Frank Nikolaas Pieke (born 23 September 1957 in Amsterdam ) is a Dutch cultural anthropologist and expert on modern China . He was director and CEO of the Mercator Institute for China Studies (MERICS) in Berlin but served less than two years of what was meant to be a five year term.
97-489: The Core Socialist Values is a set of official interpretations of the Chinese Communist Party's ideology of socialism with Chinese characteristics promoted at its 18th National Congress in 2012. The 12 values, written in 24 Chinese characters , are the national values of "prosperity", "democracy", "civility" and "harmony"; the social values of "freedom", "equality", "justice" and the "rule of law"; and
194-490: A 'socialist market economy' with Chinese characteristics." Marxism in its core is, according to Jiang Zemin, methodology and the goal of a future, classless society , not analyses of class and of the contradictions between different classes. Karl Marx argued that society went through different stages of development, and believed that the capitalist mode of production was the fourth stage. The stages were: primitive communism , slavery , feudal , capitalist, socialist , and
291-457: A betrayal of basic Marxist values, supporters viewed it as a further development of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The theory is most notable for allowing capitalists, officially referred to as the "new social strata", to join the party on the grounds that they engaged in "honest labor and work" and through their labour contributed "to build[ing] socialism with Chinese characteristics." Jiang contended that capitalists should be able to join
388-401: A country and a people. Without this independent ethos, our political, intellectual, cultural and institutional independence will have the rug pulled out from under it. The 2015 National Security Law 's article on cultural security requires the state to uphold socialist core values. In 2016, Hunan Province officials responded to the campaign by organizing a series of dance routines to "spread
485-499: A focus on the economy to cultural power; or, if one wished to extrapolate, an attempt to cement legitimacy through the creation of a new cultural order, consent to which might be regarded as "essential for long-term social stability". Liu Ruisheng, a researcher of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences School of Journalism, criticizes the governments attempts more generally as simply lacking the same depth of value promotion in
582-533: A great deal of effort into the party schools and crafting its ideological message. Before the " Practice Is the Sole Criterion for Truth " campaign, the relationship between ideology and decision-making was a deductive one, meaning that policy-making was derived from ideological knowledge. Under Deng, this relationship was turned upside down, with decision-making justifying ideology and not the other way around. Lastly, Chinese policy-makers believe that one of
679-426: A high-level meeting that promotional campaigns for 'Core Socialist Values' should be thorough, to the extent that public support for Chinese-style socialism will be "as ubiquitous as the air". Another quote from 2014 further elaborates his position: We need to energetically foster and promote core socialist values; promptly establish a value system that fully reflects Chinese characteristics, our national identity, and
776-458: A market economy in which private property plays the predominant role, as the basis unlike the Chinese socialist market economy in which public ownership is the basis. The rallying cries of the liberal revolutions in the 17th and 18th century she notes was "Private property is sacred and inviolable, and constitutional governance was established around this premise. While things have changed since
873-471: A new program. In 2012, the building of a system of "Core Socialist Values" was proposed to address what was perceived as a moral crisis resulting from China's rapid economic development, which the People's Daily refers to as the "decayed, outdated ideals of mammonism and extreme individualism." At the 18th National Congress, Party general secretary Hu Jintao represented the 17th Central Committee and presented
970-693: A policy was obsolete or not, the party had to " seek truth from facts " and follow the slogan "practice is the sole criterion of the truth". At the 6th plenum of the 11th Central Committee, the Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China was adopted. The resolution separated Mao the person from Mao Zedong Thought, claiming that Mao had contravened Mao Zedong Thought during his rule. While
1067-458: A political one. — Deng Xiaoping during a conversation with Yang Shangkun and Premier Li in 1990. Both Chen Yun and Deng supported the formation of a private market. At the 8th National Congress, Chen first proposed an economy where the socialist sector would be dominant, with the private economy in a secondary role. He believed that by following the " Ten Major Relationships ", an article by Mao on how to proceed with socialist construction,
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#17327804718921164-642: A system with multi-party elections , rotational government and parliaments looks more democratic, it is in fact beholden to the interests of the bourgeoisie, and not the people. In contrast, the people's democratic system with People's Congresses realizes popular sovereignty through a mixture electoral and consultative democracy. Unlike in parliamentary democracies, Yang adds, people standing for elections for seats in people's congresses are state financed, thus giving every candidate an equal chance of getting elected. Yang claims that; All political parties [in China] bear
