77-604: The Delhi Durbar ( lit. " Court of Delhi ") was an Indian imperial-style mass assembly organized by the British at Coronation Park, Delhi , India , to mark the succession of an Emperor or Empress of India . Also known as the Imperial Durbar , it was held three times, in 1877, 1903, and 1911, at the height of the British Empire . The 1911 Durbar was the only one that a sovereign, George V , attended. The term
154-580: A royal duke , becoming Duke of Connaught and Strathearn as well as Earl of Sussex . In 1900, he was appointed as Commander-in-Chief, Ireland , which he regretted; his preference was to join the campaign against the Boers in South Africa. In 1911, he was appointed Governor General of Canada, replacing Albert Grey, 4th Earl Grey , as viceroy . He occupied this post until he was succeeded by Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire , in 1916. He acted as
231-730: A Durbar in Delhi during the winter following his coronation in 1937. When Edward abdicated in December 1936, it was initially envisaged that his brother George VI would continue with the Durbar as already planned, with the enthusiastic backing of the Secretary of State for India , Lord Zetland and the Viceroy, Lord Linlithgow . However, persuaded by the prime minister, Stanley Baldwin and his doctors, George decided that travelling to India in
308-501: A completely happy man. His family life had not been without sadness. As a younger brother and later the uncle and great-uncle of successive Sovereigns he had always had to play second fiddle in the affairs of the Royal Family. Yet, he never shirked the onerous demands made upon his services. As a sponsor of a multitude of national institutions and undertakings he was a distinguished figure in public life. In his personal philosophy, he
385-536: A crown. The Queen followed in an open carriage. The following days were taken up with receptions for the Indian princes, a church parade and the presentation of regimental colours . The Durbar itself was on Tuesday, 12 December, at Coronation Park , on which a semi-circular grandstand had been built for 10,000 government officials and other dignitaries, while further back an artificial mound seated 50,000 local people. The royal couple arrived in their Coronation robes,
462-407: A database of words and their translations. Later attempts utilized common phrases , which resulted in better grammatical structure and the capture of idioms, but with many words left in the original language. For translating synthetic languages , a morphosyntactic analyzer and synthesizer are required. The best systems today use a combination of the above technologies and apply algorithms to correct
539-473: A great deal of difference between a literal translation of a poetic work and a prose translation. A literal translation of poetry may be in prose rather than verse but also be error-free. Charles Singleton's 1975 translation of the Divine Comedy is regarded as a prose translation. The term literal translation implies that it is probably full of errors, since the translator has made no effort to (or
616-563: A joke which dates back to 1956 or 1958. Another joke in the genre transforms "out of sight, out of mind" to "blind idiot" or "invisible idiot". Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn , (Arthur William Patrick Albert; 1 May 1850 – 16 January 1942) was the seventh child and third son of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha . He served as Governor General of Canada ,
693-585: A liaison with Leonie, Lady Leslie , sister of Jennie Churchill , while still remaining devoted to his wife. Alongside his military career, the Duke continued to undertake royal duties beyond, or only vaguely associated with, the army. He also represented the monarchy throughout the Empire. On the return from a posting in India, he again, this time with his wife, toured Canada in 1890, stopping in all major cities across
770-456: A literal translation in preparing his translation of Dante 's Inferno (1994), as he does not know Italian. Similarly, Richard Pevear worked from literal translations provided by his wife, Larissa Volokhonsky, in their translations of several Russian novels. Literal translation can also denote a translation that represents the precise meaning of the original text but does not attempt to convey its style, beauty, or poetry. There is, however,
847-682: A million or more of the common people who had come to greet them, a custom which was started by Mughal emperors . On 14 December, the King-Emperor presided over a military review of 40,000 troops, culminating in a great cavalry charge. There followed an investiture in Delhi Park, the first was the Queen who received the Order of the Star of India . 26,800 Delhi Durbar Medals in silver were awarded to
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#1732780767115924-654: A new P&O ocean liner , arriving in Delhi on 7 December in a grand State Entry through the city gates in which 50,000 troops participated, led by Lord Kitchener , the Commander-in-Chief, India . Escorted by a guard of the Household Cavalry , the King rode an Australian charger and was dressed in military uniform with a plumed pith helmet , to the disappointment of the people in the crowd, who had been expecting him to be riding an elephant and wearing
