1934, the son of Nellie Tyndall, née Parker and George Francis Tyndall. Through the Tyndall family line, he was related to the early English translator of the Bible , William Tyndale and the physicist John Tyndall . His paternal family were Irish Unionists from County Waterford , who had

14344-484: The anti-Tyndall faction and their position was strengthened by the 1979 general election in which the NF put forward the greatest number of candidates in its history but failed to make any headway with the electorate. The party was born at a time of serious division in the British far right and competed with a number of other parties for attention. Such was the confusion at the time that party operations were even based at Excalibur House (London, EC2), which continued to be

14507-469: The anti-immigrant impetus is strong when the economy is weak or unemployment is high, and people fear that outsiders are taking their jobs. Because of this, neo-fascist parties have more electoral traction during hard economic times. Again, this mirrors the situation in the interwar years, when, for instance, Germany suffered from incredible hyperinflation and many people had their life savings swept away. In contemporary Europe, mainstream political parties see

14670-497: The arrival of Ugandan Asian migrants in the country in 1972, Tyndall oversaw the NF during the period of its largest growth. Membership of the party doubled between October 1972 and June 1973, possibly reaching as high as 17,500. Relations had apparently warmed between Tyndall and Jordan, for they met up after the latter was released from prison in 1968, and Tyndall again met with Jordan in Coventry in 1972 and invited him to join

14833-580: The association and the borrowing of pre-World War II European nationalist ideas by early leaders of Hindutva ideology. According to the Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics and International Relations , the term Hindutva has "fascist undertones". Many scholars have pointed out that early Hindutva ideologues were inspired by fascist movements in early 20th-century Italy and Germany. The Indian Marxist economist and political commentator Prabhat Patnaik calls Hindutva "almost fascist in

14996-464: The attention of the media as well as Special Branch . In July 1962, Tyndall was arrested for breaching the peace at a Trafalgar Square rally in which he had been attacked by Jewish military veterans and other anti-fascists after calling the Jewish community a "poisonous maggot feeding on a body in an advanced state of decay". His comments resulted in him being convicted of inciting racial hatred and he

15159-488: The beginning of neo-fascism as a new fascist movement. Because intense nationalism is almost always a part of neo-fascism, the parties which make up this movement are not pan-European, but are specific to each country they arise in; other than this, the neo-fascist parties and other groups have many ideological traits in common. While certainly fascistic in nature, it is claimed by some that there are differences between neo-fascism and what can be called "historical fascism", or

15322-530: The classical sense". He states that the Hindutva movement is based on "class support, methods and programme". According to Patnaik, Hindutva has the following fascist ingredients: "an attempt to create a unified homogeneous majority under the concept of "the Hindus"; a sense of grievance against past injustice; a sense of cultural superiority; an interpretation of history according to this grievance and superiority;

15485-463: The conditions in Europe in the period between World War I and World War II that gave rise to fascism in its many national guises. Constant economic crises including high unemployment, a resurgence of nationalism, an increase in ethnic conflicts, and the geo-political weakness of national regimes were all present, and while not an exact one-to-one correspondence, circumstances were similar enough to promote

15648-530: The conversion of the Committee for Nationalist Unity into the British National Party . The Constitutional Movement changed its name to the Nationalist Party soon after the formation of the BNP and under this title it contested five seats in the 1983 general election . It performed very poorly and the next time the party hit the headlines was when a former member, Richard Franklin, was revealed as

15811-562: The cooperation with other parties within the democratic system. In the political context of the Cold War, anti-communism began to replace anti-fascism as the dominant trend in liberal democracies. In Italy, the MSI became a support group in parliament for the Christian Democratic government in the late 1950s–early 1960s, but was forced back into "political ghetto" after anti-fascist protests and violent street clashes occurred between radical leftist and far-right groups, leading to

15974-521: The country's fascists during the Second World War . The new NF initially excluded Tyndall and his GBM from joining, concerned that he might seek to mould it in a specifically neo-Nazi direction, although they soon agreed to allow both him and other GBM members to join on probation. On entering, the former GBM soon became the most influential faction within the NF, with many of its members rapidly rising to positions of influence. Tyndall became

