Cooper Park is an urban park in Brooklyn , New York City , between Maspeth Avenue, Sharon Street, Olive Street, and Morgan Avenue in East Williamsburg . It was established in 1895 and covers 6.40 acres (2.59 ha).
74-514: Cooper Park was once the site of an old glue factory owned by American industrialist Peter Cooper . He started his glue business in Kips Bay , in 1821. In 1838, he moved his business from Kips Bay to Maspeth Avenue in Brooklyn. Cooper retired from the glue business in 1838 and sold the factory to his family members. In 1878, the business left Maspeth Avenue, and eventually left Brooklyn for good in
148-510: A smokeless fuel . HG and UHG anthracite account for a small percentage of the total anthracite market. The major producing countries are Russia, Ukraine, Vietnam, South Africa and the US. The primary sizes used in the United States for domestic heating are Chestnut, Pea, Buckwheat and Rice, with Chestnut and Rice being the most popular. Chestnut and Pea are used in hand fired furnaces while
222-603: A submetallic lustre . It has the highest carbon content, the fewest impurities, and the highest energy density of all types of coal and is the highest ranking of coals. The Coal Region of Northeastern Pennsylvania in the United States has the largest known deposits of anthracite coal in the world with an estimated reserve of seven billion short tons . China accounts for the majority of global production; other producers include Russia , Ukraine , North Korea , South Africa , Vietnam , Australia , Canada , and
296-488: A credit-based, Government-issued currency of United States Notes . In 1883 his addresses, letters and articles on public affairs were compiled into a book, Ideas for a Science of Good Government. Cooper was encouraged to run in the 1876 presidential election for the Greenback Party without any hope of being elected. His running mate was Samuel Fenton Cary . The campaign cost more than $ 25,000. The election
370-534: A domestic fuel since at least medieval times, when it was mined near Saundersfoot . More recently, large-scale mining of anthracite took place across the western part of the South Wales Coalfield until the late 20th century. In the United States, anthracite coal history began in 1790 in Pottsville, Pennsylvania , with the discovery of coal made by the hunter Necho Allen in what is now known as
444-667: A fireplace. Anthracite differs from wood in that it needs a draft from the bottom, and Judge Fell proved with his grate design that it was a viable heating fuel. In spring 1808, John and Abijah Smith shipped the first commercially mined load of anthracite down the Susquehanna River from Plymouth, Pennsylvania, marking the birth of commercial anthracite mining in the United States. From that first mine, production rose to an all-time high of over 100 million tons in 1917. The difficulty of igniting anthracite inhibited its early use, especially in blast furnaces for smelting iron. With
518-506: A full scholarship until fall 2014, when the college began charging tuition, in part, due to the financial impact of construction loans taken before the Great Recession . The college is currently implementing a financial plan to restore full-tuition scholarships for all its undergraduate students by 2029. In 1851, Cooper was one of the founders of Children's Village , originally an orphanage called "New York Juvenile Asylum", one of
592-601: A group of Brooklyn citizens formed a new group called the Friends of Cooper Park. This group collaborates on developing ideas to sustain the park. It primarily brainstorms ideas on ways to keep the park clean and keep up with the landscaping of the park. Cooper Park covers 6.40 acres in Northern Brooklyn. To the north of the park is the town of Greenpoint , to the east of the park is the Newtown Creek and to
666-660: A man also heavily involved in inventions and industrialization. Peter Cooper's granddaughters, Sarah Cooper Hewitt, Eleanor Garnier Hewitt and Amy Hewitt Green founded the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum , then named the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, in 1895. It was originally part of The Cooper Union, but since 1967 has been a unit of the Smithsonian Institution . Cooper was a Unitarian who regularly attended
740-412: A minimum carbon content of 95%. They also differ in usage from standard grade anthracite (used mainly for power generation), being employed mainly in metallurgy as a cost-efficient substitute for coke in processes such as sintering and pelletising , as well as pulverised coal injection (PCI) and direct injection into blast furnaces . They can also be used in water purification and domestically as
814-554: A permit as well. The tennis courts requires a permit for use. Adults under the age of 61 must purchase a seasonal permit for $ 100. Seniors and minors are eligible for discounts. Permits and reservations can be done online. The dog run is in the SW corner by Sharon Street and Morgan Ave. The playground in Cooper Park is named Carnegie Playground. It was named after Margaret Carnegie . It has been reported to have acceptable conditions,
