53-550: The term Convention Parliament has been used to describe the parliaments of: Convention Parliament (England) , for the English parliaments of 1399, 1660 and 1689 Convention Parliament (1399) , for the English Convention Parliament of 1399 Convention Parliament (1660) , for the English Convention Parliament of 1660 Convention Parliament (1689) for
106-539: A marquessate . Katherine Swynford's son from her first marriage, Thomas, was another loyal companion. Thomas Swynford was Constable of Pontefract Castle , where Richard II is said to have died. Henry experienced a more inconsistent relationship with King Richard II than his father had. First cousins and childhood playmates, they were admitted together as knights of the Order of the Garter in 1377, but Henry participated in
159-609: A "free parliament", i.e. with no oath of allegiance to the Commonwealth or to the monarchy, it was predominantly Royalist in its membership. It assembled for the first time on 25 April 1660. After the Declaration of Breda had been received, Parliament proclaimed on 8 May that King Charles II had been the lawful monarch since the death of Charles I in January 1649. The Convention Parliament then proceeded to conduct
212-444: A change of the reigning dynasty. Blackstone points out that the 1689 parliament had to assemble without a royal writ, because the throne was vacant, and no legally summoned parliament could ever be assembled unless a Convention Parliament met to settle the issue of government. Between 1660 and 1689 the meaning of the word Convention underwent a revision. In 1660 the word was seen as pejorative with overtones of irregularity, but after
265-400: A convention of estates of the realm assembled to offer the throne to Henry Bolingbroke as King Henry IV of England after the deposition of King Richard II of England . The convention had been summoned as a parliament by a writ issued by Richard, but it had not been opened by his commission as he had been deposed and it was held that this had the same effect on the parliament as the death of
318-529: A decade by then. Henry's second expedition to Lithuania in 1392 illustrates the financial benefits to the Order of these guest crusaders . His small army consisted of over 100 men, including longbow archers and six minstrels, at a total cost to the Lancastrian purse of £4,360. Despite the efforts of Henry and his English crusaders, two years of attacks on Vilnius proved fruitless. In 1392–93 Henry undertook
371-530: A failed coup. According to Holinshed , it was predicted that Henry would die in Jerusalem, and Shakespeare's play repeats this prophecy. Henry took this to mean that he would die on crusade . In reality, he died in the Jerusalem Chamber in the abbot's house of Westminster Abbey, on 20 March 1413 during a convocation of Parliament . His executor , Thomas Langley , was at his side. Despite
424-632: A grave illness in June 1405; April 1406; June 1408; during the winter of 1408–09; December 1412; and finally a fatal bout in March 1413. In 1410, Henry had provided his royal surgeon Thomas Morstede with an annuity of £40 p.a. which was confirmed by Henry V immediately after his succession. This was so that Morstede would "not be retained by anyone else". Medical historians have long debated the nature of this affliction or afflictions. The skin disease might have been leprosy (which did not necessarily mean precisely
477-630: A group of supporters, overthrew and imprisoned Richard II, and usurped the throne; these actions later contributed to dynastic disputes in the Wars of the Roses (1455–1487). Henry was the first English ruler whose mother tongue was English (rather than French) since the Norman Conquest , over three hundred years before. As king, he faced a number of rebellions, most seriously those of Owain Glyndŵr ,
530-538: A military campaign, confiscating land from those who opposed him and ordering his soldiers to destroy much of Cheshire . Henry initially announced that he intended to reclaim his rights as Duke of Lancaster , though he quickly gained enough power and support to have himself declared King Henry IV, imprison Richard (who died in prison, most probably forcibly starved to death, ) and bypass Richard's heir-presumptive , Edmund de Mortimer, 5th Earl of March . Henry's 13 October 1399 coronation at Westminster Abbey may have been
583-632: A monarch. So once Henry was recognised as King he re-summoned the same parliament hence validating its previous recognition of him as king. It was by the letter of the law no true Parliament, because the king did not summon it, on the contrary, it summoned the king. Hence, it is known as the Convention Parliament. The Convention Parliament (25 April 1660 – 29 December 1660) followed the Long Parliament that had finally voted for its own dissolution on 16 March that year. Elected as
