Misplaced Pages

#872127

48-465: Cordyceps / ˈ k ɔːr d ɪ s ɛ p s / is a genus of ascomycete fungi (sac fungi) that includes about 750 species worldwide, 200 of these species are parasitic. Diverse variants of cordyceps have had more than 1,500 years of use in Chinese medicine . Most Cordyceps species are endoparasitoids , parasitic mainly on insects and other arthropods (they are thus entomopathogenic fungi );

96-414: A 40-issue run on the imprint's flagship title Hellblazer as well as the spin-off graphic novel All His Engines , several creator-owned endeavors, such as the six-part mini-series Faker with art by Jock and the ongoing series Crossing Midnight with artist Jim Fern , and two more The Sandman spin-offs in the form of graphic novels, The Sandman Presents: The Furies and God Save

144-411: A child, he maintained an interest in comics, writing and drawing primitive stories to entertain his younger brother. He studied English at St Peter's College, Oxford and, upon graduation, became a teacher. He taught for 15 years before moving on to writing comics. After a series of one-off jobs for independent comics companies, including a biographical Ozzy Osbourne comic and a fantasy tale starring

192-580: A comic which then would be used during its production. In 2014, Carey published another novel, The Girl with All the Gifts . That same year, the screenplay of the same name , written by Carey concurrently with the novel, appeared on the Brit List . Filming began in May 2015, with Colm McCarthy directing and Gemma Arterton , Paddy Considine , Glenn Close and Sennia Nanua starring. The story, depicting

240-470: A dark place in which to die and release the fungal spores, enabling the parasite to complete its life cycle. Scientific American comments that by combining a plausible mechanism with effective artistic design, the series gains "both scientific rigor and beauty". In similar vein, Cordyceps causes a pandemic that wipes out most of humanity in Mike Carey 's 2014 postapocalyptic novel The Girl with All

288-600: A few are parasitic on other fungi. The generic name Cordyceps is derived from the ancient Greek κορδύλη kordýlē , meaning "club", and the Latin -ceps , meaning "-headed". The genus has a worldwide distribution, with most of the known species being from Asia. There are two recognized subgenera : Cordyceps sensu stricto are the teleomorphs of a number of anamorphic , entomopathogenic fungus "genera" such as Beauveria ( Cordyceps bassiana ), Septofusidium , and Lecanicillium . Cordyceps subgen. Epichloe

336-721: A host, the mycelium invades and eventually replaces the host tissue, while the elongated fruit body ( ascocarp ) may be cylindrical, branched, or of complex shape. The ascocarp bears many small, flask-shaped perithecia containing asci . These, in turn, contain thread-like ascospores , which usually break into fragments and are presumably infective. Polysaccharide components and the nucleoside cordycepin isolated from C. militaris are under basic research , but more advanced clinical research has been limited and too low in quality to identify any therapeutic potential of cordyceps components. Along with Ophiocordyceps , Cordyceps has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine in

384-651: A later homonym of a validly published name is a nomen illegitimum or nom. illeg. ; for a full list refer to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants and the work cited above by Hawksworth, 2010. In place of the "valid taxon" in zoology, the nearest equivalent in botany is " correct name " or "current name" which can, again, differ or change with alternative taxonomic treatments or new information that results in previously accepted genera being combined or split. Prokaryote and virus codes of nomenclature also exist which serve as

432-628: A long time and redescribed as new by a range of subsequent workers, or if a range of genera previously considered separate taxa have subsequently been consolidated into one. For example, the World Register of Marine Species presently lists 8 genus-level synonyms for the sperm whale genus Physeter Linnaeus, 1758, and 13 for the bivalve genus Pecten O.F. Müller, 1776. Within the same kingdom, one generic name can apply to one genus only. However, many names have been assigned (usually unintentionally) to two or more different genera. For example,

480-409: A reference for designating currently accepted genus names as opposed to others which may be either reduced to synonymy, or, in the case of prokaryotes, relegated to a status of "names without standing in prokaryotic nomenclature". An available (zoological) or validly published (botanical) name that has been historically applied to a genus but is not regarded as the accepted (current/valid) name for

528-427: A taxon; however, the names published in suppressed works are made unavailable via the relevant Opinion dealing with the work in question. In botany, similar concepts exist but with different labels. The botanical equivalent of zoology's "available name" is a validly published name . An invalidly published name is a nomen invalidum or nom. inval. ; a rejected name is a nomen rejiciendum or nom. rej. ;

