The Contestado War ( Portuguese : Guerra do Contestado ), broadly speaking, was a guerrilla war for land between settlers and landowners, the latter supported by the Brazilian state's police and military forces, that lasted from October 1912 to August 1916.
87-420: It was fought in an inland southern region of the country, rich in wood and yerba mate , that was called Contestado because it was contested by the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina as well as Argentina . The war had its casus belli in the social conflicts in the region, the result of local disobediences, particularly regarding the regularization of land ownership on the part of the caboclos . The conflict
174-725: A manifest destiny type of basis (albeit often not de jure) and to be on cordial terms with compatriots who were not "not racist". This is the basis on which Farquhar's business activity, like the rest of U.S. business activity in Latin America at the time, is viewed with mixed emotions today. Farquhar was vice-president of the Atlantic Coast Electric Railway and the Staten Island Railway , which controlled rail services in New York. He
261-428: A nuclear polyhedrosis virus used as a biopesticide . This was first applied in 1992. When I. paraguariensis is harvested, the branches are often dried by a wood fire, imparting a smoky flavor . The strength of the flavor, caffeine levels, and other nutrients can vary depending on whether it is a male or female plant. Female plants tend to be milder in flavor and lower in caffeine. They are also relatively scarce in
348-450: A pestle and mortar and added to the water for taste or medicinal reasons. Paraguayans have a tradition of mixing mate with crushed leaves, stems, and flowers of the plant known as flor de agosto (the flower of August, plants of the genus Senecio , particularly Senecio grisebachii ), which contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids . Modifying mate in this fashion is potentially toxic, as these alkaloids can cause veno-occlusive disease ,
435-621: A "heavenly monarchy" similar to Antonio Conselheiro (the messianic leader from the Canudos rebellion in Bahia during the late 1890s). The monk's popularity by then was at its peak. He was invited to the Senhor do Bom Jesus celebrations in Taquaruçu (modern-day Curitibanos ) whereby he was followed by about 300 supporters. He also treated people and prescribed herbal medication to them. Wary of
522-403: A bull horn), or chá mate [ˈʃa ˈmate] (hot or cold; lit. 'mate tea', served in cups or glasses). While chá mate is made with roasted leaves, the other drinks are made with raw or lightly toasted green leaves, and are very popular in the south and center-west of the country. Most people, colloquially, call both the plant and the beverage by the word mate . In English, both
609-411: A café for afternoon tea, often with a selection of sweet pastries ( facturas ). An iced, sweetened version of mate cocido is sold as an uncarbonated soft drink , with or without fruit flavoring. In Brazil, this cold version of chá mate is especially popular in the south and southeast regions, and can easily be found in retail stores in the same cooler as other soft drinks. Mate batido , which
696-677: A drink' and 'infusion of an herb', as well as 'gourd'. The word mate is used in modern Portuguese and Spanish. The pronunciation of yerba mate in Spanish is [ˈɟʝeɾβa ˈmate] . The stress on the word mAte falls on the first syllable. The word hierba is Spanish for 'herb'; yerba is the variant spelling of hierba used throughout Latin America. Yerba may be understood as 'herb', but also as 'grass' or 'weed'. It may also be used in reference to marijuana ( Cannabis sativa ). In Argentina, yerba refers exclusively to
783-540: A few passages that border on hagiography —is The Last Titan – An American Entrepreneur in Latin America —a dissertation by Charles A. Gauld for Stanford University , under the supervision of Professor Ronald Hilton. The Brazilian magazine Exame , in a review of the book, said: In contrast, the Brazilian historian Edgard Carone , in his book A República Velha (The Old Republic) says that Farquhar's businesses " lived off government favors ". In
870-473: A high number of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), such as benzo(a)pyrene , which are carcinogenic . It has been suggested that this may explain other cancers associated with maté consumption, such as lung and bladder cancer However, the occurrence of PAHs in maté leaves and infusion is based on small studies with non-representative sampling. In any case, the use of maté with potentially lower PAHs content, such as unsmoked maté, has been suggested as