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#1732765524735636-546: A pilgrimage to Jerusalem , where he made offerings at the Holy Sepulchre and at the Mount of Olives . Later he vowed to lead a crusade to "free Jerusalem from the infidel", but he died before this could be accomplished. The relationship between Henry and Richard had a second crisis. In 1398, a remark about Richard's rule by Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk , was interpreted as treason by Henry, who reported it to
689-523: Is highly likely that Henry deliberately associated himself with the martyr saint for reasons of political expediency, namely, the legitimisation of his dynasty after seizing the throne from Richard II . Significantly, at his coronation, he was anointed with holy oil that had reportedly been given to Becket by the Virgin Mary shortly before his death in 1170; this oil was placed inside a distinct eagle-shaped container of gold. According to one version of
742-473: Is preserved at the National Archives . The accepted date of the ceremony is 5 February 1381, at Mary's family home of Rochford Hall , Essex. The near-contemporary chronicler Jean Froissart reports a rumour that Mary's sister Eleanor de Bohun kidnapped Mary from Pleshey Castle and held her at Arundel Castle , where she was kept as a novice nun; Eleanor's intention was to control Mary's half of
795-755: The Lords Appellants ' rebellion against the king in 1387. After regaining power, Richard did not punish Henry, although he did execute or exile many of the other rebellious barons. In fact, Richard elevated Henry from Earl of Derby to Duke of Hereford . Henry spent all of 1390 supporting the unsuccessful siege of Vilnius (capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania ) by Teutonic Knights with 70 to 80 household knights. During this campaign, he bought captured Lithuanian women and children and took them back to Königsberg to be converted, even though Lithuanians had already been baptised by Polish priests for
848-494: The Ottoman Empire . In 1406, English pirates captured the future James I of Scotland , aged eleven, off the coast of Flamborough Head as he was sailing to France. James was delivered to Henry IV and remained a prisoner until after the death of Henry's son, Henry V. The later years of Henry's reign were marked by serious health problems. He had a disfiguring skin disease and, more seriously, suffered acute attacks of
901-590: The Bohun inheritance (or to allow her husband, Thomas, Duke of Gloucester , to control it). There Mary was persuaded to marry Henry. They had six children: Henry had four sons from his first marriage, which was undoubtedly a clinching factor in his acceptability for the throne. By contrast, Richard II had no children and Richard's heir-presumptive Edmund Mortimer was only seven years old. The only two of Henry's six children who produced legitimate children to survive to adulthood were Henry V and Blanche, whose son, Rupert,
954-668: The Convention Parliament. As all the acts of the Commonwealth parliaments were obliterated from the legal record, the Convention Parliament replicated some of the legislation they wanted to keep (e.g. the Navigation Act 1651 ) in new acts. List of MPs elected to the English Parliament in 1660 The Convention Parliament (29 December – 22 January 1689) was the first parliament of the ' Glorious Revolution ' of 1688. This parliament, which met in 1689 after
1007-411: The English Convention Parliament of 1689–1690 Irish Convention (1660) , sat 2 March and 27 May 1660, and again January 1661 Convention of Estates of Scotland Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Convention Parliament . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to
1060-581: The Lollards. On this advice, Henry obtained from Parliament the enactment of De heretico comburendo in 1401, which prescribed the burning of heretics , an act done mainly to suppress the Lollard movement. In 1404 and 1410, Parliament suggested confiscating church land, in which both attempts failed to gain support. Henry spent much of his reign defending himself against plots, rebellions, and assassination attempts. Henry's first major problem as monarch
1113-732: The Parliament of England The Convention Parliament was a parliament in English history which, owing to an abeyance of the Crown , assembled without formal summons by the Sovereign. Sir William Blackstone applied the term to only two English Parliaments , those of 1660 and 1689, but some sources have also applied the name to the parliament of 1399. It is a branch of the royal prerogative, that no parliament shall be convened by its own authority, or by any other authority than that of
