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89-680: The 1986 Constitution allows for the establishment of two autonomous regions in the country; Muslim Mindanao and in the Cordilleras. Two plebiscites ( 1990 and 1998 ) were conducted in the Cordillera to legalize the autonomous status of the area where majority of the voters rejected autonomy. The area is currently under the jurisdiction of the Cordillera Administrative Region . There are still efforts from some local sectors to establish an autonomous region in

178-518: A melting pot in some areas. According to the 2000 Philippine census, Kankanaeys comprised 42.96% (141,434) of the entire provincial household population of 329,216 at the time, while 29.15% (95,968) were identified as Ibalois, and 3.69% (12,147) were Ikalahan/Kalanguya . Major resident lowland ethnic groups included Ilocanos at 13.36% (43,984) and Tagalogs at 2.36% (7,773). Ilokano population particularly doctors, teachers, businessmen and public servants arrived during

267-780: A federal state. Aquilino Pimentel Jr. , a Duterte ally and advocate for federalism , said in an interview that Isabela City , Basilan , Lamitan , Sulu , and Tawi-tawi may become a single federal state, while Lanao del Sur , Marawi , Cotabato City , and Maguindanao may become a single federal state as well because the Muslims of the Sulu archipelago have a different heritage from the Muslims in mainland Mindanao. The Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao consisted of 2 component cities , 116 municipalities , and 2,490 barangays . The cities of Isabela and Cotabato were not under

356-556: A fixed term of three years, which could be extended by an act of Congress. The Regional Governor was the chief executive of the regional government, and was assisted by a cabinet not exceeding 10 members. The top official was tasked to appoint the members of the cabinet, subject to confirmation by the Regional Legislative Assembly and also had control of all the regional executive commissions, agencies, boards, bureaus, and offices. The executive council advises

445-688: A people's democratic republic. The affiliate of the National Democratic Front , the Cordillera People's Democratic Front aimed for the "liberation" of the country along with the Cordilleras from these twin challenges according to its 1981 eight-point general program. The Cordillera People's Liberation Army , a group which separated from the NPA in 1986, along with the Montanosa National Solidarity and

534-532: A plant endemic to the Philippines (as well as Malaysia), is grown in the municipalities of Kapangan and Kibungan as a potential alternative source of fuel and energy, rivaling the jatropha biofuel plant. Other agricultural-related activities are monggo processing, fruit preservation , peanut brittle manufacturing, broom making and basket weaving . Mining is a major industry in Benguet, which

623-476: A presence in the La Trinidad Valley, named after Galvey's wife. This area later became a district of the new province of La   Montañosa (or La   Montaña ) in 1846. Eight years later, in 1854, Benguet became a separate comandancia politico-militar . Parts of the present province were established as component territories of other comandancias such as Lepanto and Amburayan . When

712-533: A total of 140 barangays , with Pico in La Trinidad as the most populous in 2010, and Anchokey in Kabayan as the least. The population of Benguet in the 2020 census was 460,683 people, making it the most populous province in the region. It had a density of 170 inhabitants per square kilometre or 440 inhabitants per square mile. If the highly urbanized city of Baguio is included for geographical purposes,

801-516: Is a precondition by the 1987 Philippine Constitution to give the region autonomy in self-governance much like the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao in southern Philippines. The first law, Republic Act No. 6766 , took effect on October 23, 1989, but failed to muster a majority vote in the plebiscite on January 30, 1990. The second law, Republic Act No. 8438 passed by Congress of the Philippines on December 22, 1997, also failed to pass

890-455: Is centrally located at 16° 20' to 16° 26' N latitude and 120° 37' 30" to 120° 43' 30" E longitude. The western boundary of this zone is defined by a volcanic belt, just west of Baguio, while the eastern boundary is defined by an intrusive belt, just east of the Itogon and Antamok mines. The Agno quartz diorite batholith is further east near Binga Dam . Key mines, starting from the south, include

979-784: Is considered by current Moro Muslim leaders as part of the four centuries long "national liberation movement" of the Bangsamoro (Moro Nation). The 400-year-long resistance against the Japanese, Americans, and Spanish by the Moro Muslims persisted and morphed into their current war for independence against the Philippine state. In 1942, during the early stages of the Pacific War of the Second World War , troops of

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1068-467: Is known as the Salad Bowl of the Philippines due to its huge production of upland vegetables. Situated within the interior of Benguet is the highly urbanized city of Baguio , which is administered independent from the province and also its largest city. The mountainous area now covered by Benguet is generally presumed to have been settled from at least the 14th century by tribes coming from

