66-649: Ceratopsia or Ceratopia ( / ˌ s ɛr ə ˈ t ɒ p s i ə / or / ˌ s ɛr ə ˈ t oʊ p i ə / ; Greek : "horned faces") is a group of herbivorous , beaked dinosaurs that thrived in what are now North America , Europe , and Asia , during the Cretaceous Period , although ancestral forms lived earlier, in the Jurassic . The earliest known ceratopsian, Yinlong downsi , lived between 161.2 and 155.7 million years ago. The last ceratopsian species, Triceratops prorsus , became extinct during
132-543: A pitch accent . In Modern Greek, all vowels and consonants are short. Many vowels and diphthongs once pronounced distinctly are pronounced as /i/ ( iotacism ). Some of the stops and glides in diphthongs have become fricatives , and the pitch accent has changed to a stress accent . Many of the changes took place in the Koine Greek period. The writing system of Modern Greek, however, does not reflect all pronunciation changes. The examples below represent Attic Greek in
198-593: A female Styracosaurus or Monoclonius as a valid genus. While sexual dimorphism has been proposed for a more basal ceratopsian, Protoceratops , there is no firm evidence for sexual dimorphism in any ceratopsid. Others have synonymized C. nasicornus with C. apertus , or considered it a separate Centrosaurus species: Centrosaurus nasicornus . It has also been suggested as the direct ancestor of Styracosaurus albertensis . A 2014 study of changes during growth in Centrosaurus concluded that C. nasicornus
264-477: A lack of contemporaneous evidence. Several theories exist about what Hellenic dialect groups may have existed between the divergence of early Greek-like speech from the common Proto-Indo-European language and the Classical period. They have the same general outline but differ in some of the detail. The only attested dialect from this period is Mycenaean Greek , but its relationship to the historical dialects and
330-419: A lesser degree. Pamphylian Greek , spoken in a small area on the southwestern coast of Anatolia and little preserved in inscriptions, may be either a fifth major dialect group, or it is Mycenaean Greek overlaid by Doric, with a non-Greek native influence. Regarding the speech of the ancient Macedonians diverse theories have been put forward, but the epigraphic activity and the archaeological discoveries in
396-455: A mirror image of the predentary bone on the lower jaw. This ossification evolved to morphologically aid the chewing of plant matter. Along with the predentary bone, which forms the tip of the lower jaw in all ornithischians , the rostral forms a superficially parrot -like beak. Also, the jugal bones below the eye are prominent, flaring out sideways to make the skull appear somewhat triangular when viewed from above. This triangular appearance
462-550: A prefix /e-/, called the augment . This was probably originally a separate word, meaning something like "then", added because tenses in PIE had primarily aspectual meaning. The augment is added to the indicative of the aorist, imperfect, and pluperfect, but not to any of the other forms of the aorist (no other forms of the imperfect and pluperfect exist). The two kinds of augment in Greek are syllabic and quantitative. The syllabic augment
528-608: A separate historical stage, though its earliest form closely resembles Attic Greek , and its latest form approaches Medieval Greek . There were several regional dialects of Ancient Greek; Attic Greek developed into Koine. Ancient Greek was a pluricentric language , divided into many dialects. The main dialect groups are Attic and Ionic , Aeolic , Arcadocypriot , and Doric , many of them with several subdivisions. Some dialects are found in standardized literary forms in literature , while others are attested only in inscriptions. There are also several historical forms. Homeric Greek
594-401: A single large horn over their noses. These horns curved forwards or backwards depending on the specimen. Skull ornamentation was reduced as animals aged. The frill was relatively short compared to the total skull length and could grow to over half a meter (68.8 cm) long in the oldest and largest adults. Centrosaurus is distinguished by having two large hornlets which hook forwards over
660-630: A standard subject of study in educational institutions of the Western world since the Renaissance . This article primarily contains information about the Epic and Classical periods of the language, which are the best-attested periods and considered most typical of Ancient Greek. From the Hellenistic period ( c. 300 BC ), Ancient Greek was followed by Koine Greek , which is regarded as