957-534: A hollowed calabash gourd, these days mate "gourds" are produced from a variety of materials including wood, glass, bull horns, ceramic, and silicone. In the same way as people meet for tea or coffee, friends often gather and drink mate ( matear ) in Paraguay, Argentina, Southern Brazil, Uruguay, and Southern Chile. In warm weather the hot water is sometimes replaced by lemonade . Paraguayans typically drink yerba mate with cold water during hot days and hot water in
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#17327872566861044-564: A large agricultural equipment works at York, which was called the Pennsylvania Agricultural Works (1856–1889) and later the A.B. Farquhar Company (1889–1951). His mother was Elizabeth N. (née Jessop) Farquhar (1837–1918). His grandfather was William Henry Farquhar . Percival attended the York Collegiate Institute , spent two years working in his father's office, and then attended
1131-525: A later study suggested there can be positive effects. Hot maté consumption is associated with oesophageal cancer . Very hot beverages (above 65°C) are classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as probably carcinogenic to humans ( group 2A ), which also includes hot maté, as it is typically consumed at a temperature of 70°C. This classification indicates that the link between very hot beverage consumption and cancer
1218-605: A man of Italian origin, who wandered, preaching and attending to the sick, from 1844 to 1870. He lived a very simple life, and his ethics and lifestyle attracted thousands of followers. Although many sources say he died in 1870, he actually left Brazil in 1852; after traveling in Mexico, Cuba, and Canada, he was killed in April, 1869; in Mesilla, New Mexico, USA. The second monk also adopted the alias of João Maria, although his real name
1305-478: A preventive approach. Percival Farquhar Percival Farquhar (1865–1953) was an American investor and financier with extensive interests in Latin America and pre-Soviet Russia , including railways, mines, hotels, and restaurants. Farquhar was born to a wealthy Maryland-Pennsylvania Quaker family at York, Pennsylvania in 1865. His father was Arthur B. Farquhar (1838–1925), founder of
1392-524: A rare condition of the liver which results in liver failure due to progressive occlusion of the small venous channels . Mate has also become popular outside of South America. In the tiny hamlet of Groot Marico , North West Province , South Africa, mate was introduced to the local tourism office by the returning descendants of the Boers , who in 1902 had emigrated to Patagonia in Argentina after losing
1479-411: A reputation as a healer before disappearing from the region in 1908. In 1912, A third monk came to the notice of the public in the region. He was initially known as an herbal healer, having presented himself under the name of José Maria de Santo Agostinho. However, according to a report of the police of Vila de Palmas, Paraná state, he was, in reality, an army deserter who had been convicted of rape , by
1566-497: A small, hollowed-out gourd (described below), up to three-quarters full with dry leaves (and twigs) of I. paraguariensis , and filling it up with water at a temperature of 70–80 °C (158–176 °F), hot but not boiling. Sugar may or may not be added. The infusion may also be prepared with cold water, in which case it is known as tereré . Drinking mate is a common social practice in Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, Southern Brazil, and Southern Chile among people of all ages, and
1653-640: A strategy by the State of Santa Catarina to occupy and claim those lands. So the Contestado war began there in October 1912. In order to prevent the sudden mass occupation of that land, some troops of the Regiment of Security of Paraná State were sent out to force the invaders to return to Santa Catarina. But things did not go as planned. A bloody confrontation started between government troops and followers of
1740-474: A version of mate known as mate cocido (or just mate or cocido ) in Paraguay and chá mate in Brazil is sold in teabags and in a loose-leaf form. It is often served sweetened in specialized shops or on the street, either hot or iced, pure or with fruit juice (especially lime , known in Brazil as limão ) or milk. In Paraguay, Argentina, and Southern Brazil, this is commonly consumed for breakfast or in
1827-480: Is accredited to be the first and original way of consumption. Tereré can be prepared with cold water (the most common way in Paraguay and Brazil) or fruit juice (the most common way in Argentina). The version with water is more bitter; fruit juice acts as a sweetener (in Brazil, this is usually avoided with the addition of table sugar). Medicinal or culinary herbs, known as yuyos (weeds), may be crushed with
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#17327872566861914-412: Is given by the brewer to each person, often in a circle, in turns. The recipient drinks the few mouthfuls in the container, and then returns the mate to the brewer, who refills it and passes it to the next person in clockwise order. The recipient is not supposed to give thanks until they are done drinking the beverage, and if they do, they will not be served any more mates . Although traditionally made from
