Copper Country State Forest is a state forest in the west-central Upper Peninsula of Michigan . It is operated by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources .
31-414: Like other Upper Peninsula state forests, Copper Country is made up of clear cut parcels of forest land in thinly settled portions of counties such as Baraga County and Dickinson County . The state of Michigan acquired these land parcels after they had been stripped of their old growth trees in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; today, the state manages the land for reforestation . In many cases,
62-558: A brood or progeny . This can refer to a set of simultaneous offspring, such as the chicks hatched from one clutch of eggs , or to all offspring produced over time, as with the honeybee . Offspring can occur after mating , artificial insemination , or as a result of cloning . Human offspring ( descendants ) are referred to as children ; male children are sons and female children are daughters (see Kinship ). Offspring contains many parts and properties that are precise and accurate in what they consist of, and what they define. As
93-516: A form of land management known as Outcome Based Forestry (OBF) allows for a wide range of harvesting as long as the removed trees do not exceed the amount of tree growth. Since implemented, this program has led to large-scale clearcutting and monoculture tree planting, and research by the University of Maine 's Sustainability Solutions Initiative has found that 8,000,000 acres (3,200,000 ha) of certified forest land in (primarily northern) Maine
124-418: A growth of contempt by those familiar with the area for the wooded, planet aftermaths, as well as a decrease in property values; diminished recreation, hunting, and fishing opportunities. Clearcutting decreases the occurrence of natural disturbances like forest fires and natural uprooting. Over time, this can deplete the local seed bank. In temperate and boreal climates, clearcutting can have an effect on
155-758: A method of mimicking a natural disturbance and increasing primary successional species, such as poplar ( aspen ), willow and black cherry in North America . Clearcutting has also proved to be effective in creating animal habitat and browsing areas, which otherwise would not exist without natural stand-replacing disturbances such as wildfires , large scale windthrow , or avalanches . Clearcuts are used to help regenerate species that cannot compete in mature forests. A number of them are aspen, jack pine, and, in areas with poor soils, oaks—are important species for both game and nongame wildlife species. Clearcutting can also lead to increased vascular-plant diversity in
186-638: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Dickinson County, Michigan location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Clearcutting Clearcutting , clearfelling or clearcut logging is a forestry / logging practice in which most or all trees in an area are uniformly cut down. Along with shelterwood and seed tree harvests , it is used by foresters to create certain types of forest ecosystems and to promote select species that require an abundance of sunlight or grow in large, even-age stands . Logging companies and forest-worker unions in some countries support
217-450: Is being overharvested , leading to reduced long-term stability of timber harvests and increased erosion and pollution in the watershed. These practices have sparked environmental justice concerns regarding the health and well-being of foresters and locals. Offspring In biology , offspring are the young creation of living organisms , produced either by sexual or asexual reproduction . Collective offspring may be known as
248-464: Is meant on that particular occasion. A clearcut is distinguished from selective logging where typically only a few trees per hectare are harvested in proportions dictated by management objectives. Clearcut logging is also distinct from wildland fire use, and from forest thinning. In these latter two it is common practice to leave trees that are considered undesirable, such as those that are too diseased, stunted or small to be marketable. Selective logging
279-434: Is usually practiced in areas with access to infrastructure. Environmental groups criticize clear-cutting as destructive to water, soil , wildlife, and atmosphere , and recommend the use of sustainable alternatives. Clear-cutting impacts the water cycle . Trees hold water and topsoil . Clear-cutting in forests removes the trees which would otherwise have been transpiring large volumes of water and also physically damages
310-620: The Brazilian Amazon . Huge areas of forest have already been lost. For example, only eight to fourteen percent of the Atlantic Forest in South America now remains. While deforestation rates have slowed since 2004, forest loss is expected to continue for the foreseeable future. Farmers slash and burn large parcels of forest every year to create grazing and croplands, but the forest's nutrient-poor soil often renders