1001-486: A number of public engagements. In 1920, he travelled to South Africa to open Chapman's Peak Drive . The following year he travelled to India, where he officially opened the new Central Legislative Assembly , Council of State , and Chamber of Princes . During his time in India, the Indian National Congress 's first satyagraha was ongoing; as part of this, shops were closed and few Indians attended
1078-467: A royal proclamation announced that the Durbar would be held in December to commemorate the coronation in Britain a few months earlier of King George V and Queen Mary and allow their proclamation as Emperor and Empress of India. Every governor and all the rulers of princely states in India were summoned to pay obeisance. The King and Queen left Portsmouth on 11 November aboard RMS Medina ,
1155-548: A sa voiture et sa voiture, ses serviettes et ses serviettes, sa bibliothèque et les siennes. " That does not make sense because it does not distinguish between "his" car and "hers". Often, first-generation immigrants create something of a literal translation in how they speak their parents' native language. This results in a mix of the two languages that is something of a pidgin . Many such mixes have specific names, e.g., Spanglish or Denglisch . For example, American children of German immigrants are heard using "rockingstool" from
1232-404: A serious problem for machine translation . The term "literal translation" often appeared in the titles of 19th-century English translations of the classical Bible and other texts. Word-for-word translations ("cribs", "ponies", or "trots") are sometimes prepared for writers who are translating a work written in a language they do not know. For example, Robert Pinsky is reported to have used
1309-456: Is a translation of a text done by translating each word separately without looking at how the words are used together in a phrase or sentence. In translation theory , another term for literal translation is metaphrase (as opposed to paraphrase for an analogous translation). It is to be distinguished from an interpretation (done, for example, by an interpreter ). Literal translation leads to mistranslation of idioms , which can be
1386-591: Is sometimes used for big religious festivals and municipal conventions. The thrones used by King George V and Queen Mary are on display at Marble Hall Gallery and Museum at Rashtrapati Bhavan . On the death of George V in January 1936, his eldest son acceded as Edward VIII . In his first and only speech from the throne at the State Opening of Parliament in November 1936, he announced that he would attend
1463-632: Is unable to) convey correct idioms or shades of meaning, for example, but it can also be a useful way of seeing how words are used to convey meaning in the source language. A literal English translation of the German phrase " Ich habe Hunger " would be "I have hunger" in English, but this is clearly not a phrase that would generally be used in English, even though its meaning might be clear. Literal translations in which individual components within words or compounds are translated to create new lexical items in
1540-607: The 6th Duke of Connaught's Royal Canadian Hussars , which in 1958 amalgamated with 17th Duke of York's Royal Canadian Hussars , to become the Royal Canadian Hussars . On 26 June 1902 he was promoted to the post of field marshal , and thereafter served in various important positions, including Commander-in-Chief, Ireland , from January 1900 to 1904, with the dual position of commander of the Third Army Corps from October 1901, and Inspector-General of
1617-528: The Bombay Army from December 1886 to March 1890. He went on to be General officer commanding Southern District , at Portsmouth , from September 1890 to 1893. The Prince had hoped to succeed his first cousin once-removed, the elderly Prince George, Duke of Cambridge , as Commander-in-Chief of the Forces , upon the latter's forced retirement in 1895. But this desire was denied to Arthur, and instead he
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#17327807671151694-816: The Cape Town Highlanders Regiment — but the Connaughts remained in Canada after the beginning of the global conflict, Arthur emphasising the need for military training and readiness for Canadian troops departing for war, and giving his name to the Connaught Cup for the Royal North-West Mounted Police , to encourage pistol marksmanship for recruits. He was also active in auxiliary war services and charities and conducted hospital visits. Though well intended, upon
1771-726: The Court of St James's . On his mother's birthday (24 May) in 1874, Arthur was created a royal peer , being titled as the Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and Earl of Sussex . Some years later, Arthur came into the direct line of succession to the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in Germany, upon the death in 1899 of his nephew, Prince Alfred of Edinburgh , the only son of his elder brother, Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh . He decided, however, to renounce his own and his son's succession rights to