1261-496: A vehicle supporting socialism. This event will occur through capitalism's own contradictions. These contradictions are, according to party theorist Yue Yi from the Academy of Social Sciences , "that between private ownership of the means of production and socialized production . This contradiction has manifested itself globally as the following contradictions; the contradiction between planned and regulated national economies and
1358-535: A vision of the contradictions in capitalist society and of the inevitability of a future socialist and communist society. Marx and Engels first created the theory behind Marxist party building ; Lenin developed it in practice before, during and after the Russian Revolution of 1917. Lenin's biggest achievement came in party-building, through concepts such as the vanguard party of the working class and democratic centralism . The 1929 Gutian Congress
1455-420: Is no freedom for the labouring people to be free from exploitation. Where there is bourgeois democracy, there is no democracy of the proletariat or the working people. [...] democracy and freedom are relative, not absolute, they all occur and develop in history — Mao Zedong Yang states that people's democracy, unlike parliamentary democracy, realizes the principle of " popular sovereignty ". The basis for
1552-525: Is superior to capitalism". The official communiqué of the 3rd plenum of the 11th Central Committee included the words: "integrate the universal principles of Marxism–Leninism–Mao Zedong Thought with the concrete practice of socialist modernization and develop it under the new historical conditions". With the words "new historical conditions", the CCP had in fact made it possible to view the old, Maoist ideology as obsolete (or at least certain tenets). To know if
1649-557: Is the democracy of the bourgeoisie , in reality, it is a monopolized democracy, and is nothing more than multi-party competitive elections, a tripartite separation of powers and a bicameral system . Our system is the system of the People's Congresses, it is the people's democracy system under the leadership of the Communist Party, we cannot do those Western ways. — Deng Xiaoping, the CCP paramount leader, on importing bourgeois/ liberal democracy to China. Yang Xiaoqing in
1746-483: Is the ultimate has been shaken, and socialist development has experienced a miracle. Western capitalism has suffered reversals, a financial crisis, a credit crisis, a crisis of confidence, and their self-conviction has wavered. Western countries have begun to reflect, and openly or secretively compare themselves against China's politics, economy and path. — Xi Jinping , the CCP General Secretary, on
1843-529: Is true", Yang Chao's "The heaven's are full of rain, wind and worry, for the Revolution, it is unnecessary to fear losing one's head" and Fang Zhimin 's statement that "The enemy can only cut off our heads, but cannot shake our beliefs!" The author suggest that these men were incorruptible because they carried the party's ideals and convictions. The dissolution of the Soviet Union, the writer suggests,
1940-673: Is under the control of the National People's Congress (NPC) and its Standing Committee (SC). The NPC (or the SC), are responsible for supervising the implementation of the constitution, and judicial organs are granted judicial independence (through their respective people's congresses). These courts are not subject to interference by groups or individuals and are solely responsible to the people's congresses at their respective level. As Yang puts it; Frank N. Pieke Frank N. Pieke studied cultural anthropology and Chinese studies at
2037-612: The 16th Central Committee , the CCP leadership under General Secretary Hu Jintao expressed the need to create a new value system, referred to as the Core Socialist Values . In his speech, entitled "Resolution on Major Issues Concerning the Building of a Socialist Harmonious Society", to the 16th Plenary Session Hu Jintao stated; The guiding ideology of Marxism, the common ideal of the socialism with Chinese characteristics,
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#17327804718922134-466: The 16th National Congress , the Three Represents became a constant theme for Jiang Zemin. In his speech at the anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China, Jiang Zemin said that "[The CCP] must always represent the development trend of China's advanced productive forces, the orientation of China's advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of
2231-589: The 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre , the line between right and left within the CCP became clearer. The rift became visible in the run-up to the 7th plenum of the 13th National Congress (in 1990), when problems arose concerning China's 8th Five-Year Plan . The draft for the 8th Five-Year Plan, supervised by Premier Li Peng and Deputy Premier Yao Yilin , openly endorsed Chen Yun's economic view that planning should be primary, coupled with slow, balanced growth. Li went further and directly contradicted Deng, stating, "Reform and opening up should not be taken as
2328-512: The Campaign against spiritual pollution . In 1986, the focus shifted to eliminating "bourgeois liberalization". The terms "spiritual pollution" and "bourgeois liberalization" did not have consensus definitions, and different elements of the Party used them differently to characterize behaviour they deemed ideologically unacceptable. The term "socialism with Chinese characteristics" was added to