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#1732791548762888-416: A shelter house at Cooper Park. It contracted L. E. Brown for the work and materials required for its construction. It also contracted Dodge & Morrison for architectural services. In 1920, Cooper park underwent a series of renovations including repaired plumbing, repaired electrical work and repaired irrigation systems. In that year, the appraised property value of the park was $ 140,000. In November 2017,
962-848: A short, blue, and smokeless flame. Anthracite is categorized into several grades. Standard grade is used predominantly in power generation, and high grade (HG) and ultra high grade (UHG), are used predominantly in the metallurgy sector. Anthracite accounts for about 1% of global coal reserves, and is mined in only a few countries around the world. Anthracite derives from the Greek anthrakítēs ( ἀνθρακίτης ), literally "coal-like". Other terms which refer to anthracite are black coal , hard coal , stone coal , dark coal , coffee coal , blind coal (in Scotland), Kilkenny coal (in Ireland), crow coal or craw coal , and black diamond . "Blue Coal"
1036-481: A skate park. A public bathroom and spray shower are present as well. In 1898, Cooper Park showed evidence of a lack of nourishing soil. That year, a contract was entered to supply the park with one thousand cubic yards of soil. Additionally, the pathways of the park were re-paved with asphalt tiles, replacing the former walkways that were composed of cinder and gravel. In 1906, the City of New York started construction on
1110-500: A transition stage between ordinary bituminous coal and graphite , produced by the more or less complete elimination of the volatile constituents of the former, and it is found most abundantly in areas that have been subjected to considerable stresses and pressures, such as the flanks of great mountain ranges. Anthracite is associated with strongly deformed sedimentary rocks that were subjected to higher pressures and temperatures (but short of metamorphic conditions) just as bituminous coal
1184-551: Is also being mined. Countries producing HG and UHG anthracite include Russia and South Africa. HG and UHG anthracite are used as a coke or coal substitute in various metallurgical coal applications ( sintering , PCI , direct BF charge, pelletizing ). It plays an important role in cost reduction in the steel making process and is also used in production of ferroalloys , silicomanganese, calcium carbide and silicon carbide . South Africa exports lower-quality, higher-ash anthracite to Brazil to be used in steel-making. Anthracite
1258-435: Is also free from included soft or fibrous notches and does not soil the fingers when rubbed. Anthracitization is the transformation of bituminous coal into anthracite. The moisture content of fresh-mined anthracite generally is less than 15 percent. The heat content of anthracite ranges from 26 to 33 MJ/kg (22 to 28 million Btu / short ton ) on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis. The heat content of anthracite coal consumed in
1332-408: Is classified into three grades, depending on its carbon content. Standard grade is used as a domestic fuel and in industrial power-generation. The rarer higher grades of anthracite are purer – i.e., they have a higher carbon content – and are used in steel-making and other segments of the metallurgical industries. Technical characteristics of the various grades of anthracite are as follows: Anthracite
1406-558: Is divided by size mainly into applications that need lumps (typically larger than 10 mm) – various industrial processes where it replaces metallurgical coke , and domestic fuel – and those that need fines (less than 10 mm), such as sintering and pelletising. The common American classification by size is as follows: Lump, steamboat, egg and stove coals, the latter in two or three sizes, all three being above 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 in (38 mm) size on round-hole screens. High grade (HG) and ultra high grade (UHG) anthracite are
1480-503: Is fed oxygen by vent paths that have not yet been discovered. These can smolder for years. Commonly, exhaust vents in populated areas are soon sensed and are sealed while vents in uninhabited areas remain undiscovered. Occasionally, vents are discovered via fumes sensed by passers-by, often in forested areas. Attempts to extinguish those remaining have at times been futile, and several such combustion areas exist today. The existence of an underground combustion site can sometimes be identified in