1848-477: The Duchess of Kent stood proxy); and the Duke of Wellington , with whom he shared his birthday and after whom he was named. As with his older brothers, Arthur received his early education from private tutors . It was reported that he became the Queen's favourite child. It was at an early age that Arthur developed an interest in the army, and in 1866 he followed through on his military ambitions by enrolling at
1925-482: The Great Famine of 1876–78 . The durbar was held to celebrate the succession of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra as Emperor and Empress of India. The two full weeks of festivities were devised in meticulous detail by Lord Curzon , Viceroy of India. It was a dazzling display of pomp, power, and split-second timing. Neither the earlier Delhi Durbar of 1877, nor the later Durbar held there in 1911, could match
2002-455: The Indian National Congress . Joshi's speech put forth a demand couched in very polite language: Her Majesty to grant to India the same political and social status as is enjoyed by her British subjects. With this demand, it can be said that the campaign for Indian Independence was formally launched, which was the beginning of a great transformation for India. The durbar would later be seen as controversial because it directed funds away from
2079-755: The Montreal detachment of the Rifle Brigade, undertook a year's training and engaged in defending the Dominion from the Fenian Raids ; there was initially concern that his personal involvement in Canada's defence might put the Prince in danger from Fenians and their supporters in the United States, but it was decided his military duty came first. Following his arrival at Halifax , Arthur toured
2156-796: The Royal Military Academy, Woolwich , from where he graduated two years later and was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Corps of Royal Engineers on 18 June 1868. The Prince transferred to the Royal Regiment of Artillery on 2 November 1868 and, on 2 August 1869, to the Rifle Brigade , his father's own regiment, after which he pursued a long and distinguished career as an army officer, including service in South Africa, Canada in 1869, Ireland, Egypt in 1882, and in India from 1886 to 1890. In Canada, Arthur, as an officer with
2233-464: The tenth since Canadian Confederation and the only British prince to do so. Arthur was educated by private tutors before entering the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich at 16 years old. Upon graduation, he was commissioned as a lieutenant in the British Army , where he served for some 40 years, seeing service in various parts of the British Empire . During this time, he was also created
2310-535: The "natural" sound of the translation. In the end, though, professional translation firms that employ machine translation use it as a tool to create a rough translation that is then tweaked by a human, professional translator. Douglas Hofstadter gave an example of a failure of machine translation: the English sentence "In their house, everything comes in pairs. There's his car and her car, his towels and her towels, and his library and hers." might be translated into French as " Dans leur maison, tout vient en paires. Il y
2387-484: The Connaughts made many physical improvements during Arthur's term as governor general. The royal family also took to camping and other outdoor sports, such as hunting and fishing. In 1914, the First World War broke out, with Canadians called to arms against Germany and Austria-Hungary . Arthur maintained a wider role in the empire — for instance, from 1912 until his death, serving as Colonel-in-Chief of
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2464-488: The Connaughts' country home, Bagshot Park , in Surrey , and after 1900 at Clarence House , the Connaughts' London residence. Through his children's marriages, Arthur became the father-in-law of Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf of Sweden ; Princess Alexandra, Duchess of Fife ; and Sir Alexander Ramsay . The Duke's first two children predeceased him; Margaret while pregnant with his sixth grandchild. For many years, Arthur maintained
2541-517: The Forces , between 1904 and 1907. For a brief period of time, after the May Coup that took place in Serbia in 1903, he was among those considered for the vacant Serbian throne after the extinction of the then ruling Obrenović dynasty . His succession was advocated particularly among the conservative anglophile circles, represented most prominently by Čedomilj Mijatović , then Serbian ambassador to
2618-435: The German word Schaukelstuhl instead of "rocking chair". Literal translation of idioms is a source of translators' jokes. One such joke, often told about machine translation , translates "The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak" (an allusion to Mark 14:38 ) into Russian and then back into English, getting "The vodka is good, but the meat is rotten". This is not an actual machine-translation error, but rather
