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25-461: [REDACTED] Look up context in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Context may refer to: Context (linguistics) , the relevant constraints of the communicative situation that influence language use, language variation, and discourse summary Computing [ edit ] Context (computing) , the virtual environment required to suspend

50-452: A running software program Lexical context or runtime context of a program, which determines name resolution Context awareness , a complementary to location awareness Context menu , a menu in a graphical user interface that appears upon user interaction ConTeXt , a macro package for the TeX typesetting system ConTEXT , a text editor for Microsoft Windows Operational context ,

75-419: A sentence level, the principle claims that what remains if one removes the lexical parts of a meaningful sentence , are the rules of composition. The sentence "Socrates was a man", for example, becomes "S was a M" once the meaningful lexical items—"Socrates" and "man"—are taken away. The task of finding the rules of composition, then becomes a matter of describing what the connection between S and M is. Among

100-406: A temporarily defined environment of cooperation Context (term rewriting) , a formal expression C [ . ] {\displaystyle C[.]} with a hole Other uses [ edit ] Context (festival) , an annual Russian festival of modern choreography Archaeological context , an event in time which has been preserved in the archaeological record Opaque context ,

125-593: Is a sign which signifies by virtue of "pointing to" some component in its context, or in other words an indexical sign is related to its object by virtue of their co-occurrence within some kind of contextual frame. In word-sense disambiguation , the meanings of words are inferred from the context where they occur. Communicative systems presuppose contexts that are structured in terms of particular physical and communicative dimensions, for instance time, location, and communicative role. Compositionality In semantics , mathematical logic and related disciplines,

150-438: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Context (linguistics) In the 19th century, it was debated whether the most fundamental principle in language was contextuality or compositionality , and compositionality was usually preferred. Verbal context refers to the text or speech surrounding an expression (word, sentence, or speech act ). Verbal context influences

175-406: The principle of compositionality is the principle that the meaning of a complex expression is determined by the meanings of its constituent expressions and the rules used to combine them. The principle is also called Frege's principle , because Gottlob Frege is widely credited for the first modern formulation of it. However, the principle has never been explicitly stated by Frege, and arguably it

200-430: The beginning of the 19th century, during which it was debated whether what was most fundamental in language was compositionality or contextuality , and compositionality was usually preferred. Gottlob Frege never adhered to the principle of compositionality as it is known today (Frege endorsed the context principle instead), and the first to explicitly formulate it was Rudolf Carnap in 1947. A common formulation of

225-404: The book , where the verb to begin requires ( subcategorizes ) an event as its argument, but in a logical metonymy an object (i.e. the book ) is found instead, and this forces to interpret the sentence by inferring an implicit event ("reading", "writing", or other prototypical actions performed on a book). The problem for compositionality is that the meaning of reading or writing is not present in

250-451: The current communicative situation. In this sense, language use or discourse may be called more or less 'appropriate' in a given context. In the theory of sign phenomena, adapted from that of Charles Sanders Peirce , which forms the basis for much contemporary work in linguistic anthropology , the concept of context is integral to the definition of the index , one of the three classes of signs comprising Peirce's second trichotomy. An index

275-432: The development of theories of syntax and semantics. The Principle of Compositionality has been attacked in all three spheres, although so far none of the criticisms brought against it have been generally regarded as compelling. Most proponents of the principle, however, make certain exceptions for idiomatic expressions in natural language. The principle of compositionality usually holds when only syntactic factors play in

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300-480: The increased complexity of sentence processing , while it becomes more problematic and questionable when the complexity increase is due to sentence or discourse context , semantic memory , or sensory cues . Among the problematic phenomena for traditional theories of compositionality is that of logical metonymy , which has been studied at least since the mid 1990s by linguists James Pustejovsky and Ray Jackendoff . Logical metonymies are sentences like John began