2001-415: Is likely, but the proportion of oesophageal cancer cases due to drinking very hot beverages is not yet known. There is no such association for cold maté and, in general, preparations under 65°C are not considered carcinogenic and are evaluated as not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans ( group 3 ). Since the traditional preparation of yerba maté leaves involves smoking them they contain
2088-577: Is often a communal ritual following customary rules. Friends and family members share from the same container, traditionally a hollow gourd (also called a guampa , porongo , or simply mate in Spanish, a cabaça or cuia in Portuguese, or a zucca in Italian), and drink through the same wooden or metal straw (a bombilla in Spanish or bomba in Portuguese). The gourd
2175-426: Is the largest producer, with 53%, followed by Argentina, 37%, and Paraguay, 10%. In the city of Campo Largo , state of Paraná , Brazil, there is a Mate Historic Park ( Portuguese : Parque Histórico do Mate ), funded by the state government to educate people on the sustainable harvesting methods needed to maintain the integrity and vitality of the oldest wild forests of mate in the world. As of June 2014, however,
2262-494: Is toasted, has less of a bitter flavor and more of a spicy fragrance. Mate batido becomes creamy when shaken and is more popular in the coastal cities of Brazil, as opposed to the far southern states, where it is more commonly consumed in the traditional way (green, with a silver straw from a shared gourd), and called chimarrão ( cimarrón in Spanish, particularly Argentine Spanish). In Paraguay, Southern Brazil ( Mato Grosso do Sul , west of São Paulo and Paraná ), and
2349-423: Is typically present only in small quantities or sometimes completely absent. In some circles, mateine is a referential term for caffeine when found present in yerba mate (similar to theine from tea or guaranine from guarana). Yerba mate also contains minerals , such as potassium , magnesium , and manganese . There has been no good evidence for yerba mate having an effect on body weight in humans although
2436-463: The yerba mate plant. Yerba mate , therefore, originally translated as literally the 'gourd herb'; i.e., the herb one drinks from a gourd. The Portuguese name for the plant is pronounced variously as [ˈɛɾvɐ ˈmate, -tʃi] , in the areas of traditional consumption. The drinks are usually called chimarrão [ʃimaˈʁɐ̃w] (hot; traditionally served in a gourd), tereré [teɾeˈɾɛ] (cold; traditionally served in
2523-744: The Anglo Boer War . It is also commonly consumed in Lebanon, Syria, and some other parts of the Middle East, mainly by Druze and Alawite people. Most of its popularity outside South America is a result of historical emigration to South America and subsequent return. It is consumed worldwide by expatriates from the Southern Cone . Materva is a sweet, carbonated soft drink based on yerba mate. Developed in Cuba in 1920, and produced since
2610-514: The Argentine littoral , a mate infusion, called tereré in Spanish and Portuguese or sometimes tererê in Gaúcho , Caipira and Sulista Portuguese, is also consumed as a cold or iced beverage, usually sucked out of a horn cup called a guampa with a bombilla . The Guarani used to drink it in this format, but without the ice as they did not have the technology for it, reason why, it
2697-629: The Gran Chaco of Bolivia, and Southern Chile . It has also become popular in the Druze and Alawite community in the Levant, especially in Syria and Lebanon, where it is imported from Paraguay and Argentina, thanks to 19th-century Syrian immigrants to Argentina . Yerba mate can now be found worldwide in various energy drinks as well as being sold as a bottled or canned iced tea . The name given to
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2784-634: The Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University , where he studied science and engineering. After Yale he studied law, entered politics, and was elected to the New York State Legislature . He was a member of the New York State Assembly in the 114th (1891) , 115th (1892) (both New York Co., 3rd D.), and 116th (1893) (New York Co., 11th D.) sessions. His father wrote, "In
2871-627: The '-e' is not silent as in mate (partner or friend); indeed French also uses the spelling with the accent. Spanish meanwhile has an unrelated word maté , meaning 'I killed', a conjugated form of the verb matar . Ilex paraguariensis begins as a shrub and then matures to a tree, growing up to 15 meters (49 ft) tall. The leaves are evergreen , 7–110 millimeters (0.3–4.3 in) long and 30–55 millimeters (1.2–2.2 in) wide, with serrated margins. The leaves are often called yerba (Spanish) or erva (Portuguese), both of which mean "herb". They contain caffeine (known in some parts of