2695-607: The King's, and thus the Canadian Commander-in-Chief 's, representative through the first years of the First World War . After the end of his viceregal tenure, Arthur returned to the United Kingdom and performed various royal duties there and in Ireland, while also again taking up military duties. Though he retired from public life in 1928, he continued to make his presence known in the army well into
2772-812: The King-Emperor wearing the Imperial Crown of India with eight arches, containing 6,100 diamonds , and covered with sapphires , emeralds and rubies , with a velvet and miniver cap all weighing 34 ounces (965 g). Seated on thrones, they listened as the Delhi Herald Extraordinary , Brigadier-General William Peyton , read out the proclamation in English, followed by the Assistant Herald, Captain Malik Umar Hayat Khan , who read it in Urdu . They received homage from
2849-714: The Second World War, before his death in 1942. He was Queen Victoria's last surviving son. Arthur was born at Buckingham Palace on 1 May 1850, the seventh child and third son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha . The prince was baptised by the Archbishop of Canterbury , John Bird Sumner , on 22 June in the palace's private chapel. His godparents were Prince William of Prussia (the later King of Prussia and German Emperor Wilhelm I); his great-uncle's sister-in-law, Princess Bernard of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (for whom his maternal grandmother
2926-522: The Six Nations. Of the Prince, Lady Lisgar, wife of then Governor General of Canada Lord Lisgar , noted in a letter to Victoria that Canadians seemed hopeful Prince Arthur would one day return as governor general. Arthur was promoted to the honorary rank of colonel on 14 June 1871, substantive lieutenant-colonel in 1876, colonel on 29 May 1880 and, on 1 April 13 years later, was made a general. He gained military experience as Commander-in-Chief of
3003-465: The aftermath of his coronation in May would place too great a strain on his health, and it was announced on 9 February 1937 that the Durbar had been postponed until "a later date". The reason given was that it was "impossible to contemplate a prolonged absence during the first year of his reign", so as not to give credence to rumours circulating about the king's physical and mental wellbeing. By August 1937,
3080-438: The camping ground distributed. Marketing opportunities were craftily exploited. A special Delhi Durbar Medal was struck, as part of the celebrations. Edward VII, to Curzon's disappointment, did not attend but sent his brother, the Duke of Connaught who arrived with a mass of dignitaries by train from Bombay just as Curzon and his government came in the other direction from Calcutta. The assembly awaiting them displayed possibly
3157-456: The country for eight weeks and made a visit in January 1870 to Washington, D.C., where he met with President Ulysses S. Grant . During his service in Canada he was also entertained by Canadian society; among other activities, he attended an investiture ceremony in Montreal , was a guest at balls and garden parties, and attended the opening of parliament in Ottawa (becoming the first member of
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3234-500: The country's governor general, but when Arthur was sworn in on 13 October 1911 in the salon rouge of the parliament buildings of Quebec , he became the first Governor General who was a member of the British royal family . To Canada, Arthur brought with him his wife and his youngest daughter, the latter of whom would become an extremely popular figure with Canadians. The Governor General and his viceregal family travelled throughout
3311-531: The country, performing such constitutional and ceremonial tasks as opening parliament in 1911 (for which Arthur wore his field marshal's uniform and the Duchess of Connaught wore the gown she had worn at the King's coronation earlier that year) and, in 1917, laying at the newly rebuilt Centre Block on Parliament Hill the same cornerstone his older brother, the late King Edward VII, had set on 1 September 1860, when
3388-518: The country. He also toured Canada in 1906. In January 1903, the Duke and Duchess represented the new King Edward VII at the 1903 Delhi Durbar to celebrate his accession. On their way to India, the couple passed through Egypt where the Duke opened the Aswan dam on 10 December 1902. In 1910, Arthur travelled aboard the Union-Castle Line ship Balmoral Castle to South Africa, to open
3465-547: The crowds of common people. On the first day, the Curzons entered the area of festivities, together with the maharajahs, riding on elephants, some with huge gold candelabra stuck on their tusks. The durbar ceremony itself fell on New Year's Day and was followed by days of polo and other sports, dinners, balls, military reviews, bands, and exhibitions. The world's press dispatched their best journalists, artists and photographers to cover proceedings. The popularity of movie footage of