325-488: The interaction between interlocutors defined as parsers creates a reaction in the brain that reflects predictive and interpretative reactions. It can be said then that mutual knowledge, co-text, genre, speakers, hearers create a neurolinguistic composition of context. Traditionally, in sociolinguistics , social contexts were defined in terms of objective social variables, such as those of class, gender, age or race. More recently, social contexts tend to be defined in terms of

350-661: The linguistic context in which substitution of co-referential expressions does not preserve truth Trama (mycology) ( context or flesh ), the mass of non-hymenial tissues that composes the mass of a fungal fruiting body Context (rapper) , also known as Context MC , stage name of George Musgrave "Context" ( Stewart Lee's Comedy Vehicle ) , a TV episode See also [ edit ] All pages with titles beginning with Context All pages with titles containing Context Contextual (disambiguation) Contextualization (disambiguation) Locality (disambiguation) State (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

375-399: The meaning of its parts as well as their complete syntactic combination. However, there can also be further gradations in between these two extremes. This is possible, if one not only allows the meaning of immediate parts but also the meaning of the second-highest parts (third-highest parts, fourth-highest parts, etc.) together with functions that describes their respective combinations. On

400-406: The most prominent linguistic problems that challenge the principle of compositionality are the issues of contextuality , the non compositionality of idiomatic expressions , and the non compositionality of quotations . It is frequently taken to mean that every operation of the syntax should be associated with an operation of the semantics that acts on the meanings of the constituents combined by

425-532: The principle of compositionality comes from Barbara Partee , stating: "The meaning of a compound expression is a function of the meanings of its parts and of the way they are syntactically combined." It is possible to distinguish different levels of compositionality. Strong compositionality refers to compound expressions that are determined by the meaning of its immediate parts and a top-level syntactic function that describes their combination. Weak compositionality refers to compound expressions that are determined by

450-411: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Context . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Context&oldid=1258243509 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

475-424: The social identity being construed and displayed in text and talk by language users. The influence of context parameters on language use or discourse is usually studied in terms of language variation , style or register (see Stylistics ). The basic assumption here is that language users adapt the properties of their language use (such as intonation, lexical choice, syntax, and other aspects of formulation ) to

500-429: The subject of intense debate. Indeed, there is no general agreement as to how the principle is to be interpreted, although there have been several attempts to provide formal definitions of it. Scholars are also divided as to whether the principle should be regarded as a factual claim, open to empirical testing; an analytic truth , obvious from the nature of language and meaning; or a methodological principle to guide

525-456: The syntactic operation. As a guideline for constructing semantic theories, this is generally taken, as in the influential work on the philosophy of language by Donald Davidson , to mean that every construct of the syntax should be associated by a clause of the T-schema with an operator in the semantics that specifies how the meaning of the whole expression is built from constituents combined by

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550-474: The syntactic rule. In some general mathematical theories (especially those in the tradition of Montague grammar ), this guideline is taken to mean that the interpretation of a language is essentially given by a homomorphism between an algebra of syntactic representations and an algebra of semantic objects. The principle of compositionality also exists in a similar form in the compositionality of programming languages . The principle of compositionality has been

575-433: The way an expression is understood; hence the norm of not citing people out of context . Since much contemporary linguistics takes texts, discourses, or conversations as the object of analysis, the modern study of verbal context takes place in terms of the analysis of discourse structures and their mutual relationships, for instance the coherence relation between sentences. Neurolinguistic analysis of context has shown that

600-425: The words of the sentence, neither in "begin" nor in "book". Further, in the context of the philosophy of language, the principle of compositionality does not explain all of meaning. For example, you cannot infer sarcasm purely on the basis of words and their composition, yet a phrase used sarcastically means something completely different from the same phrase uttered straightforwardly. Thus, some theorists argue that

625-412: Was already assumed by George Boole decades before Frege's work. The principle of compositionality (also known as semantic compositionalism ) is highly debated in linguistics. Among its most challenging problems there are the issues of contextuality , the non-compositionality of idiomatic expressions , and the non-compositionality of quotations . Discussion of compositionality started to appear at

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