2958-452: The 1880s through 1930s would be an era of European colonialism and American activity of analogous neocolonial nature, although that word for it was not coined until later. It was the era of banana republics dominated by U.S. interests, and the overthrow and annexation of Hawaii . In this era, even American businessmen who considered themselves "not racist" believed that it was acceptable to project and maintain de facto white supremacy on
3045-651: The 1960s in Miami, Florida , it is a staple of the Cuban culture in Miami. Yerba mate contains a variety of polyphenols, such as the flavonoids , quercetin and rutin . Yerba mate contains three xanthines : caffeine , theobromine , and theophylline , with caffeine content varying between 0.7% and 1.7% of dry weight (compared with 0.4–9.3% for tea leaves, 2.5–7.6% in guarana , and up to 3.2% for ground coffee ). Theobromine content varies from 0.3% to 0.9%; theophylline
3132-524: The Contestado at a place called Banhado Grande. At the end of the battle, dozens of people from both sides were dead, and the rebels seized a large number of guns and amounts of ammunition from the Paraná police forces. Among those killed were Colonel Gualberto João, who commanded the troops, and also the Monk Jose Maria, but the partisans of the Contestado had obtained their first victory. Jose Maria
3219-817: The European capital markets, Farquhar considered himself " able to finance anything ". According to Gauld, Farquhar " was hungrier for land than anyone in Latin American history since the time of the Incas ". The beginning of the First World War in 1914, cut off his main source of resources and financing, and left Farquhar's already precarious empire—which had created the practicing of issuing debt based on debt—extremely indebted, causing it to crumble. His businesses reached bankruptcy by October 1914. His investors lost all of their capital, and Farquhar
3306-600: The Paraguayan economy after independence, but development in benefit of the Paraguayan state halted after the War of the Triple Alliance (1864–1870) that devastated the country both economically and demographically. Some regions with mate plantations in Paraguay became Argentine territory . Brazil then became the largest producer of mate. In Brazilian and Argentine projects in the late 19th and early 20th centuries,
3393-412: The Spanish colony of Paraguay in the late 16th century, among both Spanish settlers and indigenous Guaraní, who had, to some extent before the Spanish arrival, consumed it. This widespread consumption turned it into Paraguay's main commodity above other wares, such as tobacco , and the labour of indigenous peoples was used to harvest wild stands. In the mid-17th century, Jesuits managed to domesticate
3480-491: The areas where yerba mate is planted and cultivated. According to Food and Agriculture Organization in 2012, Brazil is the biggest producer of mate in the world with 513,256 metric tonnes (MT) (58%), followed by Argentina with 290,000 MT (32%) and Paraguay with 85,490 MT (10%). The infusion, called mate in Spanish-speaking countries or chimarrão in Brazil, is prepared by filling a container, traditionally
3567-557: The armed uprising against the government. At this point in the war Deodato Manuel Ramos (also known as Adeodato) became a prominent figure, and he is considered by historians to be the last leader of the Contestadores. Adeodato moved the capital of the rebellious territory over to the Santa Maria valley, where he amassed about 5,000 men. As food and other shortages increased, he became more ruthless in dealing orders, including
Contestado War - Misplaced Pages Continue
3654-568: The book Chatô – O Rei do Brasil (Chatô – The King of Brazil), the journalist Fernando Morais describes Farquhar as: It is true that he built and directed numerous businesses in Latin America, many of them in Brazil. His activities were frequently related to governmental concessions and privileges—and to guarantees that governments would receive revenues from the capital invested—which he ably obtained from young and inexperienced local governments, frequently through personal bribery. A bold and fearless financier, with great experience in
3741-410: The claimed resurrection of another individual. He was also said to have cured the colonel Francisco de Almeida's wife of a previously uncurable illness. After this event the monk won even more fame and trust by declining the land and significant quantity of gold that the grateful colonel offered him. From this point on, José Maria began to be considered a saint : a man who had come to Earth only to heal
3828-454: The death of José Maria. In March and May of that year other expeditions were sent out; however, they were all unsuccessful. As the social order degraded quickly in the region, the central government appointed General Carlos Frederico de Mesquita (a veteran of the Canudos rebellion) to lead a new operation against the rebels. He led an assault on the village of Santo Antônio da Platina, causing