1554-600: Is found in the Lackawanna Coal Mine in northeastern Pennsylvania , United States in and around Scranton , Pennsylvania. Locally called the Coal Region , the deposit contains 480 square miles (1,200 km ) of coal-bearing rock which originally held 22.8 billion short tons (20.68 billion tonnes) of anthracite. The geographic region is roughly 100 miles (161 km) in length and 30 miles (48 km) in width. Because of historical mining and development of
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#17327915487621628-473: Is generally associated with less deformed or flat-lying sedimentary rocks. The compressed layers of anthracite that are deep mined in the folded Ridge and Valley Province of the Appalachian Mountains of the Coal Region of East-central Pennsylvania are extensions of the same layers of bituminous coal that are mined on the generally flat lying and undeformed sedimentary rocks further west on
1702-555: Is of standard-grade anthracite, which is used in power generation. Increased demand in China has made that country into a net importer of the fuel, mostly from Vietnam, another major producer of anthracite for power generation, although increasing domestic consumption in Vietnam means that exports may be scaled back. Current U.S. anthracite production averages around five million tons per year. Of that, about 1.8 million tons were mined in
1776-399: Is processed into different sizes by what is commonly referred to as a breaker . The large coal is raised from the mine and passed through breakers with toothed rolls to reduce the lumps to smaller pieces. The smaller pieces are separated into different sizes by a system of graduated sieves, placed in descending order. Sizing is necessary for different types of stoves and furnaces. Anthracite
1850-457: Is similar in appearance to the mineraloid jet and is sometimes used as a jet imitation. Anthracite differs from ordinary bituminous coal by its greater hardness (2.75–3 on the Mohs scale ), its higher relative density of 1.3–1.4, and luster, which is often semi-metallic with a mildly green reflection. It contains a high percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter. It
1924-555: Is sold in the United Kingdom under trade names such as Phurnacite , Ancit and Taybrite. On the opposite end from high-grade anthracite coal, semianthracite coal is defined as a coal which is intermediate between anthracite coal and bituminous coal, and particularly a coal which approaches anthracite in nonvolatile character. Historically, from time to time, underground seams of coal have caught fire, often from careless or unfortunate mining activities. The pocket of ignited coal
1998-625: Is the term for a once-popular and trademarked brand of anthracite, mined by the Glen Alden Coal Company in Pennsylvania , and sprayed with a blue dye at the mine before shipping to its Northeastern U.S. markets to distinguish it from its competitors. Culm has different meanings in British and American English . In British English, culm is the imperfect anthracite, located predominantly north Devon and Cornwall , which
2072-501: The Allegheny Plateau of Kentucky and West Virginia , Eastern Ohio , and Western Pennsylvania . In the same way the anthracite region of South Wales is confined to the contorted portion west of Swansea and Llanelli , the central and eastern portions producing steam coal , coking coal and domestic house coals. Anthracite shows some alteration by the development of secondary divisional planes and fissures so that
2146-582: The Coal Region . Legend has it that Allen fell asleep at the base of Broad Mountain and woke to the sight of a large fire because his campfire had ignited an outcrop of anthracite coal. By 1795, an anthracite-fired iron furnace had been built on the Schuylkill River . Anthracite was first experimentally burned as a residential heating fuel in the US on 11 February 1808, by Judge Jesse Fell in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania , on an open grate in
2220-625: The Gilded Age , Cooper became an ardent critic of the gold standard and the debt-based monetary system of bank currency, advocating instead for government-issued banknotes . Cooper was nominated for president at the 1876 Greenback National Convention , and the Greenback ticket of Cooper and Samuel Fenton Cary won just under one percent of the popular vote in the 1876 presidential election . His son Edward and his son-in-law Abram Hewitt , both served as Mayor of New York City . Peter Cooper
2294-682: The New York and Harlem Railroad established freight yards where cattle cars were parked practically outside his front door, although he did move to the more genteel Gramercy Park development in 1850. In 1854, Cooper was one of five men who met at the house of Cyrus West Field in Gramercy Park to form the New York, Newfoundland and London Telegraph Company , and, in 1855, the American Telegraph Company , which bought up competitors and established extensive control over