SECTION 10

#1732782458873

576-518: A three-year stint on Hellblazer , as well as his creator-owned titles Crossing Midnight and The Unwritten for DC Comics ' Vertigo imprint, a lengthy run on Marvel 's X-Men , the 2014 novel The Girl with All the Gifts and its 2016 film adaptation . Carey was born in Liverpool , England, in 1959. He describes his young self as "one of those ominously quiet kids... [who] lived so much inside my own head I only had vestigial limbs". As

624-455: A total of c. 520,000 published names (including synonyms) as at end 2019, increasing at some 2,500 published generic names per year. "Official" registers of taxon names at all ranks, including genera, exist for a few groups only such as viruses and prokaryotes, while for others there are compendia with no "official" standing such as Index Fungorum for fungi, Index Nominum Algarum and AlgaeBase for algae, Index Nominum Genericorum and

672-612: Is discouraged by both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants , there are some five thousand such names in use in more than one kingdom. For instance, A list of generic homonyms (with their authorities), including both available (validly published) and selected unavailable names, has been compiled by the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG). The type genus forms

720-460: Is somewhat arbitrary. Although all species within a genus are supposed to be "similar", there are no objective criteria for grouping species into genera. There is much debate among zoologists about whether enormous, species-rich genera should be maintained, as it is extremely difficult to come up with identification keys or even character sets that distinguish all species. Hence, many taxonomists argue in favor of breaking down large genera. For instance,

768-474: Is the type species , and the generic name is permanently associated with the type specimen of its type species. Should the specimen turn out to be assignable to another genus, the generic name linked to it becomes a junior synonym and the remaining taxa in the former genus need to be reassessed. In zoological usage, taxonomic names, including those of genera, are classified as "available" or "unavailable". Available names are those published in accordance with

816-621: The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ; the earliest such name for any taxon (for example, a genus) should then be selected as the " valid " (i.e., current or accepted) name for the taxon in question. Consequently, there will be more available names than valid names at any point in time; which names are currently in use depending on the judgement of taxonomists in either combining taxa described under multiple names, or splitting taxa which may bring available names previously treated as synonyms back into use. "Unavailable" names in zoology comprise names that either were not published according to

864-824: The International Plant Names Index for plants in general, and ferns through angiosperms, respectively, and Nomenclator Zoologicus and the Index to Organism Names for zoological names. Totals for both "all names" and estimates for "accepted names" as held in the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG) are broken down further in the publication by Rees et al., 2020 cited above. The accepted names estimates are as follows, broken down by kingdom: The cited ranges of uncertainty arise because IRMNG lists "uncertain" names (not researched therein) in addition to known "accepted" names;

912-419: The nomenclature codes , which allow each species a single unique name that, for animals (including protists ), plants (also including algae and fungi ) and prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ), is Latin and binomial in form; this contrasts with common or vernacular names , which are non-standardized, can be non-unique, and typically also vary by country and language of usage. Except for viruses ,

960-404: The platypus belongs to the genus Ornithorhynchus although George Shaw named it Platypus in 1799 (these two names are thus synonyms ) . However, the name Platypus had already been given to a group of ambrosia beetles by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793. A name that means two different things is a homonym . Since beetles and platypuses are both members of the kingdom Animalia,

1008-556: The " Secret Invasion " crossover storyline, the four-issue mini-series Secret Invasion: X-Men and an eight-page story in the one-shot anthology Secret Invasion: Who Do You Trust? featuring Abigail Brand of S.W.O.R.D. , a retelling of Beast 's origin story as part of the X-Men: Origins line and an Iceman serial in the X-Men: Manifest Destiny anthology series. Other work for Marvel includes

SECTION 20

#1732782458873

1056-449: The Gifts and its 2016 film adaptation . In this case, an infected person becomes a "hungry", a zombie thirsting for blood. In the fiction, Dr. Caldwell explains that the human-infecting fungus is a mutated form of Ophiocordyceps unilateralis (a group of species now split off from Cordyceps ) which alters the behaviour of infected insects. The children of infected mothers, however, become "hybrids" with antibodies protecting them against

1104-581: The Queen , both created with artist John Bolton . In 2009, Carey launched his longest creator-owned series to date, The Unwritten , co-created with the Lucifer collaborator Peter Gross and featuring covers by Yuko Shimizu . Other work for DC Comics includes the long-delayed reboot of Wildstorm 's Wetworks and two graphic novels for the Minx imprint aimed at the teenage female audience, one of which