726-448: A suborder within the order Ornithischia. While ranked taxonomy has largely fallen out of favor among dinosaur paleontologists, some researchers have continued to employ such a classification, though sources have differed on what its rank should be. Most who still employ the use of ranks have retained its traditional ranking of suborder, though some have reduced to the level of infraorder. In clade -based phylogenetic taxonomy , Ceratopsia
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#1732791363167792-510: A vowel or /n s r/ ; final stops were lost, as in γάλα "milk", compared with γάλακτος "of milk" (genitive). Ancient Greek of the classical period also differed in both the inventory and distribution of original PIE phonemes due to numerous sound changes, notably the following: The pronunciation of Ancient Greek was very different from that of Modern Greek . Ancient Greek had long and short vowels ; many diphthongs ; double and single consonants; voiced, voiceless, and aspirated stops ; and
858-447: A waterhole during a drought. Centrosaurus is found lower in the formation than Styracosaurus , indicating that Centrosaurus was displaced by Styracosaurus as the environment changed over time. The large frills and nasal horns of the ceratopsians are among the most distinctive facial adornments of all dinosaurs. Their function has been the subject of debate since the first horned dinosaurs were discovered. Common theories concerning
924-710: Is a genus of centrosaurine ceratopsian dinosaur from Campanian age of Late Cretaceous Canada . Their remains have been found in the Dinosaur Park Formation , dating from 76.5 to 75.5 million years ago. The first Centrosaurus remains were discovered and named by paleontologist Lawrence Lambe in strata along the Red Deer River in Alberta . The name Centrosaurus means "pointed lizard" (from Greek kentron , κέντρον , "point" and sauros , σαῦρος , "lizard") and refers to,
990-441: Is a junior synonym of C. apertus , representing a middle growth stage. The species C. brinkmani , described in 2005, was moved to the new genus Coronosaurus in 2012. Centrosaurus were large dinosaurs, although not as large as some of their relatives, reaching 5–5.5 metres (16–18 ft) long and 2–2.5 metric tons (2.2–2.8 short tons) in body mass situated atop stocky limbs. Like other centrosaurines, Centrosaurus bore
1056-570: Is a literary form of Archaic Greek (derived primarily from Ionic and Aeolic) used in the epic poems , the Iliad and the Odyssey , and in later poems by other authors. Homeric Greek had significant differences in grammar and pronunciation from Classical Attic and other Classical-era dialects. The origins, early form and development of the Hellenic language family are not well understood because of
1122-435: Is accentuated in later ceratopsians by the rearwards extension of the parietal and squamosal bones of the skull roof, to form the neck frill. The neck frills of ceratopsids are surrounded by the epoccipital bones . The name is a misnomer, as they are not associated with the occipital bone . Epoccipitals begin as separate bones that fuse during the animal's growth to either the squamosal or parietal bones that make up
1188-418: Is added to stems beginning with consonants, and simply prefixes e (stems beginning with r , however, add er ). The quantitative augment is added to stems beginning with vowels, and involves lengthening the vowel: Some verbs augment irregularly; the most common variation is e → ei . The irregularity can be explained diachronically by the loss of s between vowels, or that of the letter w , which affected
1254-666: Is called 'East Greek'. Arcadocypriot apparently descended more closely from the Mycenaean Greek of the Bronze Age. Boeotian Greek had come under a strong Northwest Greek influence, and can in some respects be considered a transitional dialect, as exemplified in the poems of the Boeotian poet Pindar who wrote in Doric with a small Aeolic admixture. Thessalian likewise had come under Northwest Greek influence, though to
1320-448: Is considered by some linguists to have been closely related to Greek . Among Indo-European branches with living descendants, Greek is often argued to have the closest genetic ties with Armenian (see also Graeco-Armenian ) and Indo-Iranian languages (see Graeco-Aryan ). Ancient Greek differs from Proto-Indo-European (PIE) and other Indo-European languages in certain ways. In phonotactics , ancient Greek words could end only in
1386-593: Is defined as "the largest clade containing "the largest clade containing Triceratops horridus , but not Chaoyangsaurus youngi and Psittacosaurus mongoliensis ". By this definition, only the members of Chaoyangosauridae and Psittacosaurus are excluded from Neoceratopsia, while all more derived ceratopsians are part of this clade. A slightly less inclusive group is Euceratopsia , named and defined by Daniel Madzia and colleagues in 2021 as "the smallest clade containing Leptoceratops gracilis , Protoceratops andrewsi , and Triceratops horridus ". This clade includes
