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27-599: Coraki is a small town that sits on the confluence of the Richmond and Wilsons Rivers in northern New South Wales , Australia in Richmond Valley Shire. At the 2021 census , Coraki had a population of 1,277 people. The name Coraki is derived from the Bundjalung word gurigay , meaning the meeting of the waters , and the Bundjalung people are the traditional owners of the area. The village

54-602: A tripoint . Various examples are found in the list below. A number of major cities, such as Chongqing , St. Louis , and Khartoum , arose at confluences; further examples appear in the list. Within a city, a confluence often forms a visually prominent point, so that confluences are sometimes chosen as the site of prominent public buildings or monuments, as in Koblenz , Lyon , and Winnipeg . Cities also often build parks at confluences, sometimes as projects of municipal improvement, as at Portland and Pittsburgh . In other cases,

81-414: A confluence can be divided into six distinct features which are commonly called confluence flow zones (CFZ). These include The broader field of engineering encompasses a vast assortment of subjects which concern confluences. In hydraulic civil engineering , where two or more underground culverted / artificially buried watercourses intersect, great attention should be paid to the hydrodynamic aspects of

108-630: A confluence is an industrial site, as in Philadelphia or Mannheim . Often a confluence lies in the shared floodplain of the two rivers and nothing is built on it, for example at Manaus , described below. One other way that confluences may be exploited by humans is as sacred places in religions . Rogers suggests that for the ancient peoples of the Iron Age in northwest Europe, watery locations were often sacred, especially sources and confluences. Pre-Christian Slavic peoples chose confluences as

135-482: A corresponding shift in habitat characteristics." Another science relevant to the study of confluences is chemistry , because sometimes the mixing of the waters of two streams triggers a chemical reaction, particularly in a polluted stream. The United States Geological Survey gives an example: "chemical changes occur when a stream contaminated with acid mine drainage combines with a stream with near-neutral pH water; these reactions happen very rapidly and influence

162-514: A decision was made to construct two breakwaters to channel the river's flow and these were completed in the early 1900s. The construction of the breakwaters also led to the formation of Shaw's Bay (after sand built up behind what is now called Lighthouse or Main Beach). In 1846, a conflict between white settlers and local Aborigines in the river valley (the Richmond River massacre ) caused

189-443: A variety of sciences. Hydrology studies the characteristic flow patterns of confluences and how they give rise to patterns of erosion, bars, and scour pools. The water flows and their consequences are often studied with mathematical models . Confluences are relevant to the distribution of living organisms (i.e., ecology ) as well; "the general pattern [downstream of confluences] of increasing stream flow and decreasing slopes drives

216-774: Is used to describe the meeting of tidal or other non-riverine bodies of water, such as two canals or a canal and a lake. A one-mile (1.6 km) portion of the Industrial Canal in New Orleans accommodates the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway and the Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet Canal ; therefore those three waterways are confluent there. The term confluence can also apply to the process of merging or flowing together of other substance. For example, it may refer to

243-751: The Pacific Highway crosses the river. The catchment area of the river is estimated at 6,862 square kilometres (2,649 sq mi), which makes it the sixth largest catchment in New South Wales; and its floodplain has an area of over 1,000 square kilometres (390 sq mi). The traditional custodians of the land surrounding the Richmond River are the Aboriginal people of the Githabul, whose territory reached north to

270-613: The Wilsons River , before reaching its mouth at its confluence with the Coral Sea of the South Pacific Ocean near Ballina ; descending 256 metres (840 ft) over its 237 kilometres (147 mi) course . On its journey it passes through the towns of Kyogle , Casino , Coraki and Woodburn . Summerland Way is situated adjacent to much of the middle reaches of the course of Richmond River. At Ballina,

297-488: The cedar cutters who came to the district. Transport at the time was almost entirely by water and Coraki was the busiest port on the Richmond River. Coraki is positioned centrally to the hub of the Summerland Way Casino (30 km (19 mi) west), the regional city of Lismore (25 km (16 mi) north) and the popular tourist beachside location of Evans Head (25 km (16 mi) east). At

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324-531: The Richmond River to contest the "Coraki Assault" race. According to the 2021 Census of Population, there were 1,155 people in Coraki, with the following demographic features: In late April 2021, the Federal Court of Australia convened at Evans Head , where a native title determination was made over 7.2 square kilometres (2.8 sq mi) of land, consisting of 52 separate areas of land. Included in

351-539: The Rural Transaction Centre, Mid-Richmond Museum, Coraki Library, post office, Mid-Richmond Retirement Village, cemetery, hockey fields, tennis courts, skate park, boat ramp, and the Memorial Park with barbecue, playground and picnic facilities aligning the "healing stones" riverside path. There is a number of local businesses, including the historic Coraki Hotel on Richmond Terrace. Coraki is