1152-492: The band Pantera , Carey became a contributor to the British comics anthology 2000 AD , where he co-created the original series Thirteen and Carver Hale , and wrote two series for The Sandman Presents line published by DC Comics ' Vertigo imprint, Lucifer and Petrefax . Lucifer was subsequently extended into an ongoing series, which Carey wrote for its entire 75-issue run. Further work for Vertigo includes

1200-442: The base for higher taxonomic ranks, such as the family name Canidae ("Canids") based on Canis . However, this does not typically ascend more than one or two levels: the order to which dogs and wolves belong is Carnivora ("Carnivores"). The numbers of either accepted, or all published genus names is not known precisely; Rees et al., 2020 estimate that approximately 310,000 accepted names (valid taxa) may exist, out of

1248-434: The belief it can be used to treat diseases. There is no strong scientific evidence for such uses. The video game series The Last of Us (2013–present) and its television adaptation present Cordyceps as a deadly threat to the human race, its parasitism powerful enough to result in global calamity. The result is a zombie apocalypse and the collapse of human civilization. Scientific American notes that some species in

1296-878: The comic book adaptation of Orson Scott Card 's Ender's Shadow . Carey's first novel, The Devil You Know , was released in the UK by Orbit books in April 2006, and as a hardcover in the US in July 2007. Its sequel, Vicious Circle , was published in October 2006, and the following three novels in the series, Dead Men's Boots , Thicker Than Water , and The Naming of the Beasts , followed in September 2007, March 2009 and September 2009, respectively. What would have been Carey's first feature film,

1344-683: The erotic ghost story Frost Flowers , was reported to be in pre-production in June 2006, with filming to begin that September under the direction of Andrea Vecchiato. Carey was also reported to work on the TV adaptation of his comic book series The Stranded , a co-production between Virgin Comics and the Syfy network. Also for Virgin, Carey took part in the short-lived Coalition Comix project created in association with Myspace , where users could suggest ideas for

1392-446: The form "author, year" in zoology, and "standard abbreviated author name" in botany. Thus in the examples above, the genus Canis would be cited in full as " Canis Linnaeus, 1758" (zoological usage), while Hibiscus , also first established by Linnaeus but in 1753, is simply " Hibiscus L." (botanical usage). Each genus should have a designated type , although in practice there is a backlog of older names without one. In zoology, this

1440-456: The fungus. Genus The composition of a genus is determined by taxonomists . The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: Moreover, genera should be composed of phylogenetic units of

1488-737: The generic name (or its abbreviated form) still forms the leading portion of the scientific name, for example, Canis lupus lupus for the Eurasian wolf subspecies, or as a botanical example, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus . Also, as visible in the above examples, the Latinised portions of the scientific names of genera and their included species (and infraspecies, where applicable) are, by convention, written in italics . The scientific names of virus species are descriptive, not binomial in form, and may or may not incorporate an indication of their containing genus; for example,

Cordyceps - Misplaced Pages Continue

1536-559: The genus "are indeed body snatchers–they have been making real zombies for millions of years", though of ants or tarantulas , not of humans. The Last of Us proceeds from the premise that a new species of Cordyceps manages to jump between species of host, just as diseases like influenza have done. Its human hosts initially become violent "infected" beings, before turning into blind zombie "clickers", complete with fungal "fruiting bodies sprouting from their faces". In an additional detail that reflects Cordyceps biology, "clickers" then seek out

1584-633: The largest component, with 23,236 ± 5,379 accepted genus names, of which 20,845 ± 4,494 are angiosperms (superclass Angiospermae). By comparison, the 2018 annual edition of the Catalogue of Life (estimated >90% complete, for extant species in the main) contains currently 175,363 "accepted" genus names for 1,744,204 living and 59,284 extinct species, also including genus names only (no species) for some groups. The number of species in genera varies considerably among taxonomic groups. For instance, among (non-avian) reptiles , which have about 1180 genera,

1632-407: The lizard genus Anolis has been suggested to be broken down into 8 or so different genera which would bring its ~400 species to smaller, more manageable subsets. Mike Carey (writer) Mike Carey (born 1959), also known by his pen name M. R. Carey , is a British writer of comic books, novels and films, whose credits include the long-running The Sandman spin-off series Lucifer ,

1680-403: The most (>300) have only 1 species, ~360 have between 2 and 4 species, 260 have 5–10 species, ~200 have 11–50 species, and only 27 genera have more than 50 species. However, some insect genera such as the bee genera Lasioglossum and Andrena have over 1000 species each. The largest flowering plant genus, Astragalus , contains over 3,000 species. Which species are assigned to a genus