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#17327913631671452-715: Is officially defined in the PhyloCode as "the largest clade containing Ceratops montanus and Triceratops horridus , but not Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis . Under this definition, the most basal known ceratopsians are the family Chaoyangsauridae and the well known genus Psittacosaurus , from the Early Cretaceous Period, all of which were discovered in northern China or Mongolia . The rostral bone and flared jugals are already present in all of these forms, indicating that even earlier ceratopsians remain to be discovered. The clade Neoceratopsia
1518-770: The Centrosaurus bone bed where it was found. The specimen remains one of the few dinosaur specimens found with severe cancer. Thomas M. Lehman has observed that Centrosaurus fossils haven't been found outside of southern Alberta even though they are among the most abundant Judithian dinosaurs in the region. Large herbivores like the ceratopsians living in North America during the Late Cretaceous had "remarkably small geographic ranges" despite their large body size and high mobility. This restricted distribution strongly contrasts with modern mammalian faunas whose large herbivores' ranges "typical[ly] ... span much of
1584-586: The Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event , 66 million years ago . Triceratops is by far the best-known ceratopsian to the general public. It is traditional for ceratopsian genus names to end in " -ceratops ", although this is not always the case. One of the first named genera was Ceratops itself, which lent its name to the group, although it is considered a nomen dubium today as its fossil remains have no distinguishing characteristics that are not also found in other ceratopsians. Early members of
1650-759: The Greek region of Macedonia during the last decades has brought to light documents, among which the first texts written in Macedonian , such as the Pella curse tablet , as Hatzopoulos and other scholars note. Based on the conclusions drawn by several studies and findings such as Pella curse tablet , Emilio Crespo and other scholars suggest that ancient Macedonian was a Northwest Doric dialect , which shares isoglosses with its neighboring Thessalian dialects spoken in northeastern Thessaly . Some have also suggested an Aeolic Greek classification. The Lesbian dialect
1716-618: The Judith River in Chouteau County , Montana. Since the ceratopsians had not been recognised yet as a distinctive group, Cope was uncertain about much of the fossil material, not recognizing the nasal horn core, nor the brow horns, as part of a fossil horn. The frill bone was interpreted as a part of the breastbone. In 1888 and 1889, Othniel Charles Marsh described the first well preserved horned dinosaurs, Ceratops and Triceratops . In 1890 Marsh classified them together in
1782-420: The cancer had reached an aggressive stage. The cancer would have resulted in a severe limp that would have made the ceratopsian more vulnerable to predation. However, the fact that it was part of a herd allowed the Centrosaurus to survive much longer than would be expected for an animal infected with such severe disease. The individual itself is believed to have died from drowning in the flash flood that created
1848-501: The present , future , and imperfect are imperfective in aspect; the aorist , present perfect , pluperfect and future perfect are perfective in aspect. Most tenses display all four moods and three voices, although there is no future subjunctive or imperative. Also, there is no imperfect subjunctive, optative or imperative. The infinitives and participles correspond to the finite combinations of tense, aspect, and voice. The indicative of past tenses adds (conceptually, at least)
1914-510: The 1960s, it was noted that the name Ceratopsia is actually incorrect linguistically and that it should be Ceratopia . However, this spelling, while technically correct, has been used only rarely in the scientific literature, and the vast majority of paleontologists continue to use Ceratopsia. As the ICZN does not govern taxa above the level of superfamily , this is unlikely to change. Following Marsh, Ceratopsia has usually been classified as