3542-475: The domed royal pavilion, where the King-Emperor announced the move of India's capital from Calcutta to Delhi. The annulment of the partition of Bengal was also announced during the ceremony. After the departure of the king and queen, the enthusiastic crowd surged into the arena. On the following day, 13 December, the royal couple made a Jharokha Darshan (balcony appearance) at the Red Fort , to receive half
3619-745: The duchy, which then passed to his other nephew, Prince Charles Edward , the posthumous son of Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany . At St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle , on 13 March 1879, Arthur married Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia , the daughter of Prince Frederick Charles and a great-niece of the German Emperor, Arthur's godfather, Wilhelm I. The couple had three children: Princess Margaret Victoria Charlotte Augusta Norah (born 15 January 1882 – 1 May 1920), Prince Arthur Frederick Patrick Albert (born 13 January 1883 – 12 September 1938), and Princess Victoria Patricia Helena Elizabeth (born 17 March 1886 – 12 January 1974), who were all raised at
3696-470: The event titled With Our King and Queen Through India (1912) – also known as The Durbar in Delhi – was filmed in the early color process Kinemacolor and released on 2 February 1912. Generally the Durbar achieved its purpose of cementing support for British rule among the native princes, as was demonstrated by the support given during the First World War. Today, the Coronation Park in Delhi
3773-509: The event, shown in makeshift cinemas throughout India, is often credited with having launched the country's early film industry . The India Post issued a set of two commemorative souvenir sheets with special cancellation struck on 1 January 1903 – 12 noon, a much sought-after item for stamp collectors today. The event culminated in a grand coronation ball attended only by the highest-ranking guests, presided over by Lord Curzon and Lady Curzon in her jewels and peacock gown . On 22 March 1911,
3850-722: The first parliament of the newly formed Union of South Africa , and in Johannesburg on 30 November he laid a commemorative stone at the Rand Regiments Memorial , dedicated to the British soldiers that died during the Second Boer War . Prince Arthur was a Freemason and was elected as Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of England when his elder brother was obliged to resign the office upon his accession in 1901 as King Edward VII. He
3927-538: The general world outlook has become more settled and the financial prospects [are] more definite". Eventually, the onset of the Second World War and the movement towards Indian independence rendered the prospect of any royal visit nearly impossible. 28°43′25″N 77°11′48″E / 28.7235°N 77.1968°E / 28.7235; 77.1968 Literal translation Literal translation , direct translation , or word-for-word translation
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#17327807671154004-405: The greatest collection of jewels to be seen in one place. Each of the Indian princes was adorned with the most spectacular of his gems from the collections of centuries. Maharajahs came with great retinues from all over India, many of them meeting for the first time while the massed ranks of the Indian armies, under their Commander-in-Chief Lord Kitchener , paraded, played their bands, and restrained
4081-614: The handicap of his position as a member of the royal family and never realised his limitations as Governor General." At the same time, the Duchess of Connaught worked for St John Ambulance , the Red Cross , and other organisations to support the war cause. She was also Colonel-in-Chief of the Duchess of Connaught's Own Irish Canadian Rangers battalion, one of the regiments in the Canadian Expeditionary Force , and Princess Patricia also lent her name and support to
4158-477: The honoured guests, and the elderly Ramanath Tagore was raised to the status of an honorary Raja by Lord Lytton , viceroy of India. It was at this glittering durbar that Ganesh Vasudeo Joshi , wearing " homespun spotless white khadi " rose to read a citation on behalf of the grass roots native political organization, the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha , which organization presaged the later rise of
4235-462: The humblest, all may feel that under our rule the great principles of liberty, equity, and justice are secured to them; and to promote their happiness, to add to their prosperity, and advance their welfare, are the ever present aims and objects of our Empire. The Empress of India Medal to commemorate the Proclamation of the Queen as Empress of India was struck and distributed to
4312-545: The king from visiting India, even on a more modest scale, using the pretext of finance rather than Indian politics. Quoting a cost of £1 million, all of which would fall on the central government of India and which, they advised, the Indian Finance Minister, James Grigg , was unwilling to support. Finally, in February 1938, the king had to be formally advised by Chamberlain to again postpone any visit "until