341-540: The Pasoh Rainforest in Malaysia, are also important in providing insights into the conservation of forest resources worldwide. Many variations of clearcutting exist; the most common professional practices are: Clearcutting contrasts with selective cutting, such as high grading , in which only commercially valuable trees are harvested, leaving all others. This practice can reduce the genetic viability of
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#1732790771709372-493: The nucleus from an egg, which holds the genetic material. In order to clone an organ, a stem cell is to be produced and then utilized to clone that specific organ. A common misconception of cloning is that it produces an exact copy of the parent being cloned. Cloning copies the DNA/genes of the parent and then creates a genetic duplicate. The clone will not be a similar copy as they will grow up in different surroundings from
403-402: The acidity of the stream to increase. The nutrient content of the soil was found to return to five percent of pre-clearcutting levels after 64 years. Clearcutting can have negative impacts, both for humans and local flora and fauna. A study from the University of Oregon found that in certain zones, areas that were clear cut had nearly three times the amount of erosion due to slides . When
434-654: The area. This is most pronounced after a couple years of clearcutting and in herb-rich forests where scarification took place. No significant changes in water temperature were observed when patch clearcutting was done 100 ft (30 m) away from a river. This suggests that patch clearcutting is a possible solution to concerns about changes in water temperature due to clearcutting. The effects of clearcutting on soil nutrient content were not examined in this study. More recently, forest managers have found that clearcutting oak stands helps regenerate oak forests in areas of poor soil. The tree canopies in oak forests often shade out
465-539: The depth of snow, which is usually greater in a clearcut area than in the forest, due to a lack of interception and evapotranspiration . This results in less soil frost , which in combination with higher levels of direct sunlight results in snowmelt occurring earlier in the spring and earlier peak runoff. The world's rain forests could completely vanish in a hundred years at the current rate of deforestation. Between June 2000 and June 2008, more than 150,000 km (58,000 sq mi) of rainforest were cleared in
496-509: The forest over time, resulting in poorer or less vigorous offspring in the stand. Clearcutting also differs from a coppicing system, by allowing revegetation by seedlings . Additionally, destructive forms of forest management are commonly referred to as 'clearcutting'. Clearcutting can be differentiated into Confusion between these different uses of the term is common. Furthermore, as indicated above many variations mean technically correct usage may not be descriptive enough to know what
527-402: The formation of the parent offspring is the chromosome , which is a structure of DNA which contains many genes. To focus more on the offspring and how it results in the formation of the f1 generation, is an inheritance called sex linkage , which is a gene located on the sex chromosome , and patterns of this inheritance differ in both male and female. The explanation that proves the theory of
558-421: The grasses, mosses , lichens , and ferns populating the understory . Removal or damage of the biota reduces the local capacity to retain water, which can exacerbate flooding and lead to increased leaching of nutrients from the soil. The maximum nutrient loss occurs around year two and returns to pre-clearcutting levels by year four after the cut. Removing trees surrounding stream banks prevents shading of
589-511: The ground, making it impossible for newly sprouted oaks to grow. When the mature trees are removed, the saplings stand a chance of recruiting into the forest. Clearcutting's main destruction is towards habitats, where it makes the habitats more vulnerable in the future to damage by insects, diseases, acid rain, and wind. Removal of all trees from an area destroys the physical habitats of many species in wildlife. Also, clearcutting can contribute to problems for ecosystems that depend on forests, like
620-695: The land ill-suited for agriculture, and within a year or two, the farmers move on. Clearcutting can be practiced to encourage the growth and proliferation of tree species that require high light intensity . Generally, a harvest area wider than double the height of the adjacent trees will no longer be subject to the moderating influence of the woodland on the microclimate . The width of the harvest area can thus determine which species will come to dominate. Those with high tolerance to extremes in temperature , soil moisture , and resistance to browsing may be established, in particular secondary successional pioneer species . Clearcutting can be used by foresters as