2425-557: The University of Amsterdam and the University of California, Berkeley , where he received his PhD in cultural anthropology in 1992. From 1995 to 2010, Pieke taught Modern Politics and Society of China at St Cross College , University of Oxford . He was the founding director of the Oxford China Centre from 2007 to 2010. In 2010 he was appointed as the chair professor of Modern China Studies at Leiden University in
2522-454: The dot-com bubble of the 1990s, that has caused unbalanced development and polarization , and widened the gap between rich and poor. These contradictions will lead to the inevitable demise of capitalism and the resultant dominance of socialism. In 2007, Hu Jintao noted in a speech that "people's democracy is the lifeblood of socialism ... without democracy there can be no socialism, and there can be no socialist modernization." Democracy, in
2619-464: The market economy , therefore does not have one specific class character (either socialist or capitalist) according to the party. The instance that globalization is not fixed in nature, comes from Deng's insistence that China can pursue socialist modernization by incorporating elements of capitalism. Because of this there is considerable optimism within the CCP that despite the current capitalist dominance of globalization, globalization can be turned into
2716-473: The socialist market economy , Jiang Zemin 's idea of the Three Represents , and Hu Jintao 's Scientific Outlook on Development . In the early days of the CCP, the prevailing nationalism and populism in 1910s China played an important part in the ideology of early communists such as Li Dazhao and Mao Zedong . On the one hand, Marxism was a spiritual utopia to the early communists, while, on
2813-482: The " Chinese democratic revolution ". Yang claims that the introduction of constitutionalism in any form would lead to the fall of the CCP, and even claims that socialist constitutionalism of the Soviet Union and the former socialist states was a main factor contributing to their downfall. While not writing negatively about the system of checks and balances as it exists in the United States, Yang claims that
2910-480: The 100-year horizon comes from serious political theorists". The Marxist concept of contradiction is an important feature of Chinese ideological discourse. Within Marxism, a contradiction is a relationship in which two forces oppose each other, leading to mutual development. Identifying the principal contradiction in a given place and time is of particular importance to political and ideological analysis. During
3007-463: The 17th and 18th centuries the basic premise remains the same in Western societies; a small government which protects the interests of private property. In fact, there is only concrete freedom in the world, and concrete democracy, there is no abstract freedom or abstract democracy. In class struggle societies, where there is the freedom for the exploiting classes to exploit the labouring people, there
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3104-420: The CCP believed that China was in the primary stage of socialism, and therefore needed market relations to develop into a socialist society. Two years earlier, Su had tried to internationalize the term "primary stage of socialism" by claiming that socialism contained three different production phases. China was currently in the first phase, while the Soviet Union and the remaining Eastern Bloc countries were in
3201-407: The CCP could remain on the socialist road while also supporting private property. Chen Yun conceived of the bird-cage theory, where the bird represents the free market and the cage represents a central plan. Chen proposed that a balance should be found between "setting the bird free" and choking the bird with a central plan that was too restrictive. Between the time of the 13th National Congress and
3298-472: The CCP does not have an ideology, and that the party organization is pragmatic and interested only in what works. The CCP claims otherwise. For instance, CCP general secretary Hu Jintao stated in 2012 that the Western world is "threatening to divide us" and that "the international culture of the West is strong while we are weak ... ideological and cultural fields are our main targets". The CCP did not put
3395-471: The CCP's constitution at the 12th National Congress, without a definition of the term. At the 13th National Congress , held in 1987, Zhao Ziyang , the CCP General Secretary, claimed that socialism with Chinese characteristics was the "integration of the fundamental tenets of Marxism with the modernization drive in China" and was " scientific socialism rooted in the realities of present-day China". By this time
3492-403: The CCP's formal commitment to Marxism with the introduction of the ideological theory, the Three Represents . Party theorist Leng Rong disagrees: "President Jiang rid the Party of the ideological obstacles to different kinds of ownership [...] He did not give up Marxism or socialism. He strengthened the Party by providing a modern understanding of Marxism and socialism—which is why we talk about
3589-434: The CCP's understanding of the word, does not mean democracy as practiced in liberal democracies . Instead it means the creation of a more balanced, equal society, "with socialism bringing about social justice . The CCP still believes that it leads through the unity of the peasant and working classes. Stability is needed for the further development of democracy and socialism. Democracy as interpreted in capitalist societies