4389-665: The king ought to be warned of "unpleasantness" if he visited India. Zetland took up the matter with the new prime minister, Neville Chamberlain , while the viceroy sought the opinion of the provincial governors , who were all against the idea. Meanwhile, Jawaharlal Nehru , the leader of the Congress party, told the Indian press that if the British Government wanted to protect the king from any sort of "untoward incident", then they ought to "keep him in England". Chamberlain
4466-541: The men and officers of the British and Indian Armies who participated in the 1911 event. A further two hundred were struck in gold, a hundred of which were awarded to Indian princely rulers and the highest ranking government officers. Following the Durbar, the King and Queen left for ten days in Nepal , where the King was taken tiger hunting. After visiting Calcutta, they journeyed across India by train to Bombay, which they left on 10 January on RMS Medina . A feature film of
4543-516: The native princes – including one woman, the Begum of Bhopal – at the shamiana (ceremonial tent); controversy ensued when the Gaekwar of Baroda , Maharajah Sayajirao III , approached the royal couple without his jewellery on, and after a simple bow turned his back to them when leaving. His action was interpreted at the time as a sign of dissent to British rule. Afterwards, the royal couple ascended to
4620-580: The official ceremonies when he visited Calcutta in the same year. As president of the Boy Scouts Association and one of Lord Baden-Powell 's friends and admirers, he performed the official opening of the 3rd World Scout Jamboree at Arrowe Park . The Duke also returned to military service and continued well into the Second World War, where he was seen as a grandfather figure by aspiring recruits. The Duchess, who had been ill during their years at Rideau Hall, had died in March 1917, and Arthur mostly withdrew from public life in 1928; his last formal engagement
4697-524: The original building was under construction. The family crossed the country a number of times and the Governor General made another trip to the United States in 1912, when he met with President William Howard Taft . When in Ottawa, Connaught maintained a routine of four days each week at his office on Parliament Hill and held small, private receptions for members of all political parties and dignitaries. The Duke learned to ice skate and hosted skating parties at his official residence— Rideau Hall — to which
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#17327807671154774-520: The outbreak of the war, Arthur immediately donned his field marshal's uniform and went, without advice or guidance from his ministers, to training grounds and barracks to address the troops and to see them off before their voyage to Europe. This was much to the chagrin of Prime Minister Robert Borden , who saw the Prince as overstepping constitutional conventions . Borden placed blame on the military secretary, Edward Stanton (whom Borden considered to be "mediocre"), but also opined that Arthur "laboured under
4851-524: The pageantry of Lord Curzon's 1903 festivities. In a few short months at the end of 1902, a deserted plain was transformed into an elaborate tented city, complete with temporary light railway to bring crowds of spectators out from Delhi, a post office with its own stamps, telephone and telegraphic facilities, a variety of stores, a police force with specially designed uniforms, a hospital, a magistrate's court and complex sanitation, drainage, and electric light installations. Souvenir guidebooks were sold and maps of
4928-417: The raising of a new Canadian army regiment— Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry . His term as Canada's Governor General ended in 1916. Following the war, Arthur commissioned in memory of Canada's fallen a stained glass window which is located in St. Bartholomew's Church, Ottawa , which the family attended regularly. After his years in Canada, the Duke held no similar public offices but undertook
5005-552: The regiment and act as its honorary colonel. The regiment had recently been converted to the infantry role from the 2nd Battalion, 5th British Columbia Regiment of Canadian Artillery. With the Prince's agreement the unit was renamed 6th Regiment, Duke of Connaught's Own Rifles (DCORs) on 1 May 1900. He was subsequently appointed colonel-in-chief of the regiment, then known as The British Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own) , in 1923. He held that appointment until his death. Additionally, in 1890 he became patron of, giving his name to,
5082-400: The royal family to do so), all of which was documented in photographs that were sent back for the Queen to view. However, Arthur was not just engaged in social and state functions; on 25 May 1870 he was engaged in fending off Fenian invaders during the Battle of Eccles Hill , for which he received the Fenian Medal . Arthur made an impression on many in Canada. He was given on 1 October 1869