1157-683: Is one of the country's leading gold producers. The Benguet Corporation , the first and oldest mining company in the Philippines, has extracted gold, copper and chromite in Itogon since 1903. Other mineral deposits are silver , copper, pyrite , and limestone . Silver smithing is a large industry in Benguet, and many entrepreneurs sell silver works at lower prices in Baguio compared to Manila . In 2006, revenues from mining reached 4 billion pesos from just two (Lepanto Consolidated Mining Corporation and Philex Mines) of many mining firms operating in

1246-820: Is similar to Pangasinan , while the Kankanaey have their own eponymous language , which is related to the Bontoc language . The SIL Ethnologue database classifies the languages under the South-Central Cordilleran branch. Nabaloy (named in the database as Ibaloi ) is part of the Southern Cordilleran branch which also includes Pangasinense . The Kankanaey language is under the Central Cordilleran branch, which also includes Bontoc and Ifugao . Roman Catholicism

1335-419: Is situated in the interior of the province, surrounded by the municipalities of La Trinidad , Itogon , Sablan and Tuba . The city used to be part of the province but became independent when the city's charter was enacted in 1909.  ‡    Highly urbanized city ( geographically within but independent from the province ) The 13 municipalities of the province comprise

1424-652: Is the predominant religion with 59% adherence, Other groups such as Members Church of God International (MCG) , Protestants , especially Anglicans , Methodists , Baptists , and Evangelicals , form about 33% of the population, while the Iglesia ni Cristo forms about 7%. There is also small community of Muslims (0.472% of the province population). Religious breakdown in Benguet Poverty incidence of Benguet Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Agriculture , mining , and tourism are

1513-508: The 15th Congress and House Bill No. 4649 filed during the 16th Congress , both of which failed to pass. In the 17th Congress , House Bill No. 5343, "An Act Establishing the Autonomous Region of the Cordillera (ARC)" was filed on March 20, 2017 during its first regular session and was supported by all House representatives from the Cordilleras. It was also the first time in history that all provincial and city governments throughout

1602-830: The Agno River , the Bued River , the Suyoc River, and the Amburayan River . Gold was also mined from lode veins within andesite and diorite . Gold in Mankayan was associated with copper. Gold mining resulted in social stratification, with the upper class consisting of the mine owners, the baknang , followed by the gold workers, or abiteg , and then the bagaen , or slave class . These slaves were made up of war captives, and their children. Gold mines were inheritable kinship property, while original ownership

1691-608: The Americans took control of the Philippines , they established local civil governments in many parts of the country. American civilian government was established in Benguet on November 23, 1900, through Act No. 48 , with Canadian journalist H.P. Whitmarsh appointed as the province's first governor. Upon the American colonial government enacting Act No. 1876 on August 18, 1908, which created Mountain Province from areas of

1780-876: The Bokod Campus at Ambangeg, Bokod . Other educational institutions which include Advocates Academic College, BVS Colleges, Cordillera Career Development College, King's College of the Philippines, Philippine College of Ministry , Philippine Nazarene College , as well as the Cordillera Regional Science High School , the Benguet National High School (with several annexes) and the Benguet SPED Center are also situated within La Trinidad. The independent chartered city of Baguio hosts several higher education institutions, which include most notably

1869-687: The Cordillera mountains , Benguet is dominantly mountainous. Mount Pulag , the highest in Luzon is located within Kabayan . The mountains form the headwaters of several rivers , the major ones which include the Agno , Amburayan , Bued , Bakun, Balili and the Asin. Some of these run through river valleys or gorges . Several natural lakes, small in size, are found within the hinterlands . The largest are

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1958-461: The Mindanao island group of the Philippines, that consisted of five predominantly Muslim provinces : Basilan (except Isabela City ), Lanao del Sur , Maguindanao , Sulu , and Tawi-Tawi . It was the only region that had its own government. The region's de facto seat of government was Cotabato City , although this self-governing city was outside its jurisdiction. The ARMM included

2047-674: The Moro National Liberation Front prompted President Ferdinand Marcos to issue a proclamation forming an Autonomous Region in the Southern Philippines. This was, however, turned down by a plebiscite . In 1979, Batas Pambansa No. 20 created a Regional Autonomous Government in the Western and Central Mindanao regions. The Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao region was first created on August 1, 1989, through Republic Act No. 6734 (otherwise known as

