60-533: The Copper King Mansion , also known as the W. A. Clark Mansion , is a 34-room residence of Romanesque Revival Victorian architecture that was built from 1884 to 1888 as the Butte , Montana , residence of William Andrews Clark , one of Montana's three famous Copper Kings . The home features fresco painted ceilings, elegant parquets of rare imported wood, gas and electric chandeliers, ornate hand-carved fireplaces and stairways, and stained-glass windows. The mansion
120-715: A property in Montana on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Romanesque Revival architecture Romanesque Revival (or Neo-Romanesque ) is a style of building employed beginning in the mid-19th century inspired by the 11th- and 12th-century Romanesque architecture . Unlike the historic Romanesque style, Romanesque Revival buildings tended to feature more simplified arches and windows than their historic counterparts. An early variety of Romanesque Revival style known as Rundbogenstil ("Round-arched style")
180-797: A debased Italianate Romanesque revival style in 1870. After about 1870, this style of Church architecture in Britain disappears, but in the early 20th century, the style is succeeded by Byzantine Revival architecture . Two of Canada's provincial legislatures, the Ontario Legislative Building in Toronto and the British Columbia Parliament Buildings in Victoria , are Romanesque Revival in style. University College , one of seven colleges at
240-417: A scene. Jones was also known for using the stage and theatre space in its entirety, putting his actors throughout different parts of the theatre, such as placing them below the stage or elevating them onto a higher platform. Jones's settings on the stage also incorporated different uses of light, experimenting with coloured glasses, screens and oiled paper to create a softer source of light on the stage. Jones
300-768: A similar style. Robertson is responsible for the construction of Pequot Library , Shelburne Farms , the New York Savings Bank , and Jackie Kennedy 's childhood home Hammersmith Farm . The Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception is a large Catholic minor basilica and national shrine located in Washington, D.C., United States of America. The shrine is the largest Catholic church in North America, one of
360-492: Is also known for introducing to English audiences moving scenery through what is called 'machina versatilis', helping to create motion among a stable scene without any noticeable Stagehands and of creating a representation of the ethereal. These elements of stage design and of theatre production would later have influence beyond the English court, as those working in the public stage would take up these ideas and apply them to
420-578: Is described in the bestselling biography of Clark's daughter, Huguette , Empty Mansions: The Mysterious Life of Huguette Clark and the Spending of a Great American Fortune by Bill Dedman and Paul Clark Newell, Jr. This article about a hotel or resort in the United States is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Montana museum-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about
480-622: Is for a monument to Frances, Lady Cotton, commissioned by Rowland Cotton , c. 1608–1611 , at Norton-in-Hales , Shropshire, showing early signs of his classical intentions. In July 1606, Jones made scenery for a masque at Theobalds for the Earl of Salisbury . In the following years, Jones made drawings for the Earl of Salisbury's New Exchange in the Strand, where work commenced in June 1608, and
540-547: Is generally considered the first work of Romanesque Revival architecture in the United States. It was soon followed by a more prominent design for the Smithsonian Institution Building in Washington, DC , designed by James Renwick Jr. and built 1847–51. Renwick allegedly submitted two proposals to the design competition, one Gothic and the other Romanesque in the style. The Smithsonian chose
600-563: The Congregation Emanu-El of New York built in 1929. The style was quite popular for university campuses in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, especially in the United States and Canada; well-known examples can be found at the University of California, Los Angeles , University of Southern California , Tulane University , University of Denver , University of Toronto , and Wayne State University . The development of
660-816: The Oxford Movement , were built in Gothic Revival architecture , low churches and broad churches of the period were often built in the Romanesque Revival style. Some of the later examples of this Romanesque Revival architecture is seen in Non-conformist or Dissenting churches and chapels. A good example of this is by the Lincoln architects Drury and Mortimer , who designed the Mint Lane Baptist Chapel in Lincoln in
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#1732780922842720-668: The Queen's House which is the first building in England designed in a pure classical style, and the Banqueting House, Whitehall , as well as the layout for Covent Garden square which became a model for future developments in the West End. He made major contributions to stage design by his work as a theatrical designer for several dozen masques , most by royal command and many in collaboration with Ben Jonson . Beyond that he