5159-428: The situation in India had changed. The Government of India Act 1935 had set in motion modest moves towards Indian self government; the pro-independence Indian National Congress had dominated the 1937 Indian provincial elections in seven out of eleven provinces, and had made it clear that they would not only boycott the Durbar but refuse to vote the funds to pay for it. Linlithgow wrote to Zetland in August saying that
5236-479: The target language (a process also known as "loan translation") are called calques , e.g., beer garden from German Biergarten . The literal translation of the Italian sentence, " So che questo non va bene " ("I know that this is not good"), produces "(I) know that this not (it) goes well", which has English words and Italian grammar . Early machine translations (as of 1962 at least) were notorious for this type of translation, as they simply employed
5313-425: The title Chief of the Six Nations by the Iroquois of the Grand River Reserve in Ontario and the name Kavakoudge (meaning the sun flying from east to west under the guidance of the Great Spirit ), enabling him to sit in the tribe's councils and vote on matters of tribe governance. As he became the 51st chief on the council, his appointment broke the centuries-old tradition that there should only be 50 chiefs of
5390-402: Was attended by the 1st Earl of Lytton — Viceroy of India , maharajas , nawabs and intellectuals. Inside the Victoria Memorial in Calcutta is an inscription taken from the Message of Queen Victoria presented at the 1877 Durbar to the people of India: We trust that the present occasion may tend to unite in bonds of close affection ourselves and our subjects; that from the highest to
5467-423: Was derived from the common Persian term durbar . Called the "Proclamation Durbar ", the Durbar of 1877, for which the organisation was undertaken by Thomas Henry Thornton , was held beginning on 1 January 1877 to proclaim Queen Victoria as Empress of India by the British. The 1877 Durbar was largely an official event and not a popular occasion with mass participation like later durbars in 1903 and 1911. It
5544-716: Was given, between 1893 and 1898, command of the Aldershot District Command . He was appointed Colonel-in-Chief of the Rifle Brigade in 1880 and of the 6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons in 1897, and Honorary Colonel of the 3rd (West Kent Militia) Battalion, Queen's Own (Royal West Kent Regiment) in 1884. In August 1899 the 6th Battalion, Rifles of the Canadian Non-Permanent Active Militia , located in Vancouver , British Columbia , asked Prince Arthur to give his name to
5621-402: Was persuaded and initially omitted any mention of royal visit to India from the king's speech of October 1937, but under pressure from the king and against the advice of the viceroy, included the non-committal line; "I am looking forward with interest and pleasure to the time when it will be possible for Me to visit My Indian Empire". Linlithgow and Zetland then made a determined effort to dissuade
5698-727: Was placed temporarily in the Royal Vault beneath the chapel. He was reburied on 19 March 1942 in the Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore . He was Queen Victoria's last surviving son. His will was sealed in Llandudno after his death in 1942. His estate was valued at £150,677 (or £4.9 million in 2022 when adjusted for inflation). His great-nephew King Edward VIII remembered Prince Arthur in his memoirs: "His manners were faultless; his courtesy invested his simplest action with dignity and naturalness. I would not have called him
5775-457: Was subsequently re-elected an additional 37 times before 1939, when the Prince was nearly 90 years of age. It was announced on 6 March 1911 that King George V had, by commission under the royal sign-manual , approved the recommendation of his British prime minister, H.H. Asquith , to appoint Arthur as Governor General of Canada , the representative of the monarch. His brother-in-law, John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll , had previously served as
5852-543: Was the opening of the Connaught Gardens in Sidmouth , Devon, on 3 November 1934. Prince Arthur died on 16 January 1942 at Bagshot Park , at the age of 91 years, 8 months and 16 days, the same age as his elder sister, Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll , who had died two years and one month before. A funeral service for the Duke was held at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle on 23 January, after which his body
5929-423: Was urbane, tolerant and wise. Even when I sometimes found myself in rebellion against some of the things of the world of which he was a part, I nevertheless felt that, while he might not necessarily approve the course I had in mind, he would view it in a sympathetic and understanding light." As a member of the royal family and having been a viceroy, Prince Arthur held a number of titles and styles during his life. He
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