16137-472: The course of time, moderate their positions in order to achieve electoral victory. The problem of immigrants, both legal and illegal or irregular, whether called "foreigners", "foreign workers", "economic refugees", "ethnic minorities", "asylum seekers", or "aliens", is a core neo-fascist issue, intimately tied to their nativism, ultranationalism, and xenophobia, but the specifics differ somewhat from country to country due to prevailing circumstances. In general,

16300-548: The demise of the short-lived fascist-backed Tambroni Cabinet in July 1960. According to psychologist David Pavón-Cuéllar of the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo , the emergence of neoliberalism in the late-twentieth century prompted neoliberalist politicians to utilize neo-fascism by authoritatively removing all limits to capital (including labor laws , social rights and tariffs ), through

16463-466: The differences in current circumstance to that of the interwar years, and the strengthening of democracy in European countries since the end of the war prevents a general return of historical fascism, and causes true neo-fascist groups to be small and remain on the fringe. For Payne, groups like the National Front in France are not neo-fascists in nature, but are merely "right radical parties" that will, in

16626-404: The electoral advantage the neo-fascist and far-right parties get from their strong emphasis on the supposed problem of the outsider, and are then tempted to co-opt the issue by moving somewhat to the right on the immigrant issue, hoping to slough off some voters from the hard right. In the absence in post-war Europe of a strong socialist movement, this has the tendency to move the political centre to

16789-466: The establishment of the party's Ethnic Liaison Committee – which had one half-Turkish member (Lawrence Rustem) – as a move towards admitting non-whites into the party. He was also critical of Griffin's abandonment of the party's idea of compulsory removal of migrants and non-whites from the country, believing that if they stayed in a segregated system then Britain would resemble apartheid -era South Africa, which he did not think

16952-697: The expelled former African National Congress Youth League (ANCYL) President Julius Malema , and his allies. Malema and the party have frequently courted controversy for engaging in anti-White and anti-Indian racism . In November 2019, the Professor of International Relations at University of the Witwatersrand , Vishwas Satgar, defined them as a manifestation of a new phenomena, 'Black Neofascism'. The Hindutva ideology of organisations such as RSS have long been compared to fascism or Nazism . An editorial published on 4 February 1948, for example, in

17115-490: The fact that his father had been raised in a Unionist family, he eventually adopted internationalist views. He claimed that his mother exhibited "a kind of basic British patriotism" and he also claimed that it was she who shaped his early political views. His upbringing was emotionally stable and materially secure. Tyndall studied at the Beckenham and Penge Grammar School in west Kent , where he attained three O-levels ,

17278-699: The former Dutch colony . The first fascist party was the Partai Fasis Indonesia (PFI). Sukarno admired Nazi Germany under Hitler and its vision of happiness for all: "It's in the Third Reich that the Germans will see Germany at the apex above other nations in this world," he said in 1963. He stated that Hitler was 'extraordinarily clever' in 'depicting his ideals': he spoke about Hitler's rhetorical skills, but denied any association with Nazism as an ideology, saying that Indonesian nationalism

17441-504: The former SS officer Fred Borth. Jordan had been courting the French socialite Françoise Dior , but while he had been imprisoned, she entered a relationship with Tyndall and they were engaged to be married. On Jordan's release, Dior left Tyndall and instead married Jordan in October 1963. This contributed to a growing personal feud between the two men, with Jordan accusing Tyndall and Webster of making obscene phone calls to Dior. Tyndall

17604-685: The geopolitical role of Italian neofascism with some groups participating with CIA-backing in the Strategy of Tension during the Cold War where terrorists actions were aimed to keep Italy in NATO and prevent the Communist Party from coming to power In Romania, the ultra-nationalist movement which allied itself with the Axis powers and German National Socialism was the Iron Guard , also known as