780-448: The Queen's House , Greenwich, for James I's wife, Anne . With the foundations laid and the first storey built, work stopped suddenly when Anne died in 1619. Jones provided a design for the queen's funeral hearse or catafalque, but it was not implemented. Work at Greenwich resumed in 1629, this time for Charles I's Queen, Henrietta Maria . It was finished in 1635 as the first strictly classical building in England, employing ideas found in
840-723: The University of Toronto , is an example of the Romanesque Revival style. Construction of the final design began on 4 October 1856. The Vasa Church in Gothenburg , Sweden, is another prime example of the Neo-Romanesque style of architecture. The Church of the Pilgrims—now the Maronite Cathedral of Our Lady of Lebanon —in Brooklyn Heights, Brooklyn , designed by Richard Upjohn and built 1844–46,
900-422: The proscenium arch to English theatre. Between 1605 and 1640, he was responsible for staging over 500 performances, collaborating with Ben Jonson for many years, despite a relationship fraught with competition and jealousy: the two had arguments about whether stage design or literature was more important in theatre. (Jonson ridiculed Jones in a series of his works, written over two decades.) Over 450 drawings for
960-653: The " Norman style " or " Lombard style ", particularly in works published during the 19th century after variations of historic Romanesque that were developed by the Normans in England and by the Italians in Lombardy , respectively. Like its influencing Romanesque style, the Romanesque Revival style was widely used for churches, and occasionally for synagogues such as the New Synagogue of Strasbourg built in 1898, and
1020-678: The 1630s, Jones was in high demand and, as Surveyor to the King, his services were only available to a very limited circle of people, so often projects were commissioned to other members of the Works. Stoke Bruerne Park in Northamptonshire was built by Sir Francis Crane , "receiving the assistance of Inigo Jones", between 1629 and 1635. Jones is also thought to have been involved in another country house, this time in Wiltshire . Wilton House
1080-604: The Italianate Romanesque of other architects such as Thomas Henry Wyatt , who designed Saint Mary and Saint Nicholas Church, in this style at Wilton , which was built between 1841 and 1844 for the Dowager Countess of Pembroke and her son, Lord Herbert of Lea. During the 19th century, the architecture selected for Anglican churches depended on the churchmanship of particular congregations. Whereas high churches and Anglo-Catholic , which were influenced by
1140-954: The Norman revival style took place over a long time in the British Isles, starting with Inigo Jones 's refenestration of the White Tower of the Tower of London in 1637–38 and work at Windsor Castle by Hugh May for King Charles II , but this was little more than restoration work. In the 18th century, the use of round arched windows was thought of as being Saxon rather than Norman, and examples of buildings with round arched windows include Shirburn Castle in Oxfordshire, Wentworth in Yorkshire, and Enmore Castle in Somerset. In Scotland
1200-597: The Pilgrims. St. Joseph Church in Hammond, Indiana, is Romanesque Revival. The most celebrated "Romanesque Revival" architect of the late 19th century was H. H. Richardson , whose mature style was so individual that it is known as " Richardsonian Romanesque ". Among his most prominent buildings are Trinity Church (Boston) and Sever Hall and Austin Hall at Harvard University. His disciple, R.H. Robertson , designed in
1260-615: The Victorian period, which was a mixed Gothic style. However, the Norman Revival did catch on for church architecture. Thomas Penson , a Welsh architect, would have been familiar with Hopper's work at Penrhyn, who developed Romanesque Revival church architecture. Penson was influenced by French and Belgian Romanesque Revival architecture, and particularly the earlier Romanesque phase of German Brick Gothic . At St David's Newtown, 1843–47, and St Agatha's Llanymynech, 1845, he copied
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#17327809228421320-443: The ambassador Henry Wotton . Jones learned to speak Italian fluently and there is evidence that he owned an Italian copy of Andrea Palladio 's I quattro libri dell'architettura with marginalia that refer to Wotton. His architectural work was particularly influenced by Palladio. To a lesser extent, he also held to the architectural principles of the ancient Roman writer Vitruvius . Jones's first recorded architectural design
1380-694: The architecture of Thomas Hopper . His first attempt at this style was at Gosford Castle in Armagh in Ireland, but far more successful was his Penrhyn Castle near Bangor in North Wales. This was built for the Pennant family, between 1820 and 1837. The style did not catch on for domestic buildings, though many country houses and mock castles were built in the Castle Gothic or Castellated style during
1440-550: The architecture of Palladio and ancient Rome. This is Jones's earliest-surviving work. Between 1619 and 1622, the Banqueting House in the Palace of Whitehall was built, a design derived from buildings by Scamozzi and Palladio , to which a ceiling painted by Peter Paul Rubens was added several years later. The Whitehall palace was one of several projects where Jones worked with his personal assistant and nephew by marriage John Webb . The Queen's Chapel , St. James's Palace ,