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2368-653: The Peter Cooper Station post office; Cooper Park in Brooklyn, Cooper Square in Manhattan, and Cooper Square in Hempstead, New York , Peter Cooper Village Senior Section 8 Housing in West Long Branch, New Jersey , are named in his honor. Notes Bibliography Anthracite coal Anthracite , also known as hard coal and black coal , is a hard, compact variety of coal that has
2442-429: The United States . Total production in 2020 was 615 million tons. Anthracite is the most metamorphosed type of coal, but still represents low-grade metamorphism, in which the carbon content is between 86% and 97%. The term is applied to those varieties of coal which do not give off tarry or other hydrocarbon vapours when heated below their point of ignition . Anthracite is difficult to ignite, and burns with
2516-842: The École Polytechnique (Polytechnical School) in Paris , which would offer free practical education to adults in the mechanical arts and science, to help prepare young men and women of the working classes for success in business. In 1853, he broke ground for The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art , a private college in New York, completing the building in 1859 at the cost of $ 600,000. The Cooper Union offered open-admission night classes available to men and women alike, and attracted 2,000 responses to its initial offering, although 600 later dropped out. The classes were non-sectarian, and women were treated equally with men, although 95% of
2590-542: The 20th century. In 1895, Cooper's family sold the site of the Maspeth Avenue factory to The City of Brooklyn for $ 55,000. From there, the site was cleared and became Cooper Park. The main attractions of the park include a dog run and the Carnegie Playground. There is also a variety of sports facilities including two basketball courts, four handball courts, two tennis courts, two volleyball courts and
2664-764: The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad as a natural market for iron rails to be made from his ore, he founded the Canton Iron Works in Baltimore , and when the railroad developed technical problems, he put together the Tom Thumb steam locomotive for them in 1829 from various old parts, including musket barrels, and some small-scale steam engines he had fiddled with back in New York. The engine was a rousing success, prompting investors to buy stock in B&;O, which enabled
2738-474: The Canton Iron Works, where he earned even larger profits by assembling the Tom Thumb . Cooper's success as a businessman and inventor continued over the ensuing decades, and he became the first mill operator to successfully use anthracite coal to puddle iron . He also developed numerous patents for products such as gelatin and participated in the laying of the first transatlantic telegraph cable . During
2812-615: The Eastern Tanners Glue Company, began on May 5, 1904. Gowanda, therefore, was known as America's glue capital. Cooper owned a number of patents for his inventions, including some for the manufacture of gelatin , and he developed standards for its production. While his patent for “Portable Gelatine” bears a remarkable resemblance to the description of the dessert, Jell-O , that product was trademarked decades after Cooper’s patent expired. Cooper later invested in real estate and insurance , and became one of
2886-630: The Great London Exposition of 1862. In 1840, Cooper became an alderman of New York City. Prior to the Civil War , Cooper was active in the anti-slavery movement and promoted the application of Christian concepts to solve social injustice. He was a strong supporter of the Union cause during the war and an advocate of the government issue of paper money. Influenced by the writings of Lydia Maria Child , Cooper became involved in
2960-748: The Indian reform movement, organizing the privately funded United States Indian Commission . This organization, whose members included William E. Dodge and Henry Ward Beecher , was dedicated to the protection and elevation of Native Americans in the United States and the elimination of warfare in the western territories. Cooper's efforts led to the formation of the Board of Indian Commissioners , which oversaw Ulysses S. Grant 's Peace Policy. Between 1870 and 1875, Cooper sponsored Indian delegations to Washington, D.C. , New York City, and other Eastern cities. These delegations met with Indian rights advocates and addressed
3034-619: The Trenton facility into a giant complex employing 2,000 people, in which iron was taken from raw material to finished product. Cooper also operated a successful glue factory in Gowanda, New York , that produced glue for decades. A glue factory was originally started in association with the Gaensslen Tannery, there, in 1874, though the first construction of the glue factory's plant, originally owned by Richard Wilhelm and known as