2136-542: The Province of Benguet ( Ibaloi : Probinsya ne Benguet ; Kankanaey : Probinsyan di Benguet ; Pangasinan : Luyag/Probinsia na Benguet ; Ilocano : Probinsia ti Benguet ; Filipino : Lalawigan ng Benguet ), is a landlocked province of the Philippines located in the southern tip of the Cordillera Administrative Region in the island of Luzon . Its capital is La Trinidad . The highland province

2225-769: The Sharia , the law governing Muslims. RA 9054 provided that ARMM "shall remain an integral and inseparable part of the national territory of the Republic." The President exercised general supervision over the Regional Governor. The Regional Government had the power to create its own sources of revenues and to levy taxes, fees, and charges, subject to Constitutional provisions and the provisions of RA 9054. The Sharia applied only to Muslims; its applications are limited by pertinent constitutional provisions (prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment). [1] The people of

2314-592: The University of the Philippines Baguio , Saint Louis University , University of the Cordilleras (formerly Baguio Colleges Foundation ), University of Baguio , Pines City Colleges, Baguio Central University , and Baguio School of Business and Technology, attracting students from across the Philippines. The province is a major tourist destination in the country, with most of its tourist spots centered on culture and nature. Baguio 's location within

2403-505: The cities of Cotabato , Dapitan , Dipolog , General Santos , Isabela , Koronadal , Iligan , Marawi , Pagadian , Puerto Princesa , and Zamboanga to determine if their residents wished to be part of the ARMM. Of these areas, only six provinces — Basilan (including Isabela City), Lanao del Sur (including Marawi City), Maguindanao del Norte (including Cotabato City), Maguindanao del Sur, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi — voted in favor of inclusion in

2492-819: The "Four Lakes" in Kabayan; Lake Bulalacao, Lake Detepngepos, Lake Incolos and Lake Tabeyo. The province is the location of several conservation areas, the largest of which are the Upper Agno River Basin Resource Reserve , Mount Pulag National Park, Mount Data National Park and Lower Agno Watershed Forest Reserve . Most of Benguet falls under the subtropical highland climate ( Köppen Cwb ) zone, experiencing annual average highs of 25.3 °C (77.5 °F) in April and lows of 13.3 °C (55.9 °F) in January. The province suffers from crop damage resulting from seasonal frost during

2581-647: The "spirit of social cooperation". They also proposed the conversion of the country into a federal republic as an alternative with each state having co-equal status. On September 13, 1986 the CPLA and the Government of the Philippines made a "sipat" or cessation of hostilities in Mt. Data Hotel , in Bauko , Mountain Province . The agreement between the two entities were dubbed as the 1986 Mount Data Peace Accord . Furthermore,

2670-572: The 15th century, even before the arrival of the Spanish , who began to colonize most of the Philippines in 1565. Muslim missionaries arrived in Tawi-Tawi in 1380 and started the colonization of the area and the conversion of the native population to Islam . In 1457, the Sultanate of Sulu was founded, and not long after that, the sultanates of Maguindanao and Buayan were also established. At

2759-405: The 1930s. This brought jobs, and many lowlanders migrated to Benguet, especially in towns surrounding the gold mines, such as Itogon , Mankayan and Tuba . During World War II , Igorot guerrillas and the combined Filipino and American forces fought Japanese soldiers during the final days of the war in 1945. On June 18, 1966, the huge Mountain Province was split into four provinces with

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2848-417: The 1990 figure. This gave an average household size of 5.20 persons, slightly higher than the national average of 4.99. The people of Benguet comprise three main ethnolinguistic groups . Kankanaeys dominate the northwestern municipalities, Ibalois are concentrated on the southeast, and Kalanguyas are mostly found in the east. Migrants from lowland provinces have fused with the local populace to form

2937-655: The ARMM by amending the original Organic Act ( R.A. No. 6734 ) and calling for a plebiscite to ratify the amendments and confirm which other provinces and cities would like to join the region. RA 9054 lapsed into law on March 31, 2001, without the signature of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo . A plebiscite was held on August 14 in the provinces of Basilan , Cotabato , Davao del Sur , Davao Occidental , Lanao del Norte , Lanao del Sur , Maguindanao del Norte , Maguindanao del Sur , Palawan , Sarangani , South Cotabato , Sultan Kudarat , Sulu , Tawi-Tawi , Zamboanga del Norte , Zamboanga del Sur , and Zamboanga Sibugay , and