1980-1031: The 5th century BC. Ancient pronunciation cannot be reconstructed with certainty, but Greek from the period is well documented, and there is little disagreement among linguists as to the general nature of the sounds that the letters represent. /oː/ raised to [uː] , probably by the 4th century BC. Greek, like all of the older Indo-European languages , is highly inflected. It is highly archaic in its preservation of Proto-Indo-European forms. In ancient Greek, nouns (including proper nouns) have five cases ( nominative , genitive , dative , accusative , and vocative ), three genders ( masculine , feminine , and neuter ), and three numbers (singular, dual , and plural ). Verbs have four moods ( indicative , imperative , subjunctive , and optative ) and three voices (active, middle, and passive ), as well as three persons (first, second, and third) and various other forms. Verbs are conjugated through seven combinations of tenses and aspect (generally simply called "tenses"):
2046-495: The Archaic period of ancient Greek (see Homeric Greek for more details): Μῆνιν ἄειδε, θεά, Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρί' Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε' ἔθηκε, πολλὰς δ' ἰφθίμους ψυχὰς Ἄϊδι προΐαψεν ἡρώων, αὐτοὺς δὲ ἑλώρια τεῦχε κύνεσσιν οἰωνοῖσί τε πᾶσι· Διὸς δ' ἐτελείετο βουλή· ἐξ οὗ δὴ τὰ πρῶτα διαστήτην ἐρίσαντε Ἀτρεΐδης τε ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν καὶ δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς. The beginning of Apology by Plato exemplifies Attic Greek from
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2112-570: The Classical period of ancient Greek. (The second line is the IPA , the third is transliterated into the Latin alphabet using a modern version of the Erasmian scheme .) Ὅτι [hóti Hóti μὲν men mèn ὑμεῖς, hyːmêːs hūmeîs, Centrosaurus Centrosaurus ( / ˌ s ɛ n t r oʊ ˈ s ɔːr ə s / SEN -troh- SOR -əs ; lit. ' pointed lizard ' )
2178-550: The aorist. Following Homer 's practice, the augment is sometimes not made in poetry , especially epic poetry. The augment sometimes substitutes for reduplication; see below. Almost all forms of the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect reduplicate the initial syllable of the verb stem. (A few irregular forms of perfect do not reduplicate, whereas a handful of irregular aorists reduplicate.) The three types of reduplication are: Irregular duplication can be understood diachronically. For example, lambanō (root lab ) has
2244-484: The attachment of large neck and chewing muscles or some combination of the above. Ceratopsians ranged in size from 1 meter (3.3 feet) and 23 kilograms (51 pounds) to over 9 meters (30 feet) and 9,100 kg (20,100 lb). Ceratopsians are easily recognized by features of the skull . On the tip of a ceratopsian upper jaw is the rostral bone, an edentulous (toothless) ossification, unique to ceratopsians. Othniel Charles Marsh recognized and named this bone, which acts as
2310-419: The augment when it was word-initial. In verbs with a preposition as a prefix, the augment is placed not at the start of the word, but between the preposition and the original verb. For example, προσ(-)βάλλω (I attack) goes to προσ έ βαλoν in the aorist. However compound verbs consisting of a prefix that is not a preposition retain the augment at the start of the word: αὐτο(-)μολῶ goes to ηὐ τομόλησα in
2376-419: The base of the frill. These bones were ornamental instead of functional, and may have helped differentiate species . Epoccipitals probably were present in all known ceratopsids. They appear to have been broadly different between short-frilled ceratopsids ( centrosaurines ) and long-frilled ceratopsids ( chasmosaurines ), being elliptical with constricted bases in the former group, and triangular with wide bases in
2442-438: The center of Greek scholarship, this division of people and language is quite similar to the results of modern archaeological-linguistic investigation. One standard formulation for the dialects is: West vs. non-West Greek is the strongest-marked and earliest division, with non-West in subsets of Ionic-Attic (or Attic-Ionic) and Aeolic vs. Arcadocypriot, or Aeolic and Arcado-Cypriot vs. Ionic-Attic. Often non-West
2508-418: The ceratopsian group, such as Psittacosaurus , were small bipedal animals. Later members, including ceratopsids like Centrosaurus and Triceratops , became very large quadrupeds and developed elaborate facial horns and frills extending over the neck. While these frills might have served to protect the vulnerable neck from predators , they may also have been used for display , thermoregulation ,
2574-615: The dialect of Sparta ), and Northern Peloponnesus Doric (including Corinthian ). All the groups were represented by colonies beyond Greece proper as well, and these colonies generally developed local characteristics, often under the influence of settlers or neighbors speaking different Greek dialects. After the conquests of Alexander the Great in the late 4th century BC, a new international dialect known as Koine or Common Greek developed, largely based on Attic Greek , but with influence from other dialects. This dialect slowly replaced most of