1500-434: The central tower of St Paul's Cathedral, displaying a similar practical architectural inexperience and immature handling of themes from sources including Palladio, Serlio and Sangallo. In 1609, having perhaps accompanied Salisbury's son and heir, Viscount Cranborne , around France, he appears as an architectural consultant at Hatfield House , making small modifications to the design as the project progressed, and in 1610, Jones
1560-515: The church would be destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666. Also around this time, circa 1638, Jones devised drawings completely redesigning the Palace of Whitehall , but the execution of these designs was frustrated by Charles I's financial and political difficulties. More than 1000 buildings have been attributed to Jones but only a very small number of those are certain to be his work. According to architecture historian John Summerson ,
1620-548: The church, portraying St Paul's Cathedral and other buildings, was destroyed in the Great Fire in 1666. Jones was an influence on a number of 18th-century architects, notably Lord Burlington and William Kent . There is an Inigo Jones Road in Charlton , southeast London (SE7), near Charlton House , some of whose features were allegedly designed by him. A bridge in Llanrwst , North Wales, built in 1636 and named "Pont Fawr"
1680-468: The contemporary fashion in Italy. He was probably the first native-born to study these Roman remains first hand and this was key to the new architecture Jones introduced in England and Wales. Jones worked as a producer and architect for Masques from 1605 to 1640, but his most known work in this field came from his collaboration with poet and playwright Ben Jonson . Having worked together for fifteen years,
1740-636: The design of Coleshill House , in Berkshire, for the Pratt family, which he visited with the young apprentice architect Roger Pratt , to fix a new site for the proposed mansion. He died on 21 June 1652 and was buried with his parents at St Benet's, Paul's Wharf , the Welsh church of the City of London . John Denham and then Christopher Wren followed him as King's Surveyor of Works. A monument dedicated to him in
1800-472: The early modern stage and for its larger audience. In September 1615, Jones was appointed Surveyor-General of the King's Works, marking the beginning of Jones's career in earnest. Fortunately, both James I and Charles I spent lavishly on their buildings, contrasting hugely with the economical court of Elizabeth I . As the King's Surveyor, Jones built some of his key buildings in London. In 1616, work began on
1860-465: The foundation stone of his status as the father of British architecture. Jones, as the pioneer in his era, had strong influence during their time. His revolutionary ideas even effect beyond the Court circle, and today, many scholars believe that he also started the golden age of British architecture. On 16 February 1621, in a by-election caused by the ejection of an existing member Sir John Leedes , Jones
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1920-521: The history of English art. On this trip, Jones was exposed to the architecture of Rome , Padua , Florence , Vicenza , Genoa and Venice among others. His surviving sketchbook shows his preoccupation with such artists as Parmigianino and Andrea Schiavone . He is also known to have met Vincenzo Scamozzi at this time. His annotated copy of Palladio's Quattro libri dell'architettura also demonstrates his close interest in classical architecture: Jones gave priority to Roman antiquity rather than observing
1980-624: The largest churches in the world, and the tallest habitable building in Washington, D.C. Its construction of Byzantine Revival and Romanesque Revival architecture began on September 23, 1920, with renowned contractor John McShain and was completed on December 8, 2017, with the dedication and solemn blessing of the Trinity Dome mosaic on December 8, 2017, the Feast of the Immaculate Conception , by Cardinal Donald William Wuerl . Inigo Jones Inigo Jones (15 July 1573 – 21 June 1652)
2040-566: The latter, which was based on designs from German architecture books. Several concurrent forces contributed to the popularizing of the Romanesque Revival in the United States. The first was an influx of German immigrants in the 1840s, who brought the style of the Rundbogenstil with them. Second, a series of works on the style was published concurrently with the earliest built examples. The first of these, Hints on Public Architecture , written by social reformer Robert Dale Owen in 1847–48,
2100-407: The modern concept of an architect's artistic responsibility for a building did not exist at that time, and Jones's role in many instances may be that of a civil servant in getting things done rather than as an architect. Jones's contribution to a building may also simply be verbal instructions to a mason or bricklayer and providing an Italian engraving or two as a guide, or the correction of drafts. In