3026-458: The ARMM" as amended in September 2001. The plebiscite paved the way for the inclusion of the province of Basilan and the city of Marawi as part of ARMM. For the most part of Philippines ' history, the region and most of Mindanao have been a separate territory, which enabled it to develop its own culture and identity. The region has been the traditional homeland of Muslim Filipinos since

3115-634: The ARMM. The ARMM's sixth province, Shariff Kabunsuan , was carved out of Maguindanao on October 28, 2006. However, on July 16, 2008, the Supreme Court of the Philippines voided the creation of Shariff Kabunsuan , declaring unconstitutional Section 19 in RA 9054 which granted the ARMM Regional Assembly the power to create provinces and cities. The Supreme Court held that only Congress was empowered to create provinces and cities because

3204-662: The American period for the improvement of the health condition and for the education of the people. The pioneer Ilocanos helped establish La Trinidad as a commercial and political center.This resulted in an improved healthcare, education and economic life of the people' lives. It also established a closer ties between the Ilocanos and the Cordillerans. Benguet residents generally speak their own languages in addition to Ilocano , Tagalog , and English , which are used for trade and commerce. The Ibaloi tribe speak Ibaloi , which

3293-493: The Autonomous Region of the Cordillera (ARC) as part of the President Rodrigo Duterte -led process of shifting the form of governance of the Philippines to federalism from the presidential setup to federalism was signed on April 24, 2017 by about 200 local officials, tribal leaders, and civil society organizations at Mount Datu. There has also been a campaign to include Nueva Vizcaya into the Cordilleras as

3382-483: The Bangsamoro region, including Muslims and non-Muslims, have a culture that revolves around kulintang music, a specific type of gong music, found among both Muslim and non-Muslim groups of the Southern Philippines. Each ethnic group in ARMM also has their own distinct architectures, intangible heritage, and craft arts. A fine example of a distinct architectural style in the region is the Royal Sulu architecture which

3471-516: The Cordillera Bodong Administration fought for greater autonomy in the Cordillera and against what it perceive as internal colonialism by the Philippine central government. The CPLA advocated utilization and stewardship of lands by communes as opposed to private proprietorship and the direct democracy through village assemblies and council of elders. It also promoted the bodong system as a "supra-tribal expression" of

3560-699: The Cordillera. During the Spanish colonial era , the Spaniards referred to the inhabitants of the Cordilleras as the Ygorrotes or the Igorots while the Americans starting 1908 have governed the area as part of a single locality called as the Mountain Province . People from outside the region, or the lowlanders as they are known in the Cordillera, often referred all ethnic people in the area under

3649-401: The Cordilleras supported Cordilleran autonomy. Currently, there are three pending Cordillera autonomy bills in the 18th Congress , House Bill No. 5687 filed by all Cordillera Congressmen, Senate Bill No. 1232 filed by Senator Migz Zubiri and House Bill No. 7778 filed by Benguet legislative caretaker Eric Yap of ACT-CIS Partylist . A declaration to expressed support for the establishment of

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3738-497: The Japanese Imperial Forces invaded and overran Mindanao, and the native Moro Muslims waged an insurgency against the Japanese . Three years later, in 1945, combined United States and Philippine Commonwealth Army troops liberated Mindanao, and with the help of local guerrilla units, ultimately defeated the Japanese forces occupying the region. In the 1970s, escalating hostilities between government forces and

3827-592: The Manabo pagta or covenant was signed on December 1, 1986 in Manabo , Abra by local tribal elders. The 1987 Philippine Constitution included the prospect of autonomy for the Cordillera region. The Mount Data Peace Accord and the Manabo Pagta led to the establishment of the Cordillera Administrative Region through the issuance of Executive Order 220 on July 15, 1987, by then President Corazon C. Aquino with

3916-545: The Monglo adakite . The Pliocene Baguio Formation consists of conglomerates interbedded with lava flows and pyroclastics . Pleistocene gold-copper mineralization occurred with calc-alkaline and dioritic and dacitic adakitic intrusions. This mineralization characterizes the Philex Mine. The main gold base metal mineralization zone is approximately 8 km wide, trends north south for tens of kilometers, and