378-471: The city of Lismore and is a major tributary of the Richmond, is navigable at least as far as Boatharbour, approximately 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) upstream from Lismore. The Richmond River is heavily used for irrigation along its length. Several weirs have been constructed in order to mitigate the effects of flooding, most notably at Casino. The freshwater reaches of the Richmond River once supported

405-459: The current city of Toowoomba and included the current towns of Tenterfield and Warwick . One of the annual rituals of the Githabul people was the movement from the mountain ranges to the coast during the winter months, when the mullet were plentiful. The inland peoples from around brought black bean seeds with them to trade for the fish. Omitted by Captain James Cook when he sailed up

432-496: The deaths of around 100 of the latter. With the decline of shipping as a transport mode, owing to better roads and rail, and the closing of the North Coast Steam Navigation Company (the major shipping firm of the area) in 1954, the river became less important as a port. For boats, the river is navigable for a short way up its length, possibly as far as Casino. Wilsons River, which flows through

459-536: The east coast of the Australian mainland in 1770, it wasn't until Captain Henry John Rous identified the mouth of the river in 1828 that it was discovered by Europeans. Rous entered the river and sailed about 20 miles (32 km) up river. He subsequently named the river Richmond after the fifth Duke of Richmond . Later that year the explorer Allan Cunningham reached the river by land. The river

486-437: The endemic Richmond River Cod , similar to Murray Cod and possibly a subspecies of Eastern Freshwater Cod . Unfortunately this unique native fish became extinct between the 1930s and 1950s due to habitat degradation and gross overfishing, including with dynamite during the building of the local railway line. The endangered Oxleyan Pygmy Perch has been recorded from the river. Confluence Confluences are studied in

513-587: The form of structural bracing. The velocities and hydraulic efficiencies should be meticulously calculated and can be altered by integrating different combinations of geometries, components such a gradients, cascades and an adequate junction angle which is sympathetic to the direction of the watercourse’s flow to minimise turbulent flow, maximise evacuation velocity and to ultimately maximise hydraulic efficiency. Since rivers often serve as political boundaries, confluences sometimes demarcate three abutting political entities, such as nations, states, or provinces, forming

540-737: The home of the annual Coraki Art Prize (formerly the Coraki Tea Tree Art Prize) and an art competition and exhibition open to all artists and including painting, drawing, photography, sculpture and printmaking, held late October. In 2010, the first Dylanfest celebrated the music, art and poetry of Bob Dylan in October at the Coraki Hotel. Annually in November, the Tweed Water Skiing Club converges on

567-811: The land is a bora ring of great cultural significance to the Bundjalung people, near Coraki. Richmond River The Richmond River is a river situated in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales , Australia . The river rises at the northern end of the Richmond Range , near its junction with the McPherson Range , on the Queensland / New South Wales border, west of Mount Lindesay , and flows generally south east and north east, joined by twelve tributaries , including

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594-453: The sites for fortified triangular temples, where they practiced human sacrifice and other sacred rites. In Hinduism , the confluence of two sacred rivers often is a pilgrimage site for ritual bathing. In Pittsburgh, a number of adherents to Mayanism consider their city's confluence to be sacred. Mississippi basin Atlantic watersheds Pacific watersheds Occasionally, "confluence"

621-613: The subsequent transport of metals downstream of the mixing zone." A natural phenomenon at confluences that is obvious even to casual observers is a difference in color between the two streams; see images in this article for several examples. According to Lynch, "the color of each river is determined by many things: type and amount of vegetation in the watershed, geological properties, dissolved chemicals, sediments and biologic content – usually algae ." Lynch also notes that color differences can persist for miles downstream before they finally blend completely. Hydrodynamic behaviour of flow in

648-401: The system to ensure the longevity and efficiency of the structure. Engineers have to design these systems whilst considering a list of factors that ensure the discharge point is structurally stable as the entrance of the lateral culvert into the main structure may compromise the stability of the structure due to the lack of support at the discharge, this often constitutes additional supports in

675-443: The western boundary of Coraki township lies Box Ridge, an Aboriginal community. Like many other towns in the area, it is a hub for the local agricultural industries such as cattle , sugar cane and tea tree oil . Coraki is a small village with many community facilities: Coraki Fire Station, Coraki Public School, St Joseph's Primary School, St Joseph's Church, Coraki Uniting Church, Coraki Anglican Church, Coraki Community Hall,

702-527: Was a major port from the 1840s until well into the 20th century. Soon after the first white settlers arrived they discovered the abundant supply of Australian Red Cedar in the Richmond Valley and immediately began logging. The river was vital in the transportation of this resource. At the time of its discovery in 1828 and until the late 1890s the river had a treacherous mouth of shifting sand bars, and many ships and people died on it. Understandably,

729-399: Was founded by William Yabsley in 1849 when Lismore was only a small cattle station and Casino had only one store and a hotel. Yabsley and his family obtained the lease to Brook Station and established the first permanent settlement. He built his shipyard just above The Junction , as it was first called. Many ships and river boats were launched there and Yabsley opened a store for provisions for

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