651-535: The loss of topsoil , the costs of which are intensely debated by economic, environmental and other interests. In addition to the purpose of harvesting wood, clearcutting is used to create land for farming . Ultimately, the effects of clearcutting on the land will depend on how well or poorly the forest is managed, and whether it is converted to non-forest land uses after clearcuts. While deforestation of both temperate and tropical forests through clearcutting has received considerable media attention in recent years,
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#1732790771709682-406: The male, depending on the situation, will either give an X chromosome or a Y chromosome . If a male offspring is produced, the gene will consist of an X and a Y chromosome, and if a female offspring is produced, the gene will consist of two X chromosomes. Cloning is the production of an offspring which represents the identical genes to its parent. Reproductive cloning begins with the removal of
713-464: The offspring having genes from both parent generations is proven through a process called crossing over , which consists of taking genes from the male chromosomes and genes from the female chromosome, resulting in a process of meiosis occurring, and leading to the splitting of the chromosomes evenly. Depending on which genes are dominantly expressed in the gene will result in the sex of the offspring. The female will always give an X chromosome , whereas
744-404: The offspring of a new species, also known as a child or f1 generation, consist of genes of the father and the mother, which is also known as the parent generation. Each of these offspring contains numerous genes which have coding for specific tasks and properties. Males and females both contribute equally to the genotypes of their offspring, in which gametes fuse and form. An important aspect of
775-422: The other large forests of the world, such as the taiga , also known as boreal forests, are also under threat of rapid development. In Russia, North America and Scandinavia, creating protected areas and granting long-term leases to tend and regenerate trees—thus maximizing future harvests—are among the means used to limit the harmful effects of clearcutting. Long-term studies of clearcut forests, such as studies of
806-490: The parent and may encounter different opportunities and experiences that can result in epigenetic changes. Although mostly positive, cloning also faces some setbacks in terms of ethics and human health. Though cell division and DNA replication is a vital part of survival, there are many steps involved and mutations can occur with permanent change in an organism's and their offspring's DNA. Some mutations can be good as they result in random evolution periods which may be good for
837-492: The practice for scientific, safety and economic reasons, while detractors consider it a form of deforestation that destroys natural habitats and contributes to climate change . Environmentalists, traditional owners, local residents and others have regularly campaigned against clearcutting, including through the use of blockades and nonviolent direct action. Clearcutting is the most economically efficient method of logging. It also may create detrimental side effects, such as
868-585: The roads required by the clearcutting were factored in, the increase in slide activity appeared to be about 5 times greater compared to nearby forested areas. The roads built for clearcutting interrupt normal surface drainage because the roads are not as permeable as the normal ground cover. The roads also change subsurface water movement due to the redistribution of soil and rock. Clearcutting may lead to increased stream flow during storms, loss of habitat and species diversity, opportunities for invasive and weedy species , and negative impacts on scenery, specifically,
899-553: The second-growth trees that have sprouted throughout Copper Country land are pulpwood trees such as aspen and birch . In addition to pulpwood logging, the Copper Country land is valuable for active recreation, such as camping , fishing , and hunting . Many of the towns and cities of the Upper Peninsula have an active culture of whitetail deer hunting. This Baraga County, Michigan location article
930-438: The streams and rivers that run through them. In Canada, the black-tailed deer population is at further risk after clearcutting. The deer are a food source for wolves and cougars, as well as First Nations and other hunters. While deer may not be at risk in cities and rural countryside, where they can be seen running through neighbourhoods and feeding on farms, in higher altitude areas they require forest shelter. In Maine ,
961-404: The water body, which raises the temperature of riverbanks and rivers. Because the trees no longer hold down the soil, riverbanks increasingly erode as sediment into the water, creating excess nutrients which exacerbate the changes in the river and create problems miles away, in the sea. Clear cutting on a large scale in a watershed can cause sediment and nutrients that leach into the streams cause