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46-626: In 1993, Stock Car B was created in order to facilitate the access of newcomers to the Stock Car Brasil, until 1999 the category competed in the same grid as Stock Car Brasil. In 2000 the name of the series was changed to Stock Car Brasil Light and began competing separately from Stock Car Brasil. In 2010, the merger between the Copa Vicar and Pick Up Racing resulted in the creation of the Copa Chevrolet Montana, with

92-579: A car assembly industry as a means of import substitution and providing local employment, despite the small size of the local market. Following economic reforms in the 1980s, including the lowering of import tariffs, and the ability to import Australian-built vehicles duty-free under the CER agreement, many car companies ended assembly in New Zealand. They switched to importing completely built-up vehicles from Japan , Australia, or Europe. More significantly,

138-596: A female workforce was employed. CKD military vehicles could be stored for shipment in one-vehicle-per-crate form (or SUP, Single Unit Pack), or as several vehicles (usually two to three) divided in two or more crates. Vehicles shipped to certain countries could be lacking some items, such as cabs, beds, or tires, that were built and provided locally. Mahindra & Mahindra Limited in India began its business in 1947 with assembling CKD Jeeps . Mahindra expanded its operations to include domestic manufacture of Jeep vehicles with

184-768: A first partnership agreement with AMC to assemble Rambler automobiles in Europe . Beginning in 1962, and continuing until 1967, AMC also sold CKD kits of its passenger cars to Renault. They were assembled in Renault's factory in Haren, Belgium , and sold through its dealers in Algeria , Austria , Belgium , France , the Netherlands , and Luxembourg . The deal allowed AMC to sell its cars in new markets without significant foreign direct investment (FDI). The arrangement benefited

230-657: A high level of local content under license from Kaiser Jeep Corporation and later American Motors Corporation (AMC). In the 1950s and 1960s, Lotus Cars sold its Lotus Seven car in CKD form to avoid the UK purchase tax that applied to sales of fully assembled vehicles. By 1959, and with the introduction of the Mini , British Motor Corporation (BMC) products were still either imported or assembled from CKD kits in several international markets. In 1961, Renault began negotiations for

276-552: A plant that was expected to have an annual output of 150,000 units. Daimler AG has a CKD assembly plant in South Carolina that re-assembles Mercedes-Benz Sprinter vans for sale in the United States and Canada at Mercedes-Benz and Freightliner dealers, along with Dodge dealers before Fiat Group 's takeover of Chrysler Group LLC —essentially to circumvent the 25% tariff on imported light trucks known as

322-701: A version of Daewoo Lanos for full-scale production and equipping it with a domestic engine. The German automotive giant Volkswagen Group also produces SKDs in Ukraine at its Solomonovo plant, producing cars under its Škoda and Volkswagen Passenger Cars marques . In Russia , KD assembling facilities are owned by Avtotor , which produced Hummer H2 , BMW 3 Series , and BMW 5 Series in Kaliningrad , and Renault Logan in Moscow using facilities that once belonged to AZLK . In Kaluga , Volkswagen Group had

368-566: Is being sold since the first half of 2023 and will also be exported to markets outside of Latin America. The project was previously delayed from 2022 due to the supply chain shortage. Complete knock down A knock-down kit (also knockdown kit , knocked-down kit , or simply knockdown or KD ) is a collection of parts required to assemble a product. The parts are typically manufactured in one country or region, and then exported to another country or region for final assembly. CBU , on

414-606: The 504 pick-up . The 404 and 504 were massively marketed worldwide through local CKD assembly shops: the 404 was assembled, besides France and Argentina, in Australia , Belgium, Canada (at the SOMA plant shared with Renault), Chile, Ireland, Kenya, Madagascar, Malaysia, New Zealand , Nigeria, Portugal, Perú, Rhodesia, South Africa, and Uruguay; the 504, mainly in Argentina, Egypt, Nigeria, Kenya, South-Africa, Australia, and China by

460-602: The CMP family , were crated and shipped overseas in KD form, in various degrees of completeness, to Allied countries to sustain their war effort. Assembly lines were preferably set up in local automotive factories where appropriate tooling and equipment could be easily found, but, where needed, other types of buildings could be used, especially in on-the-field situations, and on occasion, even open-air rebuilding camps were set up, managed by military personnel. Owing to male mobilization, sometimes

506-810: The Guangzhou Peugeot Automobile Company which developed a specific crew cab version. In 1968, the independent German automotive firm, Karmann , began assembly of CKD kits of AMC's newly introduced Javelin for distribution in Europe. American Motors also provided right-hand drive versions of their automobiles to markets such as Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa . The components were shipped in containers to Australia from AMC's plants in Kenosha, Wisconsin , or Brampton, Ontario . Assembly of Rambler and AMC vehicles in Australia