3686-577: The Central Party School, Jiang said it did not matter if a certain mechanism was capitalist or socialist, the key question was whether it worked. Jiang's speech is notable since it introduced the term socialist market economy , which replaced Chen Yun's "planned socialist market economy". In a later Politburo meeting, members voted unanimously, in old communist fashion, to continue with reform and opening up. Knowing that he had lost, Chen Yun gave in, and claimed that because of new conditions,
3783-596: The Chinese Communist Party The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) frames its ideology as Marxism–Leninism adapted to the historical context of China, often expressing it as socialism with Chinese characteristics . Major ideological contributions of the CCP's leadership are viewed as "Thought" or "Theory," with "Thought" carrying greater weight. Influential concepts include Mao Zedong Thought , Deng Xiaoping Theory , and Xi Jinping Thought . Other important concepts include
3880-416: The Communist Party of the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin when he introduced the planned economy . Adrian Chan, the author of Chinese Marxism , opposes this view: "To Stalin, the development of productive forces was the prerequisite for the Soviet Union to become communist." He further argues that such a view does not make sense in light of the different situations; Stalin emphasized production because of
3977-474: The Dengist mantra that planning and markets were only two different ways in which to regulate economic activity. By that time, the party had begun preparing for the 14th National Congress . Deng threatened to withdraw his support for Jiang Zemin's reelection as CCP General Secretary if Jiang did not accept reformist policies. At the 8th plenum of the 13th Central Committee, in 1991, the conservatives still held
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4074-516: The Four Modernizations", published in 1978, argued that economic laws were objective, on par with natural laws . He insisted that economic laws were no more negotiable "than the law of gravity ". Hu's conclusion was that the party was responsible for the socialist economy's acting on these economic laws. He believed that only an economy based on the individual would satisfy these laws, since "such an economy would be in accord with
4171-519: The Mao Zedong era, China's principal contradiction was described as the class struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoise. As China engaged in Reform and Opening Up, Deng Xiaoping identified the principal contradiction as the contradiction between the people's growing material and cultural needs versus backwards social production. In this view, economic development replaced class struggle as
4268-430: The Party's central task. Xi Jinping defines China's principal contradiction as unbalanced and inadequate development versus the people's needs for a better life. While it has been argued that the reforms introduced by the CCP under Deng were a rejection of the party's Marxist heritage and ideology, the CCP does not view it as such. The rationale behind the reforms was that the productive forces of China lagged behind
4365-481: The Scientific Outlook on Development on China, the CCP must adhere to building a Harmonious Socialist Society . According to Hu Jintao, the concept is a sub-ideology of socialism with Chinese characteristics. It is a further adaptation of Marxism to the specific conditions of China, and a concept open to change. Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is summarized in
4462-623: The Soviet Union's backwardness in all areas, while in China, the reforms were seen as one way to further develop the productive forces. These interpretations, while not in agreement, shed light on the fact that Chinese socialism did change during the Deng era. In 1987, the Beijing Review stated that the achievements of socialism were "evaluated according to the level of the productive forces". CCP theoretician and former Politburo member Hu Qiaomu in his thesis "Observe economic laws, speed up
4559-489: The abolishment of the Central Advisory Commission (CAC). Chen Yun retaliated by naming Bo Yibo to succeed him as CAC chairman. Indeed, when the 7th plenum of the 13th Central Committee did in fact convene, nothing notable took place, with both sides trying not to widen the ideological gap even further. The resolution of the 7th plenum did contain a great deal of ideological language ("firmly follow
4656-403: The advanced culture and ideology developed by the party-state. In 1986, to end this deficiency, the CCP came to the conclusion that the main contradiction in Chinese society was that between the backward productive forces and the advanced culture and ideology of China. By doing this, they deemphasized class struggle , and contradicted both Mao and Karl Marx, who both considered that class struggle
4753-458: The argument is that in a parliamentary democracy, a system in which ordinary people can vote for different parties, the parties available are in the pockets of the bourgeoisie. Parties can only win, Yang claims, if they have enough money—when parties have money, they get it from the bourgeoisie. This relationship turns the political parties contesting the election to subservient tools of the bourgeoisie, and makes them govern in their interest. While