17767-694: The help of the SISMI , following the 1972 Peteano attack, for which he was sentenced to life. Along with Delle Chiaie, Vinciguerra testified in Rome in December 1995 before judge María Servini de Cubría , stating that Enrique Arancibia Clavel (a former Chilean secret police agent prosecuted for crimes against humanity in 2004) and US expatriate DINA agent Michael Townley were directly involved in General Carlos Prats ' assassination. Michael Townley

17930-510: The historian Richard Thurlow, the NLP promoted an "English" variant of Nazism and was more pronounced in its "explicit racism" than the LEL had been, focusing less on bemoaning the decline of the British Empire and more on criticising the arrival of non-white immigrants from former British colonies. The NLP began co-operating with another extreme-right group, the White Defence League , which had been established by Colin Jordan ,

18093-475: The historical experience of fascism between 1919 and 1942, unfolded in several phases; and finally neo-fascism from 1942 onward. Drawing inspiration from the Italian Social Republic , institutional neo-fascism took the form of the Italian Social Movement (MSI). It became one of the chief reference points for the European far-right until the late 1980s, and "the best (and only) example of

18256-436: The increased anti-fascist campaigning of the previous few years, or because the Conservative Party under Margaret Thatcher had adopted an increasingly tough stance on immigration which attracted many of the votes that had previously gone to the NF. NF membership had also declined and by 1979 had fallen to approximately 5,000. Tyndall nevertheless refused to dilute or moderate his party's policies, stating that to do so would be

18419-593: The interior. Tyndall tried to convince the WUNS to accept his GBM as its British representative, but Rockwell—concerned not to encourage schismatic dissenters in his own American Nazi Party —sided with Jordan and the NSM. Tyndall then established contact with Rockwell's main rival in the American neo-Nazi scene, the National States' Rights Party . Tyndall formed a publishing company, Albion Press, and launched

18582-468: The issue as being one of credibility among the electorate, declaring that "we should be looking for ways to overcome our present image of weakness and smallness". He ignored the significant impact that had been achieved by the French NF through moderating its policies and thereby gaining greater respectability among the electorate. While Tyndall had sought to keep skinheads and football hooligans out of

18745-436: The journalist Daniel Trilling commented that "Tyndall's claim to have moderated his views was merely expedient". On his death, The Guardian stated that Tyndall had remained "a racist, violent neo-Nazi to the end", while Trilling described Tyndall as having had "a long pedigree in the most extreme and violent quarters of Britain's far right". Neo-fascism This is an accepted version of this page Neo-fascism

18908-417: The kind of neo-fascism which came about in the immediate aftermath of World War II. Some historians claim that contemporary neo-fascist parties are not anti-democratic because they operate within their country's political system. Whether that is a significant difference between neo-fascism and historical fascism is doubted by other scholars, who point out that Hitler worked within the existing political system of

19071-482: The latter edited by Terry Savage, a veteran of the National Labour Party . The party campaigned for the 1981 Greater London Council election although the results proved disappointing and during the course of the campaign its Excalibur House HQ was damaged by a fire and a campaigner, Anthony Donnelly, was murdered in Hackney . Following this disastrous election, Fountaine announced his retirement from politics, leaving

19234-448: The latter part of the 1970s saw the party's prospects decline. Following an argument with long-term comrade Martin Webster , Tyndall resigned from the party in 1980 and formed his short-lived New National Front (NNF). In 1982, he merged the NNF into his own newly formed British National Party (BNP). Under Tyndall, the BNP established itself as the UK's most prominent extreme-right group during

19397-520: The material that Tyndall wrote for the journal was less openly neo-Nazi and extreme than his previous writings, something which may have resulted from caution surrounding the Race Relations Act 1965 . The GBM engaged in several stunts to raise publicity; in 1964 for instance Webster assaulted the Kenyan leader Jomo Kenyatta outside his London hotel while Tyndall hurled insults at him through

19560-529: The methods rather than the original "idea"; and they wrongly believed that fascist society could be achieved via the nation-state as opposed to the construction of Europe. According to him, fascism could survive the 20th century in a new metapolitical guise if its theorists succeed in building inventive methods adapted to the changes of their times; the aim being the promotion of the core politico-cultural fascist project rather than vain attempts to revive doomed regimes: In addition, Bardèche wrote: "The single party,