4005-565: The Organic Act), primarily authored by Aquilino Pimentel Jr. , in pursuance with a constitutional mandate to provide for an autonomous area in Muslim Mindanao. A plebiscite was held in the provinces of Basilan , Cotabato , Davao del Sur , Davao Occidental , Lanao del Norte , Lanao del Sur , Maguindanao del Norte , Maguindanao del Sur , Palawan , Sarangani , South Cotabato , Sultan Kudarat , Sulu , Tawi-Tawi , Zamboanga del Norte , Zamboanga del Sur and Zamboanga Sibugay ; and in

4094-684: The Philex ( Cu ), Acupan ( Au ), Itogon (Au), Black Mt. (Cu), Benguet Exploration (Cu), Atok (Au), Antamok (Cu and Au), and Baguio Gold (Au), where Baguio Gold and Antamok are east of Baguio. Continuing northwards, key mines include the King Solomon (Cu), St. Nino (Cu), Boneng (Cu), Lobo (Cu), Gambang (Cu and Au), and Lepanto (Cu and Au). By 1979, underground mining had reached Level 1850 in the Antamok Mine. Benguet covers an area of 2,769.08 square kilometres (1,069.15 sq mi) occupying

4183-777: The Philippine government and the MILF rebels in Malaysia. Several lawmakers had filed petitions with the Supreme Court to stop the Philippine government from concluding the MOA-AD due to lack of transparency and for MILF's failure to cut ties with the al-Qaeda -linked terrorist network Jemaah Islamiyah , which aims to establish a pan-Islamic state in Southeast Asia using MILF camps in southwestern Mindanao as training grounds and staging points for attacks. On October 14, 2008,

4272-399: The Regional Governor on matters of governance of the autonomous region. It was composed of the regional governor, 1 regional vice governor, and 3 deputy regional governors (each representing the Christians, the Muslims, and the indigenous cultural communities). The regional governor and regional vice governor had a 3-year term, maximum of 3 terms; deputies' terms are coterminous with the term of

4361-441: The Spanish as their sovereignty was limited to military stations and garrisons and pockets of civilian settlements in Zamboanga and Cotabato , until they had to abandon the region as a consequence of their defeat in the Spanish–American War . The Moros had a history of resistance against Spanish, American, and Japanese rule for over 400 years. The violent armed struggle against the Japanese , Filipinos , Spanish , and Americans

4450-439: The Supreme Court of the Philippines, by a vote of 8–7, declared “contrary to law and the Constitution” the Ancestral Domain Aspect (MOA-AD) of the Tripoli Agreement on Peace of 2001 between the Philippine government and the MILF. The 89-page decision , written by Associate Justice Conchita Carpio-Morales ruled: “In sum, the Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process committed grave abuse of discretion when he failed to carry out

4539-457: The Zigzag. The Late Oligocene - Early Miocene Agno Batholith intrudes the Pugo and Zigzag. The Middle-Late Miocene Klondyke Formation was deposited during Central Cordillera geologic uplift , consisting of coarse clastics , polymictic conglomerates, sandstones, and vitric (glassy) tuffs , with minor shales and siltstones. Gold mineralization occurred with dioritic and gabbroic intrusions, and basaltic to andesitic lavas, including

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4628-600: The administrative jurisdiction of the ARMM despite the former being part of Basilan and the latter geographically considered but not politically part of Maguindanao province. The region was headed by a Regional Governor . The Regional Governor and Regional Vice Governor were elected directly like regular local executives. Regional ordinances were created by the Regional Assembly , composed of Assemblymen, also elected by direct vote. Regional elections were usually held one year after general elections (national and local) depending on legislation from Congress. Regional officials had

4717-452: The approval of the Cordillera peoples in a region-wide referendum on March 7, 1998. Political analysts have stated that "people's lack of understanding of the autonomy issue, compounded by misinformation drives by some sectors", was the primary factor against Cordillera autonomy. A closure agreement between the CPLA and the Government of the Philippines was signed on July 4, 2011 at the Rizal Hall in Malacañan Palace. The agreement calls for

4806-415: The autonomous region and that it would become known as the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region , a compound of bangsa (nation) and Moro . On July 26, 2018, Aquino's successor, President Rodrigo Duterte , signed the Bangsamoro Organic Law (BOL), which paved the way for the establishment of a new autonomous political entity in the area, the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM). ARMM

4895-489: The challenges in establishing the Bangsamoro entity in the previous administrations, then Mayor Rodrigo Duterte of Davao City announced his intent to establish a federal form of government which would replace the unitary form of government in his campaign speeches for the 2016 Philippine presidential election , which he subsequently won. In his plan, ARMM, along with the areas that voted to be included in ARMM in 2001, plus Isabela City and Cotabato City, will become part of