4850-546: The article "A Comparative Study of Constitutional Governance and the People's Democratic Regime", published in the CCP's theoretical journal Qiushi in 2013, argues that the people's democratic dictatorship and Western constitutional government are mutually exclusive. She notes, in line with classical Marxist theory, that constitutionalism in general fits with the capitalist mode of production and bourgeois democracy, and does not fit in with China's socialist system of people's democratic dictatorship. Constitutional government has
4947-407: The cause of building socialism with Chinese characteristics. The 3rd plenum of the 16th Central Committee conceived and formulated the ideology of Scientific Outlook on Development. This concept is generally considered to be Hu Jintao's contribution to the official ideological discourse. It is considered a continuation and creative development of ideologies advanced by previous CCP leaders. To apply
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#17327804718925044-417: The communist mode of production. The attainment of true "communism" is described as the CCP's and China's "ultimate goal". While the CCP claims that China is in the primary stage of socialism , party theorists argue that the current development stage "looks a lot like capitalism". Alternately, certain party theorists argue that "capitalism is the early or first stage of communism." In official pronouncements,
5141-697: The content of the new values that are intended to be enshrined by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). A quote from CCP general secretary Xi Jinping at the Eighteenth National Congress says: If our 1.3 billion citizens and 82 million Party members as well as overseas Chinese can achieve consensus, we will constitute a powerful force [...] We must realize that people from different localities and social strata who have different backgrounds and occupations think differently. We must therefore consider: where can we find consensus? Where can we allow differences to persist? The program called for
5238-562: The director of the Institute of World Socialism, said in response, "We know there are those abroad who think we have a 'crisis of ideology,' but we do not agree." According to former CCP General Secretary Jiang Zemin , the CCP "must never discard Marxism–Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought." He said that "if we did, we would lose our foundation." He further noted that Marxism in general "like any science, needs to change as time and circumstances advance." Certain groups argue that Jiang Zemin ended
5335-524: The document criticized Mao, it clearly stated that he was a "proletarian revolutionary" (i.e. not all of his views were wrong), and that without Mao there would have been no new China. Su Shaozi, a party theoretician and the head of the Institute of Marxism–Leninism–Mao Zedong Thought, argued that the CCP needed to reassess the New Economic Policy introduced by Vladimir Lenin and ended by Stalin, as well as Stalin's industrialization policies and
5432-589: The features of the times; and strive to occupy the leading position on this issue. Ethical values play a very important role among core values. Without morals, a country cannot thrive, and its people cannot stand upright. Whether or not a nation or an individual has a strong sense of identity largely depends on their morals. If our people cannot uphold the moral values that have been formed and developed on our own soil, and instead indiscriminately and blindly parrot Western moral values, then it will be necessary to genuinely question whether we will lose our independent ethos as
5529-579: The fields of economic development, technological development, foreign investment and world trade . This view is strengthened by the economic failures of the Soviet Union and of China under Mao. Despite admitting that globalization developed through the capitalist system, the CCP's leaders and theorists argue that globalization is not intrinsically capitalist, the reason being that, if globalization were purely capitalist, it would exclude an alternate socialist form of modernity. Globalization, as with
5626-503: The greater relative importance of a leader's ideological and historical influence. The process of formalizing a leader's political thinking in the Marxist tradition is important in establishing a leader's ideological legitimacy. In the article "Revolutionary Ideals are Higher than Heaven-Studying" (published in 2013), a person writing under the pen name "Autumn Stone", supports CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping 's policy of strengthening
5723-486: The guiding principle; instead, sustained, steady, and coordinated development should be taken as the guiding principle." Deng retaliated by rejecting the Draft for the 8th Five-Year Plan, claiming that the 1990s was the "best time" for continuing with reform and opening up. Li and Yao even went so far as to try to annul two key resolutions passed by the 13th National Congress: the theory of socialist political civilization, and
5820-462: The ideological conviction of party cadres, since (as the Leninist mantra goes) ideological unity leads to party unity. The writer claims "Ideals and convictions are the spiritual banners for the united struggle of a country, nation and party, wavering ideals and convictions are the most harmful form of wavering." Adhering to the ideals and convictions of the party creates a link between the party and