19723-441: The mid-1960s, Tyndall was replacing his overt references to Nazism with appeals to British nationalism . In 1967, Tyndall joined Chesterton's newly founded National Front (NF) and became its leader in 1972, overseeing growing membership and electoral growth. His leadership was threatened by various factions within the party which eventually led to his losing his position as leader in 1974. He resumed this position in 1975, although

19886-618: The neo-fascist ideology emerged in 1942, after Nazi Germany invaded the USSR and decided to reorient its propaganda on a Europeanist ground. Europe then became both the myth and the utopia of the neo-fascists, who abandoned previous theories of racial inequalities within the white race to share a common euro-nationalist stance after World War II, embodied in Oswald Mosley 's Europe a Nation policy. The following chronology can therefore be delineated: an ideological gestation before 1919;

20049-502: The organization carried out 694 murders during the late-1970s political violence in Turkey , between 1974 and 1980. The nationalist political party MHP founded by Alparslan Türkeş is also sometimes described as neo-fascist. The British National Party (BNP) is a nationalist party in the United Kingdom which espoused the ideology of fascism and anti-immigration . In the 2009 European elections , it gained two members of

20212-452: The party had been used instead by Tyndall for personal expenses. The modernisers challenged his control of the party, resulting in its first ever leadership election, held in October 1999. Tyndall was challenged by Nick Griffin , who offered an improved administration, financial transparency and greater support for local branches. 80% of party members voted, with two-thirds backing Griffin; Tyndall had secured only 411 votes, representing 30% of

20375-467: The party's directorate resigned in protest at Tyndall's links to neo-Nazi groups in Germany. This allowed Tyndall to take control as party chairman in 1972. According to Thurlow, under Tyndall the NF represented "an attempt to portray the essentials of Nazi ideology in more rational language and seemingly reasonable arguments", functioning as an attempt to "convert racial populists" angry about immigration "into fascists". Capitalising on anger surrounding

20538-524: The party's vice chairman and remained loyal to Chesterton, who was the party's first chairman, for instance by supporting him when several members of the party directorate rebelled against his leadership in 1970. Although remaining Tyndall's private property, Spearhead became the de facto monthly magazine of the NF. Chesterton resigned as chairman in 1970 and was replaced by the Powellite John O'Brien . In 1972, O'Brien and eight other members of

20701-406: The party, curtailing the distribution of Spearhead among BNP members and instead emphasising his own magazine, Identity , which was established in January 2000. To combat the influence of declining sales, Tyndall established the group 'Friends of Spearhead' , whose members were asked to contribute £ 10 a month. By 2000, Tyndall was beginning to agitate against Griffin's leadership, criticising

20864-656: The party. Tyndall and Jordan then regrouped around twenty members of Spearhead and formed the National Socialist Movement (NSM) on 20 April 1962, a date symbolically chosen as Hitler's birthday. They celebrated the event with a cake decorated with a Nazi swastika . According to the historian Richard Thurlow, the NSM was "the most blatant Nazi" group active in Britain during the mid-20th century. The NSM gained few members; an estimate in August 1962 suggested that it had only thirty to fifty. The NSM gained

21027-477: The past, with the form of a child we do not recognize and the head of a young Medusa, the Order of Sparta will be reborn: and paradoxically it will, without doubt, be the last bastion of Freedom and the sweetness of living." In the spirit of Bardèche's strategy of disguise through framework change, the MSI had developed a policy of inserimento (insertion, entryism ), which relied on gaining political acceptance via

21190-448: The perceived cultural incompatibility of different racial groups. Tyndall opposed many of the modernisers' ideas and sought to stem their growing influence in the party, In the 1992 general election , the party stood 13 candidates. Tyndall stood in Bow and Poplar , gaining 3% of the vote. In a council by-election in September 1993, the BNP gained one council seat—won by Derek Beackon in

21353-400: The population linked to a strongly neoliberal economic policy. As a result of factors such as opposition to Workers' Party , fear and reaction to the 2013 protests , as well as the economic crises of 2008 and 2014 , Jair Bolsonaro emerged as a viable option, not because of a well-defined strategic project, but almost accidentally. In this way, the multiplicity of groups that make up