4984-400: The cities of Cotabato , Dapitan , Dipolog , General Santos , Iligan , Kidapawan , Marawi , Pagadian , Puerto Princesa , Digos , Koronadal , Tacurong , and Zamboanga . In the plebiscite, a majority of votes cast in the original four provinces were in favor of the amendments; outside these areas, only Marawi and the province of Basilan (excluding Isabela City ) opted to be included in

5073-418: The cold months of December to March, especially in high-altitude towns such as Atok, Buguias, Mankayan and Kibungan. In February 2007, Benguet suffered crop damage due to temperatures reaching as low as 7 °C (45 °F). Benguet comprises 13 municipalities , all encompassed by double legislative districts . The highly urbanized city of Baguio , although administratively independent from Benguet,

5162-445: The country. Horticulture and floriculture are practiced in the province. The province supplies flowers to the different municipalities, including Baguio, as well as to Metro Manila , including other parts of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. Roses are produced, particularly in Barangay Bahong in La Trinidad, earning the barangay the title Rose Capital of the Philippines . Apisang (scientific name: Pittosporum resiniferum ),

5251-405: The creation of such necessarily included the power to create legislative districts , which explicitly under the Philippine Constitution was within the sole prerogative of Congress to establish. On July 18, 2008, Hermogenes Esperon , peace advisor to then President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo , in his talks with Moro Islamic Liberation Front rebels in Malaysia , revealed the planned expansion of

5340-526: The disarmament of the group, the reintegration of the militants into mainstream society and the conversion of the militant group into a socio-economic organization. While the group has stopped armed confrontation, the CPLA remain extant as of 2013 still campaigning for greater autonomy in the Cordilleras with about 1,000 members. There are efforts to make a third bid to legalize autonomy in the Cordillera. Bills to establish an Organic Act for an autonomous region in Cordillera include House Bill No. 5595 filed during

5429-447: The enactment of Republic Act No. 4695 . The four provinces were Benguet, Mountain Province , Kalinga-Apayao and Ifugao . On June 22, 1973, as part of the Integrated Organization Plan of President Ferdinand Marcos , Benguet was placed under the jurisdiction of the Ilocos Region . When the Cordillera Administrative Region was established by President Corazon Aquino through Executive Order 220 on July 15, 1987, Benguet

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5518-414: The intention of converting the region to an autonomous one. The provinces of Abra , Benguet and Mountain Province (of the Ilocos Region), and Ifugao and Kalinga-Apayao (of Cagayan Valley ) were annexed as part of the newly created region. Several attempts at legalizing autonomy in the Cordillera region have failed in two separate plebiscites . An affirmative vote for the law on regional autonomy

5607-435: The local government units where these barangays are connected have already opted not to join the ARMM in two instances, 1989 and 2001. On August 4, 2008, after local officials from Cotabato asked the Supreme Court to block the signing of the agreement between the Philippine government and MILF, the Court issued a temporary restraining order against the signing of the Memorandum of Agreement on Ancestral Domain (MOA-AD) between

5696-421: The lowlands. Often, people who go to Baguio also explore the province, especially the strawberry fields in La Trinidad. Higher education in the province is centered in the capital town of La Trinidad , which houses the Main Campus of the only university in Benguet, the Benguet State University (BSU). The university has two satellite campuses in two municipalities; the Buguias Campus at Loo, Buguias , and

5785-615: The major industries in Benguet. Its cool climate and high altitude has made it an ideal place for producing highland vegetables. Benguet is often called the Salad Bowl of the Philippines . The La Trinidad Vegetable Trading Post in the capital town of La Trinidad serves as the hub of vegetable trading in the province, attracting farmers, merchants and traders from the local community and the Philippines' different provinces. Major crops produced which include potatoes , Baguio beans , peas , strawberries , cabbage , broccoli , cauliflower , lettuce , sayote and carrots are shipped throughout

5874-411: The mountains occurred in 1620, when Spanish explorers went into the La Trinidad Valley, followed by a second expedition in 1623, and a third in 1624. This was the last attempt to occupy the Baguio gold mines by the Spanish until the Galvey expeditions (1829-1839). In the 1800s, Spanish colonizers made more serious attempts such as expeditions under Col. Guillermo Galvey and succeeded in establishing