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3108-465: The United States averages 29 MJ/kg (25 million Btu/ton), on the as-received basis, containing both inherent moisture and mineral matter. Since the 1980s, anthracite refuse or mine waste has been used for coal power generation in a form of recycling . The practice known as reclamation is being applied to culm piles antedating laws requiring mine owners to restore lands to their approximate original condition. Chemically, anthracite may be considered as
3182-530: The company to buy Cooper's iron rails, making him what would be his first fortune. Cooper began operating an iron rolling mill in New York beginning in 1836, where he was the first to successfully use anthracite coal to puddle iron . Cooper later moved the mill to Trenton, New Jersey , on the Delaware River to be closer to the sources of the raw materials the works needed. His son and son-in-law, Edward Cooper and Abram S. Hewitt , later expanded
3256-400: The development of the hot blast in 1828, which used waste heat to preheat combustion air, anthracite became a preferred fuel, accounting for 45% of US pig iron production within 15 years. Anthracite iron smelting was later displaced by coke . From the late 19th century until the 1950s, anthracite was the most popular fuel for heating homes and other buildings in the northern US, until it
3330-536: The early 20th century US, the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad started using only the more expensive anthracite coal in its passenger locomotives, dubbed themselves "The Road of Anthracite", and advertised widely that travelers on their line could make railway journeys without getting their clothing stained with soot. The advertisements featured a white-clad woman named Phoebe Snow and poems containing lines like "My gown stays white / From morn till night / Upon
3404-585: The expanding American network on the Atlantic Coast and in some Gulf coast states. He was among those supervising the laying of the first Transatlantic telegraph cable in 1858. During the 1830s Cooper designed the first steel chair in America, which was a rocking chair . Cooper produced a functional, minimalist design radically different from the Victorian heavily decorated, ostentatious style of
3478-446: The fine particles used as filter media, and as an ingredient in charcoal briquettes . Anthracite was an authorised fuel in terms of the United Kingdom's Clean Air Act 1993 , meaning that it could be used within a designated Smoke Control Area such as the central London boroughs. China today mines by far the largest share of global anthracite production, accounting for more than three-quarters of global output. Most Chinese production
3552-545: The first American steam locomotive , the Tom Thumb , founded the Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art , served as its first president, and stood for election as the Greenback Party 's candidate in the 1876 presidential election . Cooper began tinkering at a young age while working in various positions in New York City. He purchased a glue factory in 1821 and used that factory's profits to found
3626-491: The highest grades of anthracite coal. They are the purest forms of coal, having the highest degree of coalification, the highest carbon count and energy content and the fewest impurities (moisture, ash and volatiles). High grade and ultra high grade anthracite are harder than standard grade anthracite, and have a higher relative density. An example of a chemical formula for high-grade anthracite would be C 240 H 90 O 4 NS, representing 94% carbon. UHG anthracite typically has
3700-664: The lands overlying the coal, it is estimated that 7 billion short tons (6.3 billion tonnes) of minable reserves remain. Other areas of the United States also contain several smaller deposits of anthracite, such as those historically mined in Crested Butte, Colorado . Among current producers, Russia, China, Poland, and Ukraine have the largest estimated recoverable reserves of anthracite. Other countries with substantial reserves include Vietnam and North Korea. The Groundhog Anthracite Deposit in British Columbia , Canada,
3774-628: The majority of the time, throughout the past decade by the Parks Inspection Program (PIP). Cooper Park is managed by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation . 40°42′57″N 73°56′15″W / 40.7159°N 73.9374°W / 40.7159; -73.9374 Peter Cooper Peter Cooper (February 12, 1791 – April 4, 1883) was an American industrialist , inventor, philanthropist , and politician. He designed and built
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#17327915487623848-596: The most economical method of obtaining power, requiring only 1 pound per horsepower-hour (0.6 kg / kWh ), or less. Large quantities of anthracite for power purposes were formerly exported from South Wales to France, Switzerland and parts of Germany. As of April 2013 , widespread commercial anthracite mining in Wales has now ceased, although a few large open cast sites remain, along with some relatively small drift mining operations. Anthracite generally costs two to six times as much as regular coal. In June 2008,