5917-480: The ideologues of the Cultural Revolution for seeking "poor socialism" and "poor communism" and believing that communism was a "spiritual thing". In 1979, Deng stated, "Socialism cannot endure if it remains poor. If we want to uphold Marxism and socialism in the international class struggle, we have to demonstrate that the Marxist system of thought is superior to all others, and that the socialist system
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#17327804718926014-522: The importance of economic reform in China, and criticized those who were against further reform and opening up. The tour proved that amongst the party's grassroots organizations, support for reform and opening up was firm. Because of this, more and more leading members of the central party leadership converted to Deng's position, amongst them Jiang Zemin. In his speech "Deeply Understand and Implement Comrade Deng Xiaoping's Important Spirit, Make Economic Construction, Reform and Opening Go Faster and Better" to
6111-468: The individual values of "patriotism", "dedication", "integrity" and "friendship". In 1989, paramount leader Deng Xiaoping stated in a speech that he considered education to be the biggest reform failure of the 1980s, and in particular ideological and political education. The government had tried to effect mass campaigns to this end, but these would not ultimately be regarded as effective. The Death of Wang Yue in 2011 might be considered an instigator for
6208-424: The inevitability of socialism. The CCP does not believe that it has abandoned Marxism. The party views the world as organized into two opposing camps; socialist and capitalist. The Party's view is that socialism, on the basis of historical materialism, will eventually triumph over capitalism. In recent years, when the CCP has been asked to explain the capitalist globalization occurring, the party has returned to
6305-508: The local governments to "organize moral education campaigns", and for media organizations to "practice self-discipline". In addition, artists were asked to promote the values, while party members and state officials are expected to put these new values in practice. It also called on schools to incorporate them, with the Ministry of Education issuing a document in 2014 requesting all educational institutions promote them. Xi Jinping expressed in
6402-491: The masses, and will let the party "gain victories wherever" it goes. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the core spiritual values of members have become more important than ever, considering the restrengthened position of world capitalism. Xi Jinping believes that wavering conviction in the party's ideals leads to increased corruption and unwanted behaviour. Exemplary members have existed before, such as Xia Minghan who said "Don't fear being beheaded, as long as one's ism
6499-401: The means of production was necessary in socialist society. While both Su and Dong agreed that it was the collectivization of agriculture and the establishment of People's Communes which had ended rural exploitation , neither of them sought a return to collectivized agriculture. In 1983, the concept of eliminating spiritual pollution became important in Party rhetoric and addressed through
6596-536: The military. Mao Zedong Thought is Marxism-Leninism adapted to the historical context of China, particularly its predominantly agrarian society. Mao Zedong Thought was conceived not only by CCP Chairman Mao Zedong, but by leading party officials. Its foundational texts include Mao's 1937 essay On Contradiction . Currently, the CCP interprets the essence of Mao Zedong Thought as " Seeking truth from facts ": "we must proceed from reality and put theory into practice in everything. In other words, we must integrate
6693-413: The national spirit with patriotism as the core, the spirit of the times with reform and innovation as the core, and the socialist concept of honour and disgrace constitute the basic contents of the socialist core values system. We should persist in integrating the socialist core values system into the entire process of national education and the building of a spiritual civilization and having it run through
6790-406: The old techniques of the planned economy were outdated. At the 14th National Congress, the thought of Deng Xiaoping was officially dubbed Deng Xiaoping Theory. It is described as a development of Marxism and Mao Zedong Thought. The concepts of "socialism with Chinese characteristics" and "the primary stage of socialism" were credited to Deng. At the congress, Jiang reiterated Deng's view that it
6887-495: The other hand, they modified or " Sinicized " some doctrines of communist ideology in a realistic and nationalist way to support their revolution in China. In the process of establishment, land reform, and collectivization, these ideological syntheses led to the emergence of the famous Great Leap Forward movement and the Cultural Revolution . In recent years, it has been argued, mainly by foreign commentators, that
6984-412: The party on the grounds that; It is not advisable to judge a person's political orientation simply by whether he or she owns property or how much property he or she owns [...] Rather, we should judge him or her mainly by his or her political awareness, moral integrity and performance, by how he or she has acquired the property, how it has been disposed of and used, and by his or her actual contribution to