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#17327655247351166-540: The Succession to the Crown Act 1707 provides that, if Parliament is not already sitting, it must immediately meet and sit. The Meeting of Parliament Act 1797 provides that, if the Sovereign dies after Parliament has been dissolved, the immediately preceding Parliament sits for up to six months, if not prorogued or dissolved before then. The first example of a convention parliament is the parliament of 1399. In 1399
1219-548: The body discreetly buried in the Dominican Priory at Kings Langley , Hertfordshire, where he remained until King Henry V brought the body back to London and buried it in the tomb that Richard had commissioned for himself in Westminster Abbey . Rebellions continued throughout the first 10 years of Henry's reign, including the revolt of Owain Glyndŵr , who declared himself Prince of Wales in 1400, and
1272-478: The convening of the 1689 parliament some started to see this as a virtue, "a voice of liberty". The Succession to the Crown Act 1707 and the Meeting of Parliament Act 1797 has made it extremely unlikely that there will be need of another Westminster Convention Parliament: There is only one occasion on which Parliament meets without a Royal summons, and that is when the Sovereign has died. In such circumstances,
1325-434: The death of his first wife, Henry married Joan, the daughter of Charles II of Navarre , at Winchester . She was the widow of John IV, Duke of Brittany (known in traditional English sources as John V), with whom she had 9 children; however, her marriage to King Henry produced no surviving children. In 1403, Joan of Navarre gave birth to stillborn twins fathered by King Henry IV, which was the last pregnancy of her life. Joan
1378-763: The departure of King James II of England , was not summoned by the King. It decided that the King had abdicated by fleeing the capital and throwing the Great Seal of the Realm in the River Thames . It also offered the throne jointly to King William III and Queen Mary II , formally recognising Prince William of Orange as King by passing the Bill of Rights 1689 . Henry Bolingbroke Henry IV ( c. April 1367 – 20 March 1413), also known as Henry Bolingbroke ,
1431-439: The deposed king's body as early as 17 February, there is no reason to believe that he did not die on 14 February, as several chronicles stated. It can be positively said that he did not suffer a violent death, for his skeleton, upon examination, bore no signs of violence; whether he did indeed starve himself or whether that starvation was forced upon him are matters for lively historical speculation. After his death, Richard's body
1484-437: The difference changed to a label of five points per pale ermine and France . Dukes (except Aquitaine ) and Princes of Wales are noted, as are the monarchs' reigns. † =Killed in action; [REDACTED] =Executed See also Family tree of English monarchs Henry married Mary de Bohun (died 1394) at an unknown date, but her marriage licence, purchased by Henry's father John of Gaunt in June 1380,
1537-635: The direct participation in the trial and execution of Charles I. The Convention Parliament was dissolved by Charles II on 29 December 1660. The succeeding parliament was elected in May 1661, and was called the Cavalier Parliament . It set about both systematically dismantling of all the legislation and institutions which had been introduced during the Interregnum , and the confirming of the Acts of
1590-597: The example set by most of his recent predecessors, Henry and his second wife, Joan , were not buried at Westminster Abbey but at Canterbury Cathedral , on the north side of Trinity Chapel and directly adjacent to the shrine of St Thomas Becket . Becket's cult was then still thriving, as evidenced in the monastic accounts and in literary works such as The Canterbury Tales , and Henry seemed particularly devoted to it, or at least keen to be associated with it. The reasons for his interment in Canterbury are debatable, but it
1643-538: The first time since the Norman Conquest that the monarch made an address in English. In January 1400, Henry quashed the Epiphany Rising , a rebellion by Richard's supporters who plotted to assassinate him. Henry was forewarned and raised an army in London, at which the conspirators fled. They were apprehended and executed without trial. Henry consulted with Parliament frequently, but was sometimes at odds with
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1696-481: The insurrection. Ultimately, the rebellion came to nought. Lyvet was released and Clark thrown into the Tower of London . Early in his reign, Henry hosted the visit of Manuel II Palaiologos , the only Byzantine emperor ever to visit England, from December 1400 to February 1401 at Eltham Palace , with a joust being given in his honour. Henry also sent monetary support with Manuel upon his departure to aid him against