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552-683: The Opel Corsa , while the second generation is based on the Chevrolet Agile . The third-generation Montana entered production in 2023 as a larger four-door pickup based on the GEM platform . The Montana used a 1.4 L "Ecoflex" and a 1.8 L 8V flex-fuel I4 engines. In some markets like South Africa where it was sold as the Opel Corsa Utility until June 2010, the vehicle was offered with more engine options, but none flex fuel, like

598-739: The Paykan (meaning "arrow" in Persian ). Bought by Chrysler in 1967 and then part of the sale to the PSA Group by the Chrysler Corporation of its European operations in late 1978, the Rootes business basis in Iran became the primer for the very significant PSA Peugeot Citroën business in Iran involving engine and CKD deliveries, particularly from the 405, introduced in 1990 and facelifted as

644-639: The " Buy America Act " provisions (49 USC 5323(j) and 49 CFR Part 661) for public agencies purchasing new equipment with federal funds. North American Bus Industries opened operations in Anniston, Alabama , in 1993, with incomplete buses shipped from Budapest , Hungary , to Anniston for final assembly. NABI expanded production operations in Anniston to allow full production with its first fully domestically produced bus unit in 2008. The practice of selling "knocked down" railcars, called by that name, pre-dates

690-768: The " Chicken Tax ". The Sprinter was eventually replaced in the Dodge/ Ram lineup with the similar Ram ProMaster, a rebadged Fiat Ducato . Unlike the CKD Dodge Sprinter, the ProMaster is fully imported to the U.S. from a Chrysler plant in Mexico under of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). In 2009, Mahindra & Mahindra Limited announced that it would export pickup trucks powered by diesel engines from India to

736-575: The 1.4 petrol and the 1.7 Isuzu turbodiesel . In 2007, the Montana was available in two versions: Montana Conquest and Montana Sport which had a slightly different design and set of accessories. The trunk can be loaded with up to 735 kg (1,620 lb) according to the manufacturer. This model was manufactured in São José dos Campos , Brazil, until 2010. In South Africa, it was assembled from Brazilian supplied CKD units. The Montana arrived in

782-921: The 20th century, as evidenced by an advertisement by JG Brill Company in the Street Railway Journal from 1898. Many rail equipment builders have used kits or incomplete vehicles, often to meet local assembly and production requirements or quotas, or to satisfy tariffs. Some examples include: Unserviceable military aircraft are also sold as "knock-downs" after they have ended their service life , packaging them with serviceable aircraft. This allows them to be used for cannibalization of spare parts . The European aircraft manufacturer Airbus uses knock-down kits to assemble A320 family aircraft outside Europe. The Airbus A320 final assembly line in Tianjin , China, assembles fuselage, wing, and tail sections made in Europe with avionics and engines made in

828-549: The Airbus Tianjin and Mobile plants receive their fuselages, wings, and tail sections from Europe via ocean freight using specially designed ships , as the plants are located in port cities. From 1908 to 1940, the Sears, Roebuck & Co. mail-order catalog offered over 400 styles of homes. Buyers were provided with all of the materials and the instructions needed to build a house. Everything that arrived by train or in

874-785: The EU or the United States and locally sourced components for interiors. Airbus opened a similar A320 final assembly line in the United States in September 2015, located in Mobile, Alabama ; again using European-made fuselages, wings, and tail sections. However, the Mobile final assembly line will use more locally sourced components than the Tianjin line; engines, interior components, and avionics will be sourced mainly from American suppliers. Both

920-702: The French automaker because its product range lacked large-sized cars, and it needed to offer an "executive" model for its European markets. The situation changed by 1977. By this time, AMC sought outside support for a new car in the sub-compact market segment, which led to the first of many agreements with Renault. Volvo's Halifax Assembly Plant , which opened in 1963, completed vehicles in CKD form from Sweden for North American consumers. Halifax Assembly closed in December 1998. In 1967, Rootes Group UK began exporting CKD Hillman Hunters to Iran where they were sold as

966-573: The Netherlands, various parts are added to the car, most notably the rear subframe with the drive train as well as the battery pack. Motor Coach Industries opened its Pembina, North Dakota , assembly plant in 1963, as part of an expansion into the US market. Unfinished KD (knocked down) coach bodies are shipped from Winnipeg, Manitoba , by flatbed trailer and completed, outfitted, and delivered at Pembina. This practice simplifies US Customs and meets

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1012-655: The Netherlands. It is used for the assembly of their Model S sedan and Model X SUV for the European Union , but not all of Europe since only cars imported to the EU benefit from circumventing the 10% import duty (e.g. cars to Norway are shipped directly from the United States). For the most part, the car is still manufactured in the Tesla Factory in Fremont, California . During the final assembly in