21516-414: The position of chairman. I do not believe that the survival of the white man will be found through the crest of political respectability because I believe that respectability today means one thing, it means your preparedness to be a lackey of the establishment ... I don't want respectability if that is what respectability means, preparedness to surrender my own race, to hell with respectability if that

21679-459: The price of membership by 50%. He also promised that he would make the BNP the largest extreme-right group in the UK and that he would establish a professional headquarters for the party. This was achieved in 1989, as a party headquarters was opened in Welling , Southeast London , an area chosen because it was a recipient of significant ' white flight ' from inner London. That year also witnessed

21842-401: The recent growth of the centrist Social Democratic Party . The historian Nigel Copsey has noted that while the BNP under Tyndall could be described as "Neo-Nazi", it was not "crudely mimetic" of the original German Nazism. Its stated policy objectives were identical to those that the NF had had under Tyndall's leadership in the 1970s. But its constitution was very different. Whereas the NF had

22005-624: The regime in what extents to a remnant of pre-war fascist strategies. The main driving force of neo-fascist movements was what they saw as the defense of a Western civilization from the rise of both communism and the Third World , in some cases the loss of the colonial empire. In 1961, Bardèche redefined the nature of fascism in a book deemed influential in the European far-right at large entitled Qu'est-ce que le fascisme? ( What Is Fascism? ). He argued that previous fascists had essentially made two mistakes in that they focused their efforts on

22168-475: The right overall. While both historical fascism and contemporary neo-fascism are xenophobic, nativist and anti-immigrant, neo-fascist leaders are careful not to present these views in so strong a manner as to draw obvious parallels to historical events. Both Jean-Marie Le Pen of France's National Front and Jörg Haider 's Freedom Party of Austria , in the words of historian Tony Judt , "revealed [their] prejudices only indirectly". Jews would not be castigated as

22331-493: The rights of man, a multiparty system, and the rule of law. Encyclopedia Britannica considers Zhirinovsky to be a neo-fascist. Zhirinovsky endorsed the forcible re-occupation of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, and suggested nuclear waste should be dumped there. During the First Chechen War in the mid-1990s, he advocated hitting some Chechen villages with tactical nuclear weapons . The Russian National Unity

22494-403: The secret police, the public displays of Caesarism, even the presence of a Führer are not necessarily attributes of fascism. ... The famous fascist methods are constantly revised and will continue to be revised. More important than the mechanism is the idea which fascism has created for itself of man and freedom. ... With another name, another face, and with nothing which betrays the projection from

22657-535: The style of the movement and look up to its leaders as inspiration. A Finns Party councillor and police officer in Seinäjoki caused small scandal wearing the fascist blue-and-black uniform. In France, the far-right National Rally party is of neo-fascist origin and is frequently accused of promoting anti-semitism and xenophobia. After the onset of the Great Recession and economic crisis in Greece,

22820-412: The total membership. Tyndall accepted his defeat with equanimity and stood down as chairman. He stated that he would become "an ordinary member", telling his supporters that "we have all got to pull together in the greater cause of race and nation". Tyndall remained a member of the BNP and continued to support it in the pages of Spearhead . But Griffin sought to restrain Tyndall's ongoing influence in

22983-628: The washing away of national values." Before it was banned in 1999, and breakup in late 2000, the group estimated to have had approximately 20,000 to 25,000 members. Alexander Barkashov along with other members of the Russian National Unity have engaged in religious activities and pro-Russian activism in the Russian-Ukrainian War . A neo-fascist organization in Serbia was Obraz , which was banned on 12 June 2012 by

23146-660: Was a British neo-fascist political activist. A leading member of various small neo-Nazi groups during the late 1950s and 1960s, he was chairman of the National Front (NF) from 1972 to 1974 and again from 1975 to 1980, and then chairman of the British National Party (BNP) from 1982 to 1999. He unsuccessfully stood for election to the House of Commons and European Parliament on several occasions. Born in Devon and educated in Kent , Tyndall undertook national service prior to embracing