3915-546: The developments in Taquaruçu and afraid of losing influence in the local affairs around the town of Curitibanos, Colonel Franciso de Albuquerque, a rival of Col. Almeida, sent a telegram to the state capital requesting assistance against "rebels that proclaimed a new monarchy in Taquaruçu". The Brazilian government, then led by Marshal Hermes da Fonseca who was responsible for the policy of military interventions in other states in order to eliminate political adversaries, decided to send federal troops to that region in order to quell
4002-403: The efficient management or cost control in his 38 businesses. An avid speculator, he bet especially strongly on his own commercial paper . At the beginning of 1913, Farquhar came to realize that he was bankrupt. Farquhar had a great ability to get himself into trouble with governments and nationalist groups. But the dislike that he provoked was not totally baseless. Determined and capable in
4089-531: The execution of those willing to turn themselves in. By then the rebels were totally enclosed, and internal strife further weakened them. On February 8, 1915, a column from the south led by Lt. Col. Estillac arrived in Santa Maria. That attack cost the Army 30 dead and 40 injured. New pushes and retreats took place in the next few days. On March 28, 1915, Captain Tertuliano Potyguara led 710 men from
4176-541: The expulsion of many farmers of the region from the land they occupied. At the same time, the concession guaranteed that another associated company of the trust, the Southern Brazil Lumber & Colonization, would have the rights to extract lumber and later resell the land. It was estimated that 8000 men had worked for the railroad at the time; with the workers coming largely from the urban populations of cities Rio de Janeiro and Pernambuco. However, by
4263-413: The fervor of his apparently charitable activities, a more detailed examination of Farquhar's businesses in Brazil shows that they frequently led to the deaths of thousands of native people, the ecological destruction of entire states, abandoned railways, bankruptcies, and even civil wars. Charles A. Gauld writes: The genius of Farquhar lay more in his vision and capacity to raise money to expand than in
4350-404: The government the right to explore a strip of land 15 km (9.32 mi) wide on each side of the railroad. The Company thus legally seized ownership of the land that it bordered and offered work to local families during the construction of the railroad. A number of communities in the region, living off subsistence agriculture, existed in the path of this newly privatized strip of land leading to
4437-516: The infusion is much greater than that used for tea and other beverages, which accounts for the large weights. The flavor of brewed mate resembles an infusion of vegetables, herbs, and grass and is reminiscent of some varieties of green tea . Some consider the flavor to be very agreeable, but it is generally bitter if steeped in hot water. Sweetened and flavored mate is also sold, in which the mate leaves are blended with other herbs (such as peppermint) or citrus rind. In Paraguay, Brazil, and Argentina,
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#17327872566864524-484: The last of the rebellious villages was destroyed by Gen. Setembrino's troops. Adeodato managed to escape and hide in the woods while being sought by the federal troops. The War of the Contestado was finally over with his arrest in August 1916. Adeodato was sentenced to 30 years in prison. However, in 1923, less than seven years later, Adeodato was killed by the jail warden in an alleged escape attempt. On October 12, 1916,
4611-432: The late hours of the night. José Maria's preaching displayed acutely Monarchist sentiments and adopting a highly adversarial stance towards the existing national government of Brazil. This intense endorsement of monarchy as a form of government would come to inform the shape of the Contestado war's partisan movement. Construction was underway on a railway that would run between the cities of São Paulo to Santa Maria , in
4698-475: The leader of the operation against the rebels in southern Brazil. So in September 1914 he led about 7,000 men with the mandate to suppress the rebellion and thus pacify the region at any cost. Setembrino sent out an announcement to the rebels in which he guaranteed the land would be returned to those who turned themselves in. He also promised, however, a harsh and hostile treatment to those who decided to continue