2160-738: The outbreak of the English Civil War in 1642 and the seizure of the King's houses in 1643. Jones was captured at the third siege of Basing House in October 1645. Unfortunately, as one of the last great strongholds to the Cavaliers, the great mansion inside was destroyed by Cromwell's army and even the walls were broken into many pieces. His property was later returned to him (c. 1646) but Jones ended his days, unmarried, living in Somerset House . He was, however, closely involved in
2220-425: The quality of his sketches. From Italy he travelled to Denmark where he worked for Christian IV on the design of the palaces of Rosenborg and Frederiksborg . Jones first became famous as a designer of costumes and stage settings, especially after he brought " masques " to the stage. Under the patronage of Queen Anne of Denmark (the consort of King James I ), he is credited with introducing movable scenery and
2280-425: The scenery and costumes survive, demonstrating Jones's virtuosity as a draughtsman and his development between 1605 and 1609 from initially showing "no knowledge of Renaissance draughtsmanship" to exhibiting an "accomplished Italianate manner" and understanding of Italian set design, particularly that of Alfonso and Giulio Parigi . This development suggests a second visit to Italy, c. 1606 , influenced by
2340-525: The square of Lincoln's Inn Fields , and a house in the square, the Lindsey House built in 1640, is often attributed to Jones. Its design of a rusticated ground floor with giant pilasters above supporting the entablature and balustrade served as a model for other town houses in London such as John Nash 's Regent's Park terraces, as well as in other English and Welsh towns such as Bath 's Royal Crescent . Another large project Jones undertook
2400-523: The style started to emerge with the Duke of Argyl's castle at Inverary , started in 1744, and castles by Robert Adam at Culzean (1771), Oxenfoord (1780–82), Dalquharran, (1782–85) and Seton Palace , 1792. In England James Wyatt used round arched windows at Sandleford Priory , Berkshire, in 1780–89 and the Duke of Norfolk started to rebuild Arundel Castle , while Eastnor Castle in Herefordshire
2460-470: The style was based had neither the windows, chimneys, nor stairs required by modern buildings, and that the low-pitched temple roofs and tall colonnades were ill-adapted to cold northern climates. To Owen, most Greek Revival buildings thus lacked architectural truth, because they attempted to hide 19th-century necessities behind classical temple facades. In its place, he offered that the Romanesque style
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2520-446: The tower of St. Salvator's Cathedral , Bruges. Other examples of Romanesque revival by Penson are Christ Church, Welshpool , 1839–1844, and the porch to Langedwyn Church. He was an innovator in his use of Terracotta to produce decorative Romanesque mouldings, saving on the expense of stonework. Penson's last church in the Romanesque Revival style was Rhosllannerchrugog , Wrexham, 1852. The Romanesque adopted by Penson contrasts with
2580-521: The traditional way, namely either by rising up from a craft or through early exposure to the Office of Works, although there is evidence that Christopher Wren obtained information that recorded Jones as an apprentice joiner in St Paul's Churchyard . At some point before 1603, a rich patron (possibly the Earl of Pembroke or the Earl of Rutland ) sent him to Italy to study drawing after being impressed by
2640-422: The two debated and had disagreements about their line of work and about what was most integral in a masque. While Jonson argued that the most important aspect of a masque was the written word that the audience heard, Jones argued that the visual spectacle was the most important aspect, and that what the audience saw was more important. Jones also felt that the architect had just as much creative freedom and rights as
2700-419: The writer or poet of the masque. In defence of this Jones stated that masques were "nothing but pictures with light and motion," making little to note of the words spoken. Jones's work on masques with Jonson is credited to be one of the first instances of scenery introduced in theatre. In his masques, curtains were used and placed in between the stage and the audience, and they were to be opened to introduce
2760-590: Was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. The Copper King Mansion has been privately owned, operated, and occupied by the Cote family since 1953. The home is operated as a bed and breakfast. Guided tours are available during the summer tourist season or by appointment during the winter months. The home underwent restoration in 2012. The building of the Copper King Mansion
2820-503: Was also responsible for a new ceiling put in the House of Lords chamber in 1623. He also served as a Justice of the Peace (J.P.) for the county of Middlesex and borough of Westminster from 1630 until at least 1640. He was made a freeman of the borough of Southampton in 1623 and in 1633 was offered, but declined, a knighthood by Charles I. Jones's full-time career effectively ended with
2880-491: Was an English architect who was the first significant architect in England in the early modern era and the first to employ Vitruvian rules of proportion and symmetry in his buildings. As the most notable architect in England, Jones was the first person to introduce the classical architecture of Rome and the Italian Renaissance to Britain. He left his mark on London by his design of single buildings, such as