1728-428: The name could not be used for both. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800. However, a genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic name (or the name of a taxon in another rank) in a kingdom that is governed by a different nomenclature code. Names with the same form but applying to different taxa are called "homonyms". Although this

1776-541: The provisions of the ICZN Code, e.g., incorrect original or subsequent spellings, names published only in a thesis, and generic names published after 1930 with no type species indicated. According to "Glossary" section of the zoological Code, suppressed names (per published "Opinions" of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature) remain available but cannot be used as the valid name for

1824-470: The same kind as other (analogous) genera. The term "genus" comes from Latin genus , a noun form cognate with gignere ('to bear; to give birth to'). The Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus popularized its use in his 1753 Species Plantarum , but the French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) is considered "the founder of the modern concept of genera". The scientific name (or

1872-408: The scientific epithet) of a genus is also called the generic name ; in modern style guides and science, it is always capitalised. It plays a fundamental role in binomial nomenclature , the system of naming organisms , where it is combined with the scientific name of a species : see Botanical name and Specific name (zoology) . The rules for the scientific names of organisms are laid down in

1920-497: The specific name particular to the wolf. A botanical example would be Hibiscus arnottianus , a particular species of the genus Hibiscus native to Hawaii. The specific name is written in lower-case and may be followed by subspecies names in zoology or a variety of infraspecific names in botany . When the generic name is already known from context, it may be shortened to its initial letter, for example, C. lupus in place of Canis lupus . Where species are further subdivided,

1968-412: The standard format for a species name comprises the generic name, indicating the genus to which the species belongs, followed by the specific epithet, which (within that genus) is unique to the species. For example, the gray wolf 's scientific name is Canis lupus , with Canis ( Latin for 'dog') being the generic name shared by the wolf's close relatives and lupus (Latin for 'wolf') being

Cordyceps - Misplaced Pages Continue

2016-403: The taxon is termed a synonym ; some authors also include unavailable names in lists of synonyms as well as available names, such as misspellings, names previously published without fulfilling all of the requirements of the relevant nomenclatural code, and rejected or suppressed names. A particular genus name may have zero to many synonyms, the latter case generally if the genus has been known for

2064-461: The type species C. militaris ). As a result, it became its own genus, absorbing new members. The 2007 study also peeled off Metacordyceps (anamorph Metarhizium , Pochonia ) and Elaphocordyceps . A number of species remain unclearly assigned and provisionally retained in Cordyceps sensu lato . The following species are recognised in the genus Cordyceps : When Cordyceps attacks

2112-576: The values quoted are the mean of "accepted" names alone (all "uncertain" names treated as unaccepted) and "accepted + uncertain" names (all "uncertain" names treated as accepted), with the associated range of uncertainty indicating these two extremes. Within Animalia, the largest phylum is Arthropoda , with 151,697 ± 33,160 accepted genus names, of which 114,387 ± 27,654 are insects (class Insecta). Within Plantae, Tracheophyta (vascular plants) make up

2160-429: The virus species " Salmonid herpesvirus 1 ", " Salmonid herpesvirus 2 " and " Salmonid herpesvirus 3 " are all within the genus Salmonivirus ; however, the genus to which the species with the formal names " Everglades virus " and " Ross River virus " are assigned is Alphavirus . As with scientific names at other ranks, in all groups other than viruses, names of genera may be cited with their authorities, typically in

2208-478: Was at one time a subgenus, but is now regarded as a separate genus, Epichloë . Cordyceps subgen. Ophiocordyceps was at one time a subgenus defined by morphology. Nuclear DNA sampling done in 2007 shows that members, including " C. sinensis " and " C. unilateralis ", as well as some others not placed in the subgenus, were distantly related to most of the remainder of species then placed in Cordyceps (e.g.

2256-462: Was co-written by Carey with his daughter Louise. In 2003, Carey was announced as the new writer of the Firestorm ongoing series, however, he left the project few months after the announcement as the editors wanted to take it in a different direction. The series was launched in 2004 with Dan Jolley as the writer. In 2006, Carey took over the writing duties of Marvel 's X-Men series, which

2304-467: Was soon rebranded into X-Men: Legacy . He saw the title through a number of inter-title crossovers between the various X-Men books such as " Endangered Species ", " Messiah Complex ", "Original Sin" (a crossover between X-Men: Legacy and Wolverine: Origins that was tentatively titled "Dark Deception") and " Age of X ". Carey wrote X-Men: Legacy for six years and contributed a number of X-Men stories to other publications, such as two tie-ins to

#872127