1058-641: The Pars in 1999 and 206 introduced in 2001. In 2004, Peugeot's partner Iran Khodro produced 281'000 Peugeot vehicles, securing a 36% market share. In 1967 as well, Peugeot introduced CKD-based production of a light pick-up vehicle based on the Peugeot 403 in Peugeot's Berazategui factory (in Buenos Aires ) under the name Peugeot 4TB. In 1973, this model was replaced by the 404 pick-up and later (1990) by

1104-478: The United States in knockdown kit (CKD) form, again to circumvent the chicken tax . Mahindra planned to export CKDs to the United States as complete vehicles that will be assembled in the United States from kits of parts shipped in crates. However, Mahindra's United States CKD and export plans never materialized and were subject to several lawsuits. In 2013, Tesla started operating an assembly plant in Tilburg ,

1150-517: The auto industry as knocked-down export ( KDX ), and cars assembled in the country of origin and exported whole to the destination market are known as built-up export ( BUX ). Technically, the terms "knock-down", "incompletely disassembled kit", and "kits of parts" are all misnomers because the knock-downs were never built up in the first place. The parts shipments are often not in the form of kits, but rather bulk-packed by type of part into shipping containers . The degree of "knock-down" depends on

1196-460: The avoidance of import taxes, to receive tax preferences for providing local manufacturing jobs, or even to be considered as a bidder at all (for example, in public transport projects with "buy national" rules). A semi-knocked-down kit ( SKD ) or incompletely disassembled kit (although it has never been assembled) is a kit of the partially assembled parts of a product. Both types of KDs, complete and incomplete, are collectively referred to within

1242-484: The desires and technical abilities of the receiving organization or government import regulations. Developing nations may pursue trade and economic policies that call for import substitution or local content regulations. Companies with CKD operations help the country substitute the finished products it imports with locally assembled substitutes. Knock-down kit assembly plants are less expensive to establish and maintain because they do not need modern robotic equipment, and

1288-407: The driver/s of a car that completed at least 75% of the race distance and was running at the completion of the race, up to a maximum of 48 points per event. Points were awarded for each race at an event, to the driver/s of a car that completed at least 75% of the race distance and was running at the completion of the race, up to a maximum of 40 points per event. Double points were awarded at

1334-480: The driver/s of a car that completed at least 75% of the race distance and was running at the completion of the race. Before the last round, the four worst results are discarded. Races in which a driver has been disqualified cannot be discarded. The second race of each event is held with partially reversed top ten grid. Note – 1993–1999, Stock Car Brasil B. The series competed in same races of Stock Car Brasil . Note – 2000–2007, Stock Car Light Brasil. Changes

1380-585: The easing of import restrictions led to many used imports , because they were less expensive than locally assembled used cars, and outsold the 'NZ New' vehicles. The last companies to construct CKD kits in New Zealand were Toyota, Nissan, Mitsubishi , and Honda , which closed their plants in 1998 when the government announced plans to abolish import tariffs on cars. Other examples include Ukraine , which has almost prohibitive import taxes on finished cars. AutoZAZ assembles CKD kits of some Lada , Opel , Mercedes-Benz , and Daewoo cars. It went as far as adopting

1426-556: The engine and the appearance of the pick-ups, inspired by the street version of the Chevrolet Montana . In 2013, the Campeonato Brasileiro de Turismo ( Brazilian Touring Championship ) replaced the Copa Chevrolet Montana. The chassis, designed by JL company was similar to the one used in Stock Car Brasil with a V8 5.7 LS engine. In 2022, Stock Light was rebranded to Stock Series and officially designated as

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1472-403: The final race. Points are awarded for each race at an event to the driver/s of a car that completed at least 75% of the race distance and was running at the completion of the race. Points are awarded for each race at an event to the driver/s of a car that completed at least 75% of the race distance and was running at the completion of the race. Points are awarded for each race at an event to

1518-534: The first and second-generation Montana was also produced and marketed in South Africa as the Opel Corsa Utility , Chevrolet Corsa Utility and Chevrolet Utility . In Mexico, the first and second generation Montana was known as Chevrolet Tornado , because Pontiac had already used the Montana name for its minivan offering for North America. The design of the first generation is a variation of

1564-466: The mail was designed to fit together, therefore buyers could build the houses themselves or hire contractors. Sears sourced building materials at a high volume, thus keeping prices low and competitive with the local builders. Knock-down furniture dates back to at least the mid-19th century, with the 1859 Thonet No. 14 chair bentwood chair being easily disassembled for transportation. In the late 1940s, Australian designer Frederick Charles Ward founded