4785-439: The meantime he had become associated with me as a partner in my business in New York, from which he drifted into financial operations of larger scope, his activities in this direction leading him to Cuba, South America, and Europe." His father's agricultural equipment business had long had a sizeable export component, selling to distributors who resold in Latin America, South Africa, Australia, Russia, and other places. The era of
4872-463: The months of June and July. Many of the natural enemies of yerba mate are difficult to control in plantation settings. Insect pests include Gyropsylla spegazziniana , a true bug that lays eggs in the branches; Hedyphates betulinus , a type of beetle that weakens the tree and makes it more susceptible to mold and mildew; Perigonia lusca , a moth whose larvae eat the leaves; and several species of mites . P. lusca may be controlled with
4959-474: The morning and during cooler temperatures. Yerba mate is most popular in Paraguay and Uruguay, where people are seen walking the streets carrying the mate and often a termo (thermal vacuum flask ) in their arms. In Argentina, 5 kg (11 lb) of yerba mate is consumed annually per capita; in Uruguay, the largest consumer, consumption is 10 kg (22 lb). The amount of herb used to prepare
5046-415: The name of Miguel Lucena de Boaventura. Due in part to his claimed association with the regionally known figure of João Maria, the anonymity of his past, and his conduct as a herbal healer, José Maria soon became a respected and influential figure in the region. He would soon amass a religious following from the locals, and it would be claimed he performed a number of miracles, one of the most prominent being
5133-463: The official beginning of the war, despite the initial confrontations back in 1912. On February 8, 1914, the federal and state governments sent 700 men to Taquaruçu, supported by artillery and machine guns. Caraguatá was a more remote location where 2,000 other people had already settled. The followers in Caraguatá were led by Maria Rosa, a 15-year-old girl who led the 6000-strong armed rebellion after
5220-830: The park is closed to public visitation. The yerba mate plant is grown and processed in its native regions of South America, specifically in Paraguay, some parts of northern Argentina ( Misiones ), Uruguay, and southern Brazil ( Rio Grande do Sul , Santa Catarina , Paraná , and Mato Grosso do Sul ). Cultivators are known as yerbateros (Spanish) or ervateiros (Brazilian Portuguese). Seeds used to germinate new plants are harvested after they have turned dark purple, typically from January to April. After harvest, they are submerged in water in order to eliminate floating non-viable seeds and detritus like twigs, leaves, etc. New plants are started between March and May. For plants established in pots, transplanting takes place April through September. Plants with bare roots are transplanted only during
5307-471: The plant and establish plantations in their Indian reductions in Misiones , Argentina, sparking severe competition with the Paraguayan harvesters of wild stands. It is here when the plant began its incursion into other non-Paraguayan territories. After their expulsion in the 1770s, their plantations fell into decay, as did their domestication secrets. The industry continued to be of prime importance for
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#17327872566865394-488: The plant can be steeped in hot water to make a beverage known as maté . Brewed cold, it is used to make tereré . Both the plant and the beverage contain caffeine . The indigenous Guaraní and some Tupi communities (whose territory covered present-day Paraguay ) first cultivated and consumed yerba mate prior to European colonization of the Americas . Its consumption was exclusive to the natives of only two regions of
5481-564: The plant in the Guaraní language (of the indigenous people who first used mate) is ka'a , which has the same meaning as 'herb'. Congonha , in Portuguese, a term describing several herb species, is derived from the Tupí expression kõ'gõi , meaning something like 'what keeps us alive', but is rarely used nowadays. Mate is from the Quechua mati , a word that means 'container for
5568-568: The plant was domesticated once again, opening the way for plantation systems. When Brazilian entrepreneurs turned their attention to coffee in the 1930s, Argentina, which had long been the prime consumer, took over as the largest producer, resurrecting the economy in Misiones Province , where the Jesuits had once had most of their plantations. For years, the status of largest producer shifted between Brazil and Argentina. Today, Brazil
5655-613: The promotion of his own self-image, he always made an effort to make the press portray his actions as " the example of a highly successful American capitalist, a true icon of American entrepreneurship ", a fact which gained him a few admirers. Among these were Assis Chateaubriand , King of Brasil , who became the owner of the country's largest journalism network. This friendship greatly contributed to favorable reactions to Farquhar's activities. (Chateaubriand later bought O Jornal , in 1924, using funds provided by Farquhar, supposedly as legal fees.) Percival Farquhar believed that no country in