2640-400: The early 20th century that some of these were recognized as ceratopsian teeth. During another of Hayden's expeditions in 1872, Fielding Bradford Meek found several giant bones protruding from a hillside in southwestern Wyoming . He alerted paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope , who led a dig to recover the partial skeleton. Cope recognized the remains as a dinosaur, but noted that even though
2706-408: The family Ceratopsidae and the order Ceratopsia. This prompted Cope to reexamine his own specimens and to realize that Triceratops , Monoclonius , and Agathaumas all represented a single group of similar dinosaurs, which he named Agathaumidae in 1891. Cope redescribed Monoclonius as a horned dinosaur, with a large nasal horn and two smaller horns over the eyes, and a large frill . Ceratopsia
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2772-402: The family Leptoceratopsidae and all more derived ceratopsians. Leptoceratopsids are a mostly North American group of mostly small bodied and quadrupedal ceratopsians. Another subset of neoceratopsians is called Coronosauria , which is "the smallest clade containing Protoceratops andrewsi and Triceratops horridus ". Coronosaurs show the first development of the neck frill and the fusion of
2838-621: The first several neck vertebrae to support the increasingly heavy head. Within Coronosauria, two groups are generally recognized. One group can be called Protoceratopsidae and includes Protoceratops and its closest relatives, all Asian. The other group, Ceratopsoidea , includes the family Ceratopsidae and closely related animals like Zuniceratops . This clade is defined as "the largest clade containing Ceratops montanus and Triceratops horridus , but not Protoceratops andrewsi ". Ceratopsidae itself includes Triceratops and all
2904-526: The following periods: Mycenaean Greek ( c. 1400–1200 BC ), Dark Ages ( c. 1200–800 BC ), the Archaic or Epic period ( c. 800–500 BC ), and the Classical period ( c. 500–300 BC ). Ancient Greek was the language of Homer and of fifth-century Athenian historians, playwrights, and philosophers . It has contributed many words to English vocabulary and has been
2970-552: The fossil lacked a skull, it was different from any type of dinosaur then known. He named the new species Agathaumas sylvestris , meaning "marvellous forest-dweller". Soon after, Cope named two more dinosaurs that would eventually come to be recognized as ceratopsids: Polyonax and Monoclonius . Monoclonius was notable for the number of disassociated remains found, including the first evidence of ceratopsid horns and frills. Several Monoclonius fossils were found by Cope, assisted by Charles Hazelius Sternberg , in summer 1876 near
3036-520: The frill. A pair of small upwards directed horns is also found over the eyes. The frills of Centrosaurus were moderately long, with fairly large fenestrae and small hornlets along the outer edges. The genus Centrosaurus gives its name to the Centrosaurinae subfamily. Its closest relatives appear to be Styracosaurus and Monoclonius . It so closely resembles the latter of these that some paleontologists have considered them to represent
3102-422: The function of ceratopsian frills and horns include defense from predators, combat within the species, and visual display. A 2009 study of Triceratops and Centrosaurus skull lesions found that bone injuries on the skulls were more likely caused by intraspecific combat (horn-to-horn combat) rather than predatory attacks. The frills of Centrosaurus were too thin to be used for defense against predators, although
3168-655: The high density and number of individuals would be explained if they had perished while trying to cross a flooded river. A discovery of thousands of Centrosaurus fossils near the town of Hilda , Alberta , is believed to be the largest bed of dinosaur bones ever discovered. The area is now known as the Hilda mega-bonebed . Because of the variation between species and even individual specimens of centrosaurines, there has been much debate over which genera and species are valid, particularly whether Centrosaurus and/or Monoclonius are valid genera, undiagnosable, or possibly members of
3234-561: The historical Dorians . The invasion is known to have displaced population to the later Attic-Ionic regions, who regarded themselves as descendants of the population displaced by or contending with the Dorians. The Greeks of this period believed there were three major divisions of all Greek people – Dorians, Aeolians, and Ionians (including Athenians), each with their own defining and distinctive dialects. Allowing for their oversight of Arcadian, an obscure mountain dialect, and Cypriot, far from