7081-440: The people in China." By this time, Jiang and the CCP had reached the conclusion that attaining the communist mode of production, as formulated by earlier communists, was more complex than had been realized, and that it was useless to try to force a change in the mode of production, as it had to develop naturally, by following historical materialism. While segments within the CCP criticized the Three Represents as being un-Marxist and
7178-464: The people's congress system of "one governments and two courts" (the institutions of the People's Courts and the People's Procuratorates ) is the best suited for Chinese conditions, since it is "the best form to reflect our country's national essence." In the people's democratic system, the courts are both responsible to and supervised by the people's congresses. In this system, Yang adds, the judiciary
7275-495: The primary means of organization of the economy. Upon hearing this remark, Chen Yun , a cautious reformer and the second-most powerful politician in China, walked out of the meeting. Why do people support us? Because over the last ten years our economy has been developing ... If the economy stagnated for five years or developed at only a slow rate – for example, at 4 or 5 percent, or even 2 or 3 percent—what effects would be produced? This would be not only an economic problem but also
7372-418: The primary stage of socialism is predicted to last about 100 years, after which China will reach another developmental stage. Some have dismissed the concept of a primary stage of socialism as intellectual cynicism. According to Robert Lawrence Kuhn , a China analyst, "When I first heard this rationale, I thought it more comic than clever—a wry caricature of hack propagandists leaked by intellectual cynics. But
7469-428: The productive forces". The CCP followed his line, and at the 12th National Congress, the party constitution was amended, stating that the private economy was a "needed complement to the socialist economy". This sentiment was echoed by Xue Muqiao ; "practice shows that socialism is not necessarily based on a unified public ownership by the whole society". During Reform and Opening-up, Deng criticized those he deemed as
7566-402: The program of "great significance" for a "multi-national country like China", and for the creation of both a "harmonious culture" and a "creative breeding ground" for cultural diversity. Michael Gow considers that, compelled to align its interests with the "broader interests of the Chinese people and different groups", the program for Core Socialist Values might best be analyzed as a shift from
7663-417: The prominent role he gave to class struggle. Su claimed that the "exploiting classes in China had been eliminated". Dong Fureng, a deputy director at the Institute of Economics, agreed with the reformist discourse, first by criticizing Marx and Friedrich Engels' view that a socialist society had to abolish private property, and secondly, accusing both Marx and Engels for being vague on what kind of ownership of
7760-750: The reasons for the dissolution of the Soviet Union was its stagnant party ideology . They therefore believe that their party ideology must be dynamic to safeguard the party's rule, unlike the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , whose ideology became "rigid, unimaginative, ossified, and disconnected from reality." The CCP's ideological framework distinguishes between political ideas described as "Thought" (as in Mao Zedong Thought ) or as "Theory" (as in Deng Xiaoping Theory ). Thought carries more weight than Theory and conveys
7857-406: The resolution that central planning and markets were equals. Deng rejected the idea of reopening discussions on these subjects, and restated that reforms were essential for the CCP's future. Not accepting Deng's stance, party theorist Deng Liqun , along with others, began promoting "Chen Yun Thought". After a discussion with General Wang Zhen , a supporter of Chen Yun, Deng stated he would propose
7954-540: The road of socialism with Chinese characteristics"), but no clear formulation of new policy was uttered. Chen Yun's thoughts and policies dominated CCP discourse from 1989 until Deng's southern tour in 1992. Deng began campaigning for his reformist policies in 1991, managing to get reformist articles printed in the People's Daily and People's Liberation Army Daily during this period. The articles criticized those communists who believed that central planning and market economics were polar opposites , instead repeating
8051-497: The role of Marxist thought. Marxism–Leninism was the first official ideology of the Chinese Communist Party, and is a combination of classical Marxism (the works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels ) and Leninism (the thoughts of Vladimir Lenin ). According to the CCP, "Marxism–Leninism reveals the universal laws governing the development of history of human society ." To the CCP, Marxism–Leninism provides
8148-445: The second phase. Because China was in the primary stage of socialism, Zhao argued that in "[China] for a long time to come, we shall develop various sectors of the economy, always ensuring the dominant position of the public sector". Further, some individuals should be allowed to become rich "before the objective of common prosperity [pure communism] is achieved". Lastly, during the primary stage of socialism, planning would no longer be