5742-613: The railroad from Santa Barros to Guatemala City , called the Guatemala R.R., and was active in building the Cuba R.R. from Havana to Santiago, running nearly the length of the island." Farquhar developed businesses in Cuba and Central America . He owned railways and mines in Russia and dealt personally with Lenin during the years when those assets were being nationalized and foreign specialists were held over to assist. Farquhar's dream
5829-399: The rebellion. Foreseeing what was coming, José Maria ( Miguel Lucena Boaventura ) left immediately for the border town of Irani with his followers. Irani at the time belonged to the municipality of Palmas which was within the jurisdiction of the state of Paraná. As Paraná and Santa Catarina then had unresolved land disputes, the government of Paraná regarded this mass relocation of people as
5916-485: The rebels to flee. The hamlet of Caraguatá where the federal troops were first chased from by the rebels was now struck by typhoid fever . General Mesquita mistakenly believed the rebels were finally dispersed and declared the war was over. However, peace was to be short-lived. The rebels quickly regrouped and organized around Santa Maria, intensifying the attacks: they took and set fire to the Calmon rail station; destroyed
6003-543: The recently created Republic of Brazil (1889), effectively declaring his community to be ruled by an independent government. He also declared the Republic to be "the devil's law". He appointed an illiterate farmer to be "Emperor of Brazil", founded the community of Quadro Santo and created a personal guard corps of 12 men, in an allusion to Charlemagne 's knights. Peasants followed him around, founding more communities, each one with an assigned patron saint in hopes of creating
6090-481: The sick and aid the needy. Methodical and organized, he was quite different from the familiar healers. He knew how to read and write and he described in his notebooks the medical properties of the plants found in the region. With the permission of Colonel Almeida, he set up what was known as the "people's pharmacy " at the ranch of one of the foremen, where he stored up medicinal herbs that he used in his daily medical consultations with anyone who wished to visit him, until
6177-491: The southern Brazilian state Rio Grande do Sul , much of which ran through the contested territory. The construction of this railroad was commissioned by President Afonso Pena in 1908, and the task would be contracted to a North American based company known as the Brazil Railway Company , under the ownership of Percival Farquhar . In addition to the right to finish the project, the company also obtained from
6264-461: The spellings mate and maté are used to refer to the plant or the beverage. The latter spelling is unfaithful to both Spanish and Portuguese, where the accent would incorrectly move the stress from the first syllable to the second. The acute accent over the final '-e' in the English spelling was likely added by analogy with words of French origin like café, not to mark stress but to indicate that
6351-551: The state governors Filipe Schmidt (Santa Catarina) and Afonso de Camargo (Paraná) signed an agreement and the town of Campos do Irani was renamed Concórdia. Yerba mate Yerba maté or yerba-maté ( / ˈ j ɜːr b ə ˈ m ɑː t eɪ / ), Ilex paraguariensis , is a plant species of the holly genus native to South America. It was named by the French botanist Augustin Saint-Hilaire . The leaves of
6438-540: The territory that today is Paraguay, more specifically the departments of Amambay and Alto Paraná . After the Jesuits discovered its commercialization potential, yerba mate became widespread throughout the province and even elsewhere in the Spanish Crown. Mate is traditionally consumed in central and southern regions of South America, primarily in Paraguay, as well as in Argentina, Uruguay, Southern Brazil ,
6525-518: The time the construction work was finished a large number of people were left without work or a place to go (as much land around the railroad was legally owned by the Trust) adding to the local unrest. Thousands of the workers that were laid off once the railroad construction work was finished, joined with A large portion of local peasants that had been evicted from the land they had lived on, led by José Maria. The "holy monk" José Maria rose against
6612-505: The town of Reinchardt towards Santa Maria, losing 24 men in the process. After several strikes, the spiritual leader of the insurgents, Maria Rosa, was killed on the banks of the Caçador river. On the 3rd of April, Estillac's and Potyguara's troops advanced towards the final assault on Santa Maria, where a few of the starving rebels still lived. On the 5th of April, after the major attack on Santa Maria, General Estillac wrote that "everything