2940-572: Was appointed Surveyor to Prince Henry . He devised the masques the Barriers and the Masque of Oberon for the Prince and was possibly involved in some alterations to St James's Palace . On 27 April 1613, Jones was appointed the position of Surveyor of the King's Works and shortly after, embarked on a tour of Italy with the Earl of Arundel , destined to become one of the most important patrons in
3000-481: Was born in Smithfield , London, as the son of clothworker Inigo Jones Snr., and baptised at the church of St Bartholomew-the-Less , little is known about Jones's early years. Later Welsh sources claim that the family was from Wales , and even that Inigo was originally named Ynir or Ynyr Jones. But no records from his own time indicate any family ties to Wales. He did not approach the architectural profession in
3060-515: Was built between 1623 and 1627, initially for Charles I's proposed bride, the Roman Catholic Infanta Maria Anna of Spain , and then for Charles I's wife, Henrietta Maria of France. Parts of the design originate in the Pantheon of ancient Rome and Jones evidently intended the church to evoke the Roman temple. These buildings show the realization of a mature architect with a confident grasp of classical principles and an intellectual understanding of how to implement them. The other project in which Jones
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#17327809228423120-502: Was built by Robert Smirke between 1812 and 1820. At this point, the Norman Revival became a recognisable architectural style. In 1817, Thomas Rickman published his An Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of English Architecture from the Conquest To the Reformation . It was now realised that 'round-arch architecture' was largely Romanesque in the British Isles and came to be described as Norman rather than Saxon. The start of an "archaeologically correct" Norman Revival can be recognised in
3180-406: Was elected M.P. in the Parliament of England for New Shoreham in West Sussex , a borough constituency controlled by the Earl of Arundel, and sat till the dissolution of that parliament in February 1622. He was named to a committee to improve lighting and increase seating in the House of Commons' chamber, resulting in a new gallery being erected in St Stephen's Chapel during the summer recess and
3240-439: Was ideal for a more flexible and economic American architecture. Soon after, the Congregational Church published A Book of Plans for Churches and Parsonages in 1853, containing 18 designs by 10 architects, including Upjohn, Renwick, Henry Austin , and Gervase Wheeler , most in the Romanesque Revival style. Richard Salter Storrs and other clergy on the book's committee were members or frequent preachers of Upjohn's Church of
3300-407: Was involved is the design of Covent Garden Square. He was commissioned by the Earl of Bedford to build a residential square, which he did along the lines of the Italian piazza of Livorno . It is the first regularly planned square in London. The Earl felt obliged to provide a church and he warned Jones that he wanted to economise. He told him to simply erect a "barn" and Jones's oft-quoted response
3360-411: Was popular in German lands and in the German diaspora beginning in the 1830s. By far the most prominent and influential American architect working in a free "Romanesque" manner was Henry Hobson Richardson . In the United States, the style derived from examples set by him are termed Richardsonian Romanesque , of which not all are Romanesque Revival. Romanesque Revival is also sometimes referred to as
3420-406: Was prepared for the Building Committee of the Smithsonian Institution and prominently featured illustrations of Renwick's Smithsonian Institution Building. Owen argued that Greek Revival architecture —then the prevailing style in the United States for everything from churches to banks to private residences—was unsuitable as a national American style. He maintained that the Greek temples upon which
3480-406: Was renovated from about 1630 onwards, at times worked on by Jones, then passed on to Isaac de Caus when Jones was too busy with royal clients. He then returned in 1646 with his student, John Webb , to try and complete the project. Contemporary equivalent architects included Sir Balthazar Gerbier and Nicholas Stone . One of Jones's designs is the "double cube" room at Wilton, and it was also
3540-426: Was that his lordship would have "the finest barn in Europe". In the design of St Paul's, Jones faithfully adhered to Vitruvius 's design for a Tuscan temple and it was the first wholly and authentically classical church built in England. The inside of St Paul's, Covent Garden was gutted by fire in 1795, but externally it remains much as Jones designed it and dominates the west side of the piazza. Jones also designed
3600-400: Was the repair and remodelling of St Paul's Cathedral . Between the years of 1634 and 1642, Jones wrestled with the dilapidated Gothicism of Old St Paul's, casing it in classical masonry and totally redesigning the west front. Jones incorporated the giant scrolls from Vignola and della Porta 's Church of the Gesù with a giant Corinthian portico, the largest of its type north of the Alps, but
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