23309-522: Was a Chetnik party, oriented towards neo-fascism with a striving for the territorial expansion of Serbia. Kotleba – People's Party Our Slovakia is a far-right political party with views that are considered extremist and fascist. The Party's leader, Marian Kotleba , is a former neo-Nazi , who once wore a uniform modelled on that of the Hlinka Guard , the militia of the 1939–45 Nazi-sponsored Slovak State . He opposes Romani people , immigrants,

23472-458: Was a paramilitary organization which was founded by Alexander Barkashov in 1990. It used a left-pointed swastika and emphasizes the "primary importance" of Russian blood. Concerning Adolf Hitler , the organizations's leader Barkashov declared: "I consider [Hitler] a great hero of the German nation and of all white races. He succeeded in inspiring the entire nation to fight against degradation and

23635-447: Was also angry at what he perceived as Jordan's deviation from orthodox Nazi thought and by the fact that Jordan's relationship with Dior had been attracting negative sensationalist press attention for the NSM. In the spring of 1964 Tyndall and Webster tried to oust Jordan as the head of the NSM but failed. In later years Tyndall expressed the view that his involvement in the NSM had been a "profound mistake", arguing that then he "still had

23798-401: Was an admitted fascist who followed eco-fascism and admired Oswald Mosley , the leader of the British fascist organization British Union of Fascists (BUF), who is quoted in the shooter's manifesto The Great Replacement (named after the French far-right theory of the same name ). The Economic Freedom Fighters are a self-described pan-Africanist political party founded in 2013 by

23961-410: Was anything dishonourable about holding them." As leader of the NF he continued to openly approve of Hitler's social and economic programme and well as his policies of German territorial expansion. In his 1988 autobiography The Eleventh Hour , he stated that while he thought that "many of [Hitler's] intentions were good ones and many of his achievements admirable", he did not think "that it is right for

24124-444: Was contacted by far-right activist Ray Hill , who had become an informant for the anti-fascist magazine Searchlight . Hill suggested that Tyndall establish a new political party through which he could unite many smaller extreme-right groups. While Hill's real intention had been to cause a further schism among the British far-right and thus weaken it, Tyndall deemed his suggestion to be a good idea. Tyndall made suggestions of unity to

24287-567: Was filmed by undercover investigator Jason Gwynne and included in a 2004 BBC documentary, The Secret Agent . On 12 December 2004, these comments resulted in Tyndall being arrested on suspicion of incitement to racial hatred. That month, Tyndall was again expelled from the BNP, this time permanently. The police then charged him, although he was granted unconditional bail in April 2005. Tyndall died of heart failure at his flat—52 Westbourne Villas in Hove—on 19 July 2005. He had been due to stand trial at Leeds Magistrates' Court two days later. He

24450-462: Was given some of their literature. He enjoyed Chesterton's writings and concurred with his conspiracy theory that Jewish people had been plotting to bring down the British Empire. Tyndall began associating with other young men who had joined the LEL. At a February 1957 by-election in Lewisham North , Tyndall aided the LEL campaign, during which he met another party member, John Bean , an industrial chemist. Both Tyndall and Bean were frustrated by

24613-413: Was in accordance with a wider trend among Britain's far-right to avoid the term "British fascism", with its electorally unpalatable connotations and instead refer to "British nationalism" in its public appeals. Sykes stated that Tyndall split with Jordan because—in contrast to the latter's neo-Nazi focus on pan-'Aryan' unity—he "thought more traditionally in terms of British nationalism, the British race and

24776-431: Was led by the prominent British fascist Oswald Mosley , disagreeing with its promotion of the political union of Britain with continental Europe . Instead, he was attracted to the League of Empire Loyalists (LEL) – a right-wing group founded by Arthur Chesterton  – after seeing coverage of one of their demonstrations on television. He visited their basement office in Westminster , where he