3300-476: The historical circumstances of the times imply that the overall groups already existed in some form. Scholars assume that major Ancient Greek period dialect groups developed not later than 1120 BC, at the time of the Dorian invasions —and that their first appearances as precise alphabetic writing began in the 8th century BC. The invasion would not be "Dorian" unless the invaders had some cultural relationship to
3366-500: The jaws of Centrosaurus were adapted to shear through tough plant material. The discovery of gigantic bone beds of Centrosaurus in Canada suggest that they were gregarious animals and could have traveled in large herds. A bone bed composed of Centrosaurus and Styracosaurus remains is known from the Dinosaur Park Formation in what is now Alberta. The mass deaths may have been caused by otherwise non-herding animals gathering around
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#17327913631673432-621: The large North American ceratopsians and is further divided into the subfamilies Centrosaurinae and Chasmosaurinae . All previously published neoceratopsian phylogenetic analyses were incorporated into the analysis of Eric M. Morschhauser and colleagues in 2019 , along with all previously published diagnostic species excluding the incomplete juvenile Archaeoceratops yujingziensis and the problematic genera Bainoceratops , Lamaceratops , Platyceratops and Gobiceratops that are very closely related to and potentially synonymous with Bagaceratops . While there were many unresolved areas of
3498-415: The later ceratopsians had upright forelimbs and the larger species may have been as fast as rhinos , which can run at up to 56 km or 35 miles per hour. Ancient Greek Ancient Greek ( Ἑλληνῐκή , Hellēnikḗ ; [hellɛːnikɛ́ː] ) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into
3564-490: The latter group. Within these broad definitions, different species would have somewhat different shapes and numbers. In centrosaurines especially, like Centrosaurus , Pachyrhinosaurus , and Styracosaurus , these bones become long and spike- or hook-like. A well-known example is the coarse sawtooth fringe of broad triangular epoccipitals on the frill of Triceratops . When regarding the ossification's morphogenetic traits, it can be described as dermal. The term epoccipital
3630-545: The most commonly preserved elements of ceratopsian skeletons and many species are known only from skulls. There is a great deal of variation between and even within ceratopsian species. Complete growth series from embryo to adult are known for Psittacosaurus and Protoceratops , allowing the study of ontogenetic variation in these species. Most restorations of ceratopsians show them with erect hindlimbs but semi-sprawling forelimbs, which suggest that they were not fast movers. But Paul and Christiansen (2000) argued that at least
3696-508: The older dialects, although the Doric dialect has survived in the Tsakonian language , which is spoken in the region of modern Sparta. Doric has also passed down its aorist terminations into most verbs of Demotic Greek . By about the 6th century AD, the Koine had slowly metamorphosed into Medieval Greek . Phrygian is an extinct Indo-European language of West and Central Anatolia , which
3762-476: The opposite sex. In 1996, Peter Dodson found enough variation between Centrosaurus , Styracosaurus , and Monoclonius to warrant separate genera and that Styracosaurus resembled Centrosaurus more closely than either resembled Monoclonius . Dodson believed one species of Monoclonius , M. nasicornus , may actually have been a female Styracosaurus . His assessments have been partially followed, with other researchers not accepting Monoclonius nasicornus as
3828-487: The perfect stem eilēpha (not * lelēpha ) because it was originally slambanō , with perfect seslēpha , becoming eilēpha through compensatory lengthening. Reduplication is also visible in the present tense stems of certain verbs. These stems add a syllable consisting of the root's initial consonant followed by i . A nasal stop appears after the reduplication in some verbs. The earliest extant examples of ancient Greek writing ( c. 1450 BC ) are in