3922-416: The nearby Astor , Mercantile and New York Society Libraries, was open until 10:00 at night, so that working people could make use of them after work hours. Today The Cooper Union is recognized as one of the leading American colleges in the fields of architecture, engineering, and art. Carrying on Peter Cooper's belief that college education should be free, The Cooper Union awarded all its students with
3996-465: The nearby slaughterhouses , and ran it as a successful business for many years, producing a profit of $ 10,000 (equivalent to roughly $ 200,000 in 21st century value today) within 2 years, developing new ways to produce glues and cements, gelatin , isinglass and other products, and becoming the city's premier provider to tanners ( leather ), manufacturers of paints , and dry-goods merchants. The effluent from his successful factory eventually polluted
4070-478: The newly completed Erie Canal (which was routed west to east across upper New York State from Lake Erie to the upper Hudson River ) which its chief supporter, the Governor of New York , De Witt Clinton approved of, but which Cooper was unable to sell. In 1821, Cooper purchased a glue factory on Sunfish Pond on east side Manhattan Island for $ 2,000 at Kips Bay , where he had access to raw materials from
4144-939: The oldest non-profit organizations in the United States. Cooper died on April 4, 1883, at the age of 92 and is buried in Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn , New York . The lot number of his current burial site is 3932 & C . Aside from Cooper Union , the Peter Cooper Village apartment complex in Manhattan ; the Peter Cooper Elementary School in Ringwood, New Jersey ; the Cooper School in Superior, Wisconsin,
4218-505: The only government that can ever bring the kingdom of heaven into the hearts of mankind either here or hereafter. Cooper had for many years held an interest in adult education: he had served as head of the Public School Society, a private organization which ran New York City's free schools using city money, when it began evening classes in 1848. Cooper conceived of the idea of having a free institute in New York, similar to
4292-465: The original stratification lines are not always easily seen. The thermal conductivity is also higher; a lump of anthracite feels perceptibly colder when held in the warm hand than a similar lump of bituminous coal at the same temperature. Anthracite has a history of use in blast furnaces for iron smelting; however, it lacked the pore space of metallurgical coke , which eventually replaced anthracite. In southwest Wales , anthracite has been burned as
4366-482: The pond so much that in 1839 it had to be drained and backfilled for eventual building construction. Having been convinced that the proposed Baltimore and Ohio Railroad would drive up prices for land in Maryland , Cooper used his profits to buy 3,000 acres (12 km ) of land there in 1828 and began to develop them, draining swampland and flattening hills, during which he discovered iron ore on his property. Seeing
4440-403: The public on United States Indian policy. Speakers included: Red Cloud , Little Raven , and Alfred B. Meacham and a delegation of Modoc and Klamath Indians. Cooper was an ardent critic of the gold standard and the debt-based monetary system of bank currency. Throughout the depression from 1873 to 1878, he said that usury was the foremost political problem of the day. He strongly advocated
4514-475: The richest men in New York City . Despite this, he lived relatively simply in an age when the rich were indulging in more and more luxury. He dressed in simple, plain clothes, and limited his household to only two servants; when his wife bought an expensive and elaborate carriage, he returned it for a more sedate and cheaper one. Cooper remained in his home at Fourth Avenue and 28th Street even after
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#17327915487624588-562: The road of Anthracite". Similarly, the Great Western Railway in the UK was able to use its access to anthracite (it dominated the anthracite region) to earn a reputation for efficiency and cleanliness unmatched by other UK companies. Internal combustion motors driven by the so-called "mixed", "poor", "semi-water" or " Dowson gas " produced by the gasification of anthracite with air (and a small proportion of steam) were at one time
4662-461: The services of Henry Whitney Bellows at the Church of All Souls (New York) , and his views were Universalistic and non-sectarian . In 1873 he wrote: I look to see the day when the teachers of Christianity will rise above all the cramping powers and conflicting creeds and systems of human device, when they will beseech mankind by all the mercies of God to be reconciled to the government of love,