1749-413: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convention_Parliament&oldid=402879935 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Convention Parliament (England) List of parliaments of England List of acts of
1802-589: The king. The two dukes agreed to undergo a duel of honour (called by Richard) at Gosford Green near Caludon Castle , Mowbray's home in Coventry . Yet before the duel could take place, Richard decided to banish Henry from the kingdom (with the approval of Henry's father, John of Gaunt), although it is unknown where he spent his exile, to avoid further bloodshed. Mowbray was exiled for life. John of Gaunt died in February 1399. Without explanation, Richard cancelled
1855-526: The last Welsh Prince of Wales, and the English knight Henry Percy (Hotspur) , who was killed in the Battle of Shrewsbury in 1403. Henry IV had six children from his first marriage to Mary de Bohun , while his second marriage to Joan of Navarre produced no surviving children. Henry and Mary's eldest son, Henry of Monmouth , assumed the reins of government in 1410 as the king's health worsened. Henry IV died in 1413, and his son succeeded him as Henry V . Henry
1908-584: The legal documents that would have allowed Henry to inherit Gaunt's land automatically. Instead, Henry would be required to ask Richard for the lands. After some hesitation, Henry met the exiled Thomas Arundel , former archbishop of Canterbury , who had lost his position because of his involvement with the Lords Appellant . Henry and Arundel returned to England while Richard was on a military campaign in Ireland. With Arundel as his advisor, Henry began
1961-551: The members, especially over ecclesiastical matters. In January 1401, Arundel convened a convocation at St. Paul's cathedral to address Lollardy . Henry dispatched a group to implore the clergy to address the heresies that were causing turmoil in England and confusion among Christians, and to impose penalties on those responsible. A short time later the convocation along with the House of Commons petitioned Henry to take action against
2014-572: The necessary preparation for the Restoration Settlement . These preparations included the necessary provisions to deal with land and funding such that the new régime could operate. Reprisals against the establishment which had developed under Oliver Cromwell were constrained under the terms of the Indemnity and Oblivion Act which became law on 29 August 1660. Nonetheless there were prosecutions against those accused of regicide ,
2067-408: The rebellions led by Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland , from 1403. The first Percy rebellion ended in the Battle of Shrewsbury in 1403 with the death of the earl's son Henry , a renowned military figure known as "Hotspur" for his speed in advance and readiness to attack. Also in this battle, Henry IV's eldest son, Henry of Monmouth , later King Henry V, was wounded by an arrow in his face. He
2120-422: The same thing in the 15th century as it does to modern medicine), perhaps psoriasis , or a different disease. The acute attacks have been given a wide range of explanations, from epilepsy to a form of cardiovascular disease. Some medieval writers felt that he was struck with leprosy as a punishment for his treatment of Richard le Scrope , Archbishop of York , who was executed in June 1405 on Henry's orders after
2173-482: The sovereign. Where the crown is in abeyance, this prerogative cannot of course be exercised, and the expedient of Convention Parliaments has been resorted to, the enactments of which shall afterwards be ratified by a parliament summoned in accordance with the provisions of the constitution. ... a Convention Parliament [is] the constitutional mode in which the general will of England expresses itself on such questions as cannot be constitutionally discussed in parliament—e.g.,
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2226-450: The tale, the oil had then passed to Henry's maternal grandfather, Henry of Grosmont, Duke of Lancaster. Proof of Henry's deliberate connection to Becket lies partially in the structure of the tomb itself. The wooden panel at the western end of his tomb bears a painting of the martyrdom of Becket, and the tester, or wooden canopy, above the tomb is painted with Henry's personal motto, 'Soverayne', alternated by crowned golden eagles. Likewise,
2279-401: The three large coats of arms that dominate the tester painting are surrounded by collars of SS, a golden eagle enclosed in each tiret. The presence of such eagle motifs points directly to Henry's coronation oil and his ideological association with Becket. Sometime after Henry's death, an imposing tomb was built for him and his queen, probably commissioned and paid for by Queen Joan herself. Atop