3894-926: The same animal. Other members of the Centrosaurinae subfamily include Pachyrhinosaurus , Avaceratops , Einiosaurus , Albertaceratops , and Achelousaurus . The cladogram presented below represents a phylogenetic analysis by Chiba et al. (2017): Diabloceratops eatoni Machairoceratops cronusi Avaceratops lammersi (ANSP 15800) MOR 692 CMN 8804 Nasutoceratops titusi Malta new taxon Xenoceratops foremostensis Sinoceratops zhuchengensis Wendiceratops pinhornensis Albertaceratops nesmoi Medusaceratops lokii Rubeosaurus ovatus Styracosaurus albertensis Coronosaurus brinkmani Centrosaurus apertus Spinops sternbergorum Einiosaurus procurvicornis Achelousaurus horneri Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai Pachyrhinosaurus perotorum Like other ceratopsids ,
3960-603: The series of small hornlets placed along the margin of their frills, not the nasal horns (which were unknown when the dinosaur was named). The genus is not to be confused with the stegosaur Kentrosaurus , the name of which is derived from the same Greek word. Later, vast bonebeds of Centrosaurus were found in Dinosaur Provincial Park , also in Alberta . Some of these beds extend for hundreds of meters and contain thousands of individuals of all ages and all levels of completion. Scientists have speculated that
4026-1823: The strict consensus, including all of Leptoceratopsidae, a single most parsimonious tree was found that was most consistent with the relative ages of the taxa included, which is shown below. Psittacosaurus sinensis [REDACTED] Psittacosaurus mongoliensis [REDACTED] Yinlong downsi [REDACTED] Chaoyangsaurus youngi [REDACTED] Hualianceratops wucaiwanensis [REDACTED] Xuanhuaceratops niei Stenopelix valdensis [REDACTED] Liaoceratops yanzigouensis [REDACTED] Archaeoceratops oshimai [REDACTED] Aquilops americanus [REDACTED] Auroraceratops rugosus [REDACTED] Graciliceratops mongoliensis [REDACTED] Asiaceratops salsopaludalis Mosaiceratops azumai [REDACTED] Yamaceratops dorngobiensis [REDACTED] Helioceratops brachygnathus [REDACTED] Leptoceratops gracilis [REDACTED] Ischioceratops zhuchengensis [REDACTED] Prenoceratops pieganensis [REDACTED] Udanoceratops tchizhovi [REDACTED] Zhuchengceratops inexpectus [REDACTED] Koreaceratops hwaseongensis [REDACTED] Montanoceratops cerorhynchus [REDACTED] Cerasinops hodgskissi [REDACTED] Gryphoceratops morrisoni Unescoceratops kopelhusae Bagaceratops rozhdestvenskyi [REDACTED] Magnirostris dodsoni Protoceratops hellenikorhinus [REDACTED] Protoceratops andrewsi [REDACTED] Ajkaceratops kozmai [REDACTED] Zuniceratops christopheri [REDACTED] Turanoceratops tardabilis [REDACTED] Diabloceratops eatoni [REDACTED] Ceratopsidae [REDACTED] Unlike almost all other dinosaur groups, skulls are
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#17327913631674092-517: The syllabic script Linear B . Beginning in the 8th century BC, however, the Greek alphabet became standard, albeit with some variation among dialects. Early texts are written in boustrophedon style, but left-to-right became standard during the classic period. Modern editions of ancient Greek texts are usually written with accents and breathing marks , interword spacing , modern punctuation , and sometimes mixed case , but these were all introduced later. The beginning of Homer 's Iliad exemplifies
4158-415: The thicker, solid frills of Triceratops might have evolved to protect their necks. The frills of Centrosaurus were most likely used "for species recognition and/or other forms of visual display". A specimen of Centrosaurus apertus recovered from Dinosaur Provincial Park in 1989 was discovered to have crippling osteosarcoma in its right fibula. Examination of the cancerous lesions in the bone suggest
4224-480: Was Aeolic. For example, fragments of the works of the poet Sappho from the island of Lesbos are in Aeolian. Most of the dialect sub-groups listed above had further subdivisions, generally equivalent to a city-state and its surrounding territory, or to an island. Doric notably had several intermediate divisions as well, into Island Doric (including Cretan Doric ), Southern Peloponnesus Doric (including Laconian ,
4290-529: Was coined by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1890 to include dinosaurs possessing certain characteristic features, including horns, a rostral bone , teeth with two roots , fused neck vertebrae , and a forward-oriented pubis . Marsh considered the group distinct enough to warrant its own suborder within Ornithischia. The name is derived from the Greek κέρας / kéras meaning 'horn' and ὄψῐς / ópsis meaning 'appearance, view' and by extension 'face'. As early as
4356-515: Was coined by paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh in 1889. The first ceratopsian remains known to science were discovered during the U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories led by the American geologist F.V. Hayden . Teeth discovered during an 1855 expedition to Montana were first assigned to hadrosaurids and included within the genus Trachodon . It was not until
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