4736-476: The smaller Rice and Buckwheat are used in automatic stoker furnaces. Rice is currently the most sought-after size due to the ease of use and popularity of that type of furnace. In South Wales , a less elaborate classification is adopted, but great care is exercised in hand-picking and cleaning the coal from particles of pyrites in the higher qualities known as best malting coals, which are used for kiln-drying malt. Anthracite dust can be made into briquettes and
4810-403: The state of Pennsylvania. Mining of anthracite coal continues to this day in eastern Pennsylvania, and contributes up to 1% to the gross state product. More than 2,000 people were employed in the mining of anthracite coal in 1995. Most of the mining as of that date involved reclaiming coal from slag heaps (waste piles from past coal mining) at nearby closed mines. Some underground anthracite coal
4884-465: The students were male. Cooper started a Women's School of Design, which offered daytime courses in engraving, lithography, painting on china and drawing. The new institution soon became an important part of the community. The Great Hall was a place where the pressing civic controversies of the day could be debated, and, unusually, radical views were not excluded. In addition, the Union's library, unlike
4958-630: The time. Most rocking chairs had separate rockers fixed to regular chair legs, but Cooper's chair used the curve of its frame to ensure the rocking motion. Cooper's chair was made of steel or wrought iron with upholstery slung across the frame. The model was manufactured at R.W. Winfield & Co. in Britain. The firm exhibited examples of the chair at the Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations (Crystal Palace Exhibition) in 1851 and
5032-545: The west of the park is the neighborhood of Williamsburg . Next to the park, there is an affordable housing complex owned by the New York Housing Authority named Cooper Park Houses, and there is a homeless shelter named The Barbara Kleinmen residence. The basketball courts require a permit for use. Those who are under 18 may obtain a permit for free, but those who are over 18 are required to purchase one. Organized leagues and special events must purchase
5106-445: The wholesale cost of anthracite was US$ 150/ short ton , falling to $ 107/ton in 2021; it makes up 1% of U.S. coal production. The principal use of anthracite today is for a domestic fuel in either hand-fired stoves or automatic stoker furnaces. It delivers high energy per its weight and burns cleanly with little soot, making it ideal for this purpose. Its high value makes it prohibitively expensive for power plant use. Other uses include
5180-464: The winter where fallen snow is seen to be melted by the warmth conducted from below. Proposals for harnessing this heat as geothermal energy have not been successful. A vein of anthracite that caught fire in Centralia, Pennsylvania , in 1962 has been burning ever since, turning the once-thriving borough into a ghost town . Geologically, the largest most concentrated anthracite deposit in the world
5254-426: Was born in New York City of Dutch , English and Huguenot descent, the fifth child of John Cooper, a Methodist hatmaker from Newburgh, New York . He worked as a coachmaker's apprentice , cabinet maker , hatmaker, brewer and grocer, and was throughout a tinkerer: he developed a cloth-shearing machine which he attempted to sell, as well as an endless chain he intended to be used to pull barges and boats on
5328-615: Was supplanted by oil-burning systems, and more recently natural gas systems. Many large public buildings, such as schools, were heated with anthracite-burning furnaces through the 1980s. During the American Civil War , Confederate blockade runners used anthracite as a smokeless fuel for their boilers to avoid revealing their position to the blockaders. The invention of the Wootten firebox enabled locomotives to directly burn anthracite efficiently, particularly waste culm. In
5402-552: Was used as a pigment . The term is also used to refer to some carboniferous rock strata found in both Britain and in the Rhenish hill countries, also known as the Culm Measures . In Britain, it may also refer to coal exported from Britain during the 19th century. In American English, "culm" refers to the waste or slack from anthracite mining, mostly dust and small pieces not suitable for use in home furnaces. Anthracite
5476-568: Was won by Rutherford Birchard Hayes of the Republican Party . Cooper was surpassed by another unsuccessful candidate, Samuel J. Tilden of the Democratic Party . In 1813, Cooper married Sarah Bedell (1793–1869). Of their six children, only two survived past the age of four years: a son, Edward and a daughter, Sarah Amelia. Edward served as Mayor of New York City , as would the husband of Sarah Amelia, Abram S. Hewitt ,
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