1610-426: The manufacturer needs to "localize" the car further, i.e., increase the share of parts produced by local manufacturers, such as tires, wheels, seats, headlights, windscreens and glass, batteries, interior plastics, etc., even down to the engine and transmission. At some point, the steel body could be pressed, welded, and painted locally, effectively making KD assembly only a few steps away from full-scale production. By

1656-843: The model year of 2004, replacing the aged Corsa B based Chevy Pickup, but with the Tornado nameplate, because the Pontiac Montana was available in Mexico at the time. It was based on the Chevrolet Corsa C and although the Corsa was dropped from the Mexican Chevrolet line-up after the model year of 2008, the Tornado lived on for a few more years. It was the only car built in Brazil in the Mexican Chevrolet lineup. The model

1702-540: The name and become has compete separately from Stock Car Brasil. Note – 2008–2009, Copa Vicar. Changed his name due organizers' reasons. Note – 2018–2021, Stock Light Brasil. Chevrolet Montana The Chevrolet Montana is a front-wheel drive coupé utility (first two generations)/ crossover pickup (third generation) manufactured by General Motors under the Chevrolet brand since 2003. Mainly produced in Brazil and marketed throughout Latin America,

1748-618: The other hand, stands for "Completely Built Up" and signifies import of a finished product. A common form of knock-down is a complete knock-down ( CKD ), which is a kit of entirely unassembled parts of a product. It is also a method of supplying parts to a market, particularly in shipping to foreign nations, and serves as a way of counting or pricing. CKD is a common practice in the automotive , bus , heavy truck , and rail vehicle industries, as well as electronics, furniture and other products. Businesses sell knocked-down kits to their foreign affiliates or licensees for various reasons, including

1794-624: The range: Base, Club and Sport. Despite short sales of the Chevrolet Corsa Utility in South Africa, Chevrolet had decided to replace the Corsa C Utility with the Agile Utility. It became known as the Montana, Tornado, or Utility, depending on the market. The Tornado was discontinued in Mexico in 2020. The vehicle was introduced in South Africa as the Chevrolet Utility in 2012. The third-generation Montana

1840-565: The support series to Stock Car Brasil, using cars that resemble the Chevrolet Cruze . Series promoter Vicar announced that Stock Car, Stock Series, and F4 Brazil would be switching to Hankook tyres from 2023 onwards, replacing Pirelli. On 8 December 2022, Vicar announced that the Stock Series would implement a cost cap of R$ 750,000 from 2023 onwards, alongside a R$ 700,000 prize pool. Points were awarded for each race at an event, to

1886-507: The time Henry Ford co-wrote his 1922 memoir, My Life and Work , the Ford Motor Company was already shipping car parts from its Michigan plants for final assembly in the regions of the United States or foreign countries where the cars would be sold. During World War II , a significant number of US- and Canadian-built vehicles, most notably light and heavy trucks like Willys MB / Ford GPW /GPA, GMC-353/ CCKW , and vehicles from

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1932-417: The wheels, internal combustion engine , transmission , and battery . They are either supplied as parts for assembly (a "complete" kit) or obtained from third parties (an "incomplete" kit); all of the interiors are already installed at the originating factory. The term SKD for semi-knocked-down refers to a kit with a complete, welded car body, usually coated or already painted. To gain extra tax preferences,

1978-400: The workforce may be less costly than in the country of origin. The plants may also be effective for low-volume production. The CKD concept allows firms in developing markets to gain expertise in a particular industry. At the same time, the CKD kit exporting company gains new markets that would otherwise be closed. In the automotive industry, the most basic form of a vehicle in the KD kit lacks

2024-628: Was done by Australian Motor Industries (AMI) in Port Melbourne, Victoria . Local content requirements were met by using Australian suppliers for the interiors (seats, carpeting, etc.) as well as for lights, heaters, and other components. Various Rambler models were assembled in New Zealand from the early 1960s until 1971 by Campbell Motors in Thames (later Toyota New Zealand ), which had also built Toyota , Datsun (later known as Nissan) , Hino, Renault, and Peugeot cars. New Zealand had developed

2070-577: Was introduced on 1 December 2022 in Brazil. It becomes a larger pickup with four doors, sharing the same GM VSS-F with the Chevrolet Trax . It is powered by a 1.2-litre, three-cylinder turbocharged petrol engine shared with the Tracker which is rated at 133 PS (131 hp; 98 kW) and 210 N⋅m (155 lb⋅ft) torque. It is built at the São Caetano do Sul plant in Brazil. It

2116-420: Was released in South Africa in 2003. It was sold as the Opel Corsa Utility , and replaced the Corsa B Utility pickup. In June 2010, General Motors renamed it to Chevrolet Corsa Utility as the company prepared to phase out Opel in the country. It was available in a choice of three engine variations, namely 1.4 and 1.8 petrol engines, as well as a 1.7 turbo-diesel. Three different trim levels were available across

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