24939-713: Was not as narrow as Nazi nationalism. After World War II, neo-fascism and ultra-nationalism were ostracized from mainstream politics in Germany, while in Japan , they were partially related to major right-wing conservative politics. Since 2006, all prime ministers of Japan's LDP have been members of far-right ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi . With Mongolia located between the larger nations Russia and China , ethnic insecurities have driven many Mongolians to neo-fascism, expressing nationalism centered around Genghis Khan and Adolf Hitler . Groups advocating these ideologies include Blue Mongolia, Dayar Mongol , and Mongolian National Union. Pakistan's Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan

25102-488: Was one of decadence". During that decade he read Mein Kampf , the autobiography and political manifesto of the Nazi leader Adolf Hitler , growing sympathetic to Hitler's political beliefs and Nazism . In particular, Tyndall approved of "the descriptions of the workings of certain Jewish forces in Germany, which seemed uncannily similar to what I had observed of the same kinds of forces in Britain." He concluded that Britain's decision to go to war against Nazi Germany

25265-434: Was preferable. His main criticisms were focused not on the party's changing direction, but on Griffin's character itself, portraying him as unscrupulous and self-centred. Tyndall was determined to retake control of the party, and in this was supported by a group of party hardliners. During a proposed leadership challenge, Tyndall put forward his name, although withdrew it following the 2001 general election when Griffin led

25428-448: Was sentenced in Italy to 15 years of prison for having served as intermediary between the DINA and the Italian neo-fascists. The regimes of Francoist Spain , Augusto Pinochet 's Chile and Alfredo Stroessner 's Paraguay participated together in Operation Condor , which targeted political opponents worldwide. During the Cold War, these international operations gave rise to some cooperation between various neo-fascist elements engaged in

25591-425: Was sentenced to six weeks imprisonment, reduced to a fine on appeal. The police then raided the group's London headquarters, after which its leading members were brought to trial at the Old Bailey , where they were found guilty of establishing a paramilitary group in contravention of Section Two of the Public Order Act 1936 . Tyndall received a six-month prison sentence, while Jordan received nine months. Although

25754-436: Was set up to promote pan-European nationalism . It was a more radical splinter group of the European Social Movement . The NEO had its origins in the 1951 Malmö conference, when a group of rebels led by René Binet and Maurice Bardèche refused to join the European Social Movement as they felt that it did not go far enough in terms of racialism and anti-communism . As a result, Binet joined with Gaston-Armand Amaudruz in

25917-451: Was survived by his wife and his daughter, Marina. Deep fascist roots, including indigenous [i.e. British] ones, had nourished Tyndall's political psyche. His political career, spanning over 40 years, saw him pass through a labyrinthine array of right-extreme organisations. Moreover, regardless of some cosmetic changes, his ideology had remained the same from start to finish. — Historian Nigel Copsey, 2008 Tyndall has been described as

26080-428: Was the Romanian National Unity Party , but had also ties to the Social Democracy Party of Romania (PDSR), Greater Romania Party (PRM) and the Democratic Agrarian Party of Romania (PDAR). One of the founders of the UVR was the Romanian President Ion Iliescu , who was still its member in 2005. In 1990, Vladimir Zhirinovsky founded the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia . Its leader opposes democratic values,

26243-407: Was to be the leader of this new party, with the majority of its members coming from the NNF, although others were defectors from the NF, British Movement , British Democratic Party and Nationalist Party . The party was formally launched at a press conference held in a Victoria hotel on 7 April 1982. At the conference, Tyndall described the BNP as the "SDP of the far right ", thereby referencing

26406-423: Was ultimately the result of a conspiracy which was primarily headed by Jews , a conspiracy which he thought had also masterminded non-white immigration to Britain after the war. Around 1957–58, Tyndall decided to commit himself to his political cause full-time, which he was able to do because his job as a salesman allowed him to keep flexible working hours. He decided against joining the Union Movement which

26569-399: Was upset with Webster's attempts to encourage more skinheads and football hooligans to join the party. Tyndall in particular began criticizing the fact that Webster was a homosexual, emphasising allegations that Webster had been making sexual advances toward young men in the party. More widely, he complained about a "homosexual network" among leading NF members. In October 1979, he called

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