5963-410: The new autonomous region. The ARMM was officially inaugurated on November 6, 1990 in Cotabato City, which was designated as its provisional capital. Muslim Mindanao Autonomy Act No. 42, enacted on September 22, 1995, sought to permanently fix the seat of regional government at Parang in Maguindanao del Norte , pending the completion of required buildings and infrastructure. However, the move to Parang

6052-410: The old La Montañosa , Benguet (along with Amburayan , Apayao , Bontoc, Ifugao , Kalinga , and Lepanto) became sub-provinces of this new province. A year later in 1909, the township of Baguio was abolished upon its conversion into a chartered city. In 1920, portions of the sub-provinces of Amburayan and Lepanto were incorporated into Benguet. Mining companies started operating in the province in

6141-408: The pertinent consultation process, as mandated by EO No. 3, RA 7160, and RA 8371. The furtive process by which the MOA-AD was designed and crafted runs contrary to and in excess of the legal authority, and amounts to a whimsical, capricious, oppressive, arbitrary and despotic exercise thereof. It illustrates a gross evasion of positive duty and a virtual refusal to perform the duty enjoined.” Due to

6230-404: The population is 791,590, with a density of 280/km (725/sq mi). In the May 2000 census, Benguet had a total population of 330,129. This figure is up by 16,296 from 313,833 persons recorded in the 1995 census, giving an annual growth rate of 1.09% during the 5-year period compared to the national average of 2.43%. The province registered 63,123 households, an increase of 4,588 households over

6319-415: The province is culturally and geographically part of the Cordilleras and not the Cagayan Valley. Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao The Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao ( Filipino : Rehiyong Awtonomo ng Muslim Mindanao ; Arabic : الحكم الذاتي الاقليمي لمسلمي مندناو Al-ḥukm adh-dhātī al-'iqlīmī li-muslimī Mindanāu ; ARMM ) was an autonomous region of the Philippines , located in

6408-456: The province of Shariff Kabunsuan from its creation in 2006 until July 16, 2008, when Shariff Kabunsuan ceased to exist as a province after the Supreme Court of the Philippines declared the "Muslim Mindanao Autonomy Act 201", which created it, unconstitutional in Sema v. COMELEC and Dilangalen . On October 7, 2012, President Benigno Aquino III said that the government aimed to have peace in

6497-491: The province. The province's mining vigor has never translated into better quality of life of the Benguet people, simply because a bulk of the mining firm's taxes are not paid directly to the province. The two mining corporations, like many others around the country, have principal offices in the City of Makati, a set-up that makes Makati the prime mining tax beneficiary. The location of Baguio within Benguet draws many tourists from

6586-601: The region calling for the independence of the Cordilleras from the Philippines. The armed Cordillera struggle was derived from the communist rebellion in the Philippines during the regime of President Ferdinand Marcos . The Communist Party of the Philippines and the New People's Army 's goal was to overthrow the Marcos, fight what they perceive as imperialism of the United States, after which they plan to establish

6675-402: The region. The deal, negotiated in secret talks with the MILF and subject to approval, would give the ARMM control of an additional 712 villages on the south west portion of Mindanao, as well as broader political and economic powers. Massive protests, however, greeted the move of the Philippine government and MILF panels in signing a Memorandum of Agreement on Ancestral Domain as a majority of

6764-423: The regional governor who appointed them. The ARMM had a unicameral Regional Legislative Assembly headed by a Speaker. It was composed of three members for every congressional district . The membership at the time of ARMM's abolition was 24, where 6 are from Lanao del Sur including Marawi City , 6 from Maguindanao , 6 from Sulu , 3 from Basilan , and 3 from Tawi-Tawi . The Regional Legislative Assembly

6853-597: The single label, Igorot. Unlike the people in the southern Philippines, the Moro who organized themselves in large polities such as sultanates, the Cordilleran people had independent tribes governed by tribal councils. These are among the facts used to argue for a pan-Cordillera identity. There is a movement for self-determination among the people of the Cordilleras in Luzon , however there were no secessionists in

6942-428: The southwestern tip of the Cordillera Administrative Region . If Baguio is included for geographical purposes, the total area of Benguet is 2,826.59 square kilometres (1,091.35 sq mi). The province is bordered on the northeast by Mountain Province and Ifugao , on the southeast by Nueva Vizcaya , on the south by Pangasinan , on the west by La Union , and on the northwest by Ilocos Sur . Situated within