6699-517: The village of São João (present-day Matos Costa), they attacked Curitibanos and threatened Porto União, causing the population to flee. There were rumours that they were on their way to invade the city of Ponta Grossa and some believed the rebels and their army would march all the way to Rio de Janeiro in order to oust the President. The rebels at the time already controlled 25,000 km. The federal government named General Setembrino de Carvalho
6786-498: The world as mateine) and related xanthine alkaloids , and are harvested commercially. The flowers are small and greenish-white with four petals. The fruit is a red drupe 4–6 millimeters (0.16–0.24 in) in diameter. Mate was first consumed by the indigenous Guaraní people and also spread in the Tupí people that lived in the departments of Amambay and Alto Paraná the territory of Paraguay. Its consumption became widespread during European colonization, particularly in
6873-527: The world could become developed without good hotels and fine cuisine. To fill these needs in Brazil at the beginning of the 20th century, Farquhar built in São Paulo the elegant Rotisserie Sportsman and imported from the famous Elisée Palace Hotel in Paris the chef Henri Galon, Fernando de Morais tells us in his book Chatô – O Rei do Brasil (Chatô – The King of Brazil). In 1911, Farquhar purchased from
6960-474: The writer and former minister Ronaldo Costa Couto, Farquhar's empire was comparable to those of Count Francisco Matarazzo and Irineu Evangelista de Souza , The Viscount of Mauá. The writing on Farquhar is full of contradictions, making it very difficult to sort through the legend, hagiography, and libel found in his biographies. Professor Francisco Foot Hardman in an interview with the newspaper O Estado de S. Paulo , stated: A book which exalts his deeds—with
7047-587: Was Atanás Marcaf , probably of Syrian origin. He appeared to the public during the Federalist Revolution of 1893; where he belonged to the Maragato faction, and projected a firm and even messianic stature. He even made prophecies about the political events of his time. He was active in the region between the Iguaçu and Uruguay rivers. In addition to his religious activities, he would also gain
7134-773: Was also partner and director of the Compañía de Electricidad de Cuba in Cuba and partner and vice-president of the Guatemala Railway. In 1910 he became the owner of the Paraguay Central Railway Company. His father wrote in 1922, "My son Percival has an international reputation as a promoter of large enterprises. Among other things he was president of the Brazil Railway Co. and of the Mamore Railway Co. in Brazil, and
7221-412: Was buried by his followers, who hoped for his resurrection (in similar fashion to the legend of the king Sebastian of Portugal, who was revered by some messianic followers of Sebastianism ). The federal government sent in 200 federal troops on December 29, 1913, in order to deal with the rebellion. Once again, the government was upset by the fierce opposition. For some historians, this is considered to be
7308-466: Was destroyed, the estimated number of razed houses is 5000 (...) women that fought along the men were killed (...) the number of irregulars killed is over 600. The villages of Caçador and Santa Maria were annihilated. I cannot guarantee that all such bandits that festered in the Contestado may have disappeared, but the mission entrusted to the Army is now accomplished." The surviving rebels soon dispersed and moved to other towns and cities. In December 1915,
7395-416: Was permeated by religious fanaticism expressed by the messianism and faith of the rebellious caboclos that they were engaged in a religious war ; at the same time, it reflected the dissatisfaction of the population with its material situation. The Contestado War is often considered to have many roots in the influence of three monks of the region. The first who rose to prominence was João Maria D'Agostini ,
7482-409: Was ruined. Despite this setback, he would rise again after the war using the same tactics, to fail again after the 1929 stock market crash. After the revolution of 1930, the government of Getúlio Vargas constrained the areas in which he could work, and Farquhar decided to leave Brazil. Although the dimensions and scope of his economic activity are impressive due to the large sums of money involved and
7569-403: Was to control all the railways of Latin America, in a version of manifest destiny . Visionary, controversial, and audacious, Farquhar became the greatest private investor in Brazil between 1905 and 1918. A history journal article of 1937 described the way that Farquhar's syndicate during this period was viewed by Brazilians nervous about Yankee ambitions and by British competitors. According to
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