8245-464: The ten affirmations, the fourteen commitments, and the thirteen areas of achievements. The fourteen commitments are: Xi Jinping Thought seeks to reinvigorate the mass line . More broadly, Xi's ideological contributions to the ideology of the CCP (including invoking traditional values and Chinese history as part of the efforts toward national rejuvenation) are sometimes described as a third Sinicization of Marxism. [...] their theory that capitalism
8342-426: The trust of the people, all implement their duties according to the law and under the leadership of the Communist Party, and serve the people . In a parliamentary democracy, the only way for a party to gain legitimacy is through elections, but due to the involvement of the bourgeoisie in the election process this legitimacy is not considered as genuine. The CCP gained legitimacy, Yang asserts, through its victory in
8439-414: The universal theory of Marxism–Leninism with China's specific conditions." While analysts generally agree that the CCP has rejected orthodox Marxism–Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought (or at least basic thoughts within orthodox thinking), the CCP itself disagrees. Some Western commentators also talk about a "crisis of ideology" within the party; they believe that the CCP has rejected communism. Wang Xuedong,
8536-415: The unplanned and unregulated world economy ; the contradiction between well-organized and scientifically managed Transnational Corporations (TNCs) and a blindly expanding and chaotic world market; the contradiction between the unlimited increase of productive capacity and the limited world market; and the contradiction between sovereign states and TNCs." It was these contradictions, argues Yue Yi, that led to
8633-550: The upper hand within the party leadership. To reassert his economic agenda, in the spring of 1992, Deng made his famous southern tour of China, visiting Guangzhou , Shenzhen , and Zhuhai , and spending the New Year in Shanghai. He used his travels to reassert his economic policy ideas after his retirement from office. On the tour, Deng made many speeches and generated large local support for his reformist platform. He stressed
8730-539: The values" and express their support for the CCP. In June 2017, the State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television issued several notices that intended to further restrict freedom of the press . One of the notices, with a patriotic bent, demanded broadcasters promote core values in their programs and "forcefully oppose" content that celebrates "money worship, hedonism, radical individualism and feudal thought." Shiyuan Hao considers
8827-482: The various aspect of the modernization drive. I am a Marxist. The essence of Marxism is change, [...] The Marxist in China today is not a stubborn, dogmatic, and outdated 19th-century old man, but a dynamic, pro-change, young thinker. We have a flexible approach: if Marx 's words are still applicable, we will use them; for things he did not articulate clearly, we will spell them out; for what he did not say, we will boldly come up with something new. — Ye Xiaowen on
8924-476: The west, which is "concealed" in the social sciences, education, religion, and entertainment, whereas the CCP presents ideology ad hoc. He is still pro-CCP however. Frank N. Pieke refers to the values as Confucian and as otherwise lacking any specifically socialist content, but then as Michael Gow points out most Chinese do share a "broadly accepted, common-sense understanding of Confucian values." The twelve Core Socialist Values are: Ideology of
9021-460: The writings of Karl Marx. Marx wrote that capitalists, in their search for profit , would travel the world in a bid to establish new international markets – hence, it is generally assumed that Marx forecasted globalization. His writings on the subject are used to justify the CCP's market reforms, since nations, according to Marx, have little choice in the matter of joining or not. Opting not to take part in capitalist globalization means losing out in
9118-670: Was important in establishing the principle of party control over the military, which continues to be a core principle of the party's ideology. In the short term, this concept was further developed in the June 1930 Program for the Red Fourth Army at All Levels and the winter 1930 Provisional Regulations on the Political Work of the Chinese Workers and Peasants Army (Draft), which formally established Party leadership of
9215-404: Was in key parts due to the ideological wavering of officials; claiming that even Mikhail Gorbachev , the last Soviet leader , had acknowledged in private that communist ideals had become obsolete to him. Disintegration in the ideological arena can lead to breaches in other areas of the party's edifice, paving the way for party collapse, the author states. In 2006, at the 16th Plenary Session of
9312-417: Was the main focus of the communist movement. According to this logic, thwarting the CCP's goal of advancing productive forces was synonymous with class struggle. The classical goal of class struggle was declared by Deng to have been achieved in 1976. While Mao had also emphasized the need to develop productive forces, under Deng it became paramount. Some have likened the CCP's position under Deng to that of
9409-400: Was unnecessary to ask if something was socialist or capitalist, since the important factor was whether it worked. Several capitalist techniques were introduced, while science and technology were to be the primary productive force. The term ″Three Represents″ was first used in 2000 by Jiang Zemin in a trip to Guangdong province . From then until its inclusion in the party's constitution at
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