7031-534: The surrounding lowlands, lured by the abundance of natural resources such as gold, hides, and wax. Two of these groups, the Ibaloi and the Kankanaey , are dominant ethnolinguistic groups of the area. In the pre-conquest period, these tribes enjoyed flourishing trade with lowland groups immediately to their west and south, such as the Pangasinans . Governor Juan "Oraa" Cariño (1913-1918), one of Benguet’s governors,

7120-522: The time when most of the Philippines was under Spanish rule , these sultanates maintained their independence and regularly challenged Spanish domination of the Philippines by conducting raids on Spanish coastal towns in the north and repulsing repeated Spanish incursions in their territory. It was not until the last quarter of the 19th century that the Sultanate of Sulu formally recognized Spanish suzerainty , but these areas remained loosely controlled by

7209-490: Was bestowed on those individuals discovering the gold location, and then developing the property. At the beginning of the Spanish Era , colonisers heard of the rich gold mines in the mountains and attempted to colonize the highlands, but failed. In 1572, Spanish conquistador Juan de Salcedo led a small expedition into the southern part of Benguet, but the natives forced it to retreat. The first major expedition into

7298-519: Was created by virtue of the Republic Act No. 6734 which signed into law by President Corazon Aquino on August 1, 1989. The plebiscite was conducted in the proposed area of ARMM on November 17, 1989, in the provinces of Maguindanao , Lanao del Sur , Sulu , and Tawi-Tawi . The region was strengthened and expanded through the ratification of Republic Act No. 9054, amending for the purpose of Republic Act No. 6734, entitled "An Act Providing for

7387-745: Was made one of its provinces. The Baguio Mining District consists of Late Cretaceous ophiolite basement rocks . These are overlain by Eocene back arc tholeiitic Pugo Metavolcanics . These grade into the Dalupirip Schist , which is separated from the Early Oligocene - Early Miocene sedimentary Zigzag Formation by an unconformity . The Zigzag is composed of deep depositional environment interbedded green sandstones , red siltstones , oligomicitc conglomerates , and minor limestone units. The late Early Miocene -early Middle Miocene reefal Kennon Limestone overlays

7476-477: Was never made. Until the passage of Republic Act No. 9054 in 2001, which directed the ARMM Regional Government to once again fix a new permanent seat of government in an area within its jurisdiction, Cotabato City remained the de facto seat of ARMM's government. A new law, Republic Act No. 9054 , was passed by Congress on February 7, 2001, with a view to expand the territory and powers of

7565-557: Was nominally disestablished after the ratification of BOL and will be effectively replaced by the BARMM upon the constitution of the Bangsamoro Transition Authority , an interim government for the region. The law was "deemed ratified" on January 25, 2019, following the January 21 plebiscite . The Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) was situated in mainland Mindanao in the southern Philippines and

7654-460: Was noted that the replica does not mean that the campaign to reconstruct the palace in Maimbung has stopped as the replica does not manifest the true essence of a Sulu royal palace. In 2013, Maimbung was officially designated as the royal capital of the Sultanate of Sulu by the remaining members of the Sulu royal family. Benguet Benguet ( IPA: [bɛŋˈɡɛt] ), officially

7743-659: Was the first Filipino governor. The Kankanaey occupied the northern highlands of the province, while the Ibaloy occupied the southern portion, while all Igorots practiced animism and ancestor worship . Rituals were proscribed by the priests, mambunong . The economy of the region was based on rice terraces , root crop swidden farming , livestock raising, hunting, foraging, plus the mining and trading of gold. These Igorot gold mines were located in Suyoc, Tabio, Acupan, and Antamok. Gold panning took place in placer deposits along

7832-691: Was the legislative branch of the ARMM government. The regular members (3 members/district) and sectoral representatives, had three-year terms; maximum of three consecutive terms. It exercised legislative power in the autonomous region, except on the following matters: foreign affairs, national defense and security, postal service, coinage and fiscal and monetary policies, administration of justice, quarantine, customs and tariff, citizenship, naturalization, immigration and deportation, general auditing, national elections, maritime, land, and air transportation, communications, patents, trademarks, trade names, and copyrights, foreign trade, and may legislate on matters covered by

7921-531: Was used to make the Daru Jambangan (Palace of Flowers) in Maimbung , Sulu. The palace was destroyed during the American period due to a typhoon in 1932, and was never rebuilt. It used to be the largest royal palace built in the Philippines. A campaign to faithfully re-establish it in Maimbung town has been ongoing since 1933. A very small replica of the palace was made in a nearby town in the 2010s, but it

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