2332-451: The tomb chest lie detailed alabaster effigies of Henry and Joan, crowned and dressed in their ceremonial robes. Henry's body was evidently well embalmed, as an exhumation in 1832 established, allowing historians to state with reasonable certainty that the effigies do represent accurate portraiture. Before his father's death in 1399, Henry bore the arms of the kingdom, differenced by a label of five points ermine . After his father's death,
2385-603: The villages of England, in the last year of Henry's reign, declaring that Richard was residing at the Scottish Court, awaiting only a signal from his friends to repair to London and recover his throne." A suitable-looking impostor was found and King Richard's old groom circulated word in the city that his master was alive in Scotland. "Southwark was incited to insurrection" by Sir Elias Lyvet ( Levett ) and his associate Thomas Clark, who promised Scottish aid in carrying out
2438-444: Was King of England from 1399 to 1413. Henry was the son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster (a son of King Edward III ), and Blanche of Lancaster . Henry was involved in the 1388 revolt of Lords Appellant against Richard II , his first cousin, but he was not punished. However, he was exiled from court in 1398. After Henry's father died in 1399, Richard blocked Henry's inheritance of his father's lands. That year, Henry rallied
2491-594: Was Gaunt's daughter with his second wife, Constance of Castile . Henry also had four half-siblings born of Katherine Swynford , originally his sisters' governess, then his father's longstanding mistress and later third wife. These illegitimate (although later legitimized) children were given the surname Beaufort from their birthplace at the Château de Beaufort in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes , France. Henry's relationship with his stepmother Katherine Swynford
2544-491: Was amicable, but his relationship with the Beauforts varied. In his youth, he seems to have been close to all of them, but rivalries with Henry and Thomas Beaufort caused trouble after 1406. Ralph Neville, 4th Baron Neville , married Henry's half-sister Joan Beaufort . Neville remained one of his strongest supporters, and so did his eldest half-brother John Beaufort , even though Henry revoked Richard II's grant to John of
2597-626: Was born at Bolingbroke Castle , in Lincolnshire , to John of Gaunt and Blanche of Lancaster . His epithet "Bolingbroke" was derived from his birthplace. Gaunt was the third son of King Edward III . Blanche was the daughter of the wealthy royal politician and nobleman Henry, Duke of Lancaster . Gaunt enjoyed a position of considerable influence during much of the reign of his own nephew, King Richard II . Henry's elder sisters were Philippa, Queen of Portugal , and Elizabeth, Duchess of Exeter . His younger half-sister Katherine, Queen of Castile ,
2650-475: Was cared for by royal physician John Bradmore . Despite this, the Battle of Shrewsbury was a royalist victory. Monmouth's military ability contributed to the king's victory (though Monmouth seized much effective power from his father in 1410). In the last year of Henry's reign, the rebellions picked up speed. "The old fable of a living Richard was revived", notes one account, "and emissaries from Scotland traversed
2703-477: Was put on public display in the Old St Paul's Cathedral , both to prove to his supporters that he was truly dead and also to prove that he had not suffered a violent death. This did not stop rumours from circulating for years after that he was still alive and waiting to take back his throne, and that the body displayed was that of Richard's chaplain, a priest named Maudelain, who greatly resembled him. Henry had
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#17327655247352756-726: Was the heir to the Electorate of the Palatinate until his death at 20. All three of his other sons produced illegitimate children. Henry IV's male Lancaster line ended in 1471 during the War of the Roses , between the Lancastrians and the Yorkists, with the deaths of his grandson Henry VI and Henry VI's son Edward, Prince of Wales . Mary de Bohun died giving birth to her daughter Philippa in 1394. On 7 February 1403, nine years after
2809-420: Was what to do with the deposed Richard. After the early assassination plot was foiled in January 1400, Richard died in prison aged 33, probably of starvation on Henry's order. Some chroniclers claimed that the despondent Richard had starved himself, which would not have been out of place with what is known of Richard's character. Though council records indicate that provisions were made for the transportation of
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