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125-873: The Feast of Corpus Christi ( Ecclesiastical Latin : Dies Sanctissimi Corporis et Sanguinis Domini Iesu Christi , lit.   'Day of the Most Holy Body and Blood of Jesus Christ the Lord';), also known as the Solemnity of the Most Holy Body and Blood of Christ , is a liturgical solemnity celebrating the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist ; the feast is observed by the Latin Church , in addition to certain Western Orthodox , Lutheran , and Anglican churches. Two months earlier,

250-512: A Eucharistic miracle of a bleeding consecrated host at Bolsena , has been called into question by scholars who note problems in the dating of the miracle, whose tradition begins in the 14th century, and the interests of Urban IV, a former Archdeacon in Liège. Though this was the first papally imposed universal feast for the Latin Church, it was not widely celebrated for half a century. It

375-469: A vision in the woods near his home in rural New York. This led to a series of other manifestations through which he claimed to receive divine instruction, authority, and power to restore the true Church of Jesus Christ to the world. He also claimed to receive a vision of Jesus while in the Kirtland Temple on April 3, 1836. His record of the revelation has since become known as the 110th section of

500-477: A bicycle ( birota ), a cigarette ( fistula nicotiana ), a computer ( instrumentum computatorium ), a cowboy ( armentarius ), a motel ( deversorium autocineticum ), shampoo ( capitilavium ), a strike ( operistitium ), a terrorist ( tromocrates ), a trademark ( ergasterii nota ), an unemployed person ( invite otiosus ), a waltz ( chorea Vindobonensis ), and even a miniskirt ( tunicula minima ) and hot pants ( brevissimae bracae femineae ). Some 600 such terms extracted from

625-467: A book based on her reported visions, the book was written 20 years after her first vision and she did not declare it to be a dictation. At the other end of the spectrum is the case of Anne Catherine Emmerich who narrated her messages to Clemens Brentano , who transcribed them in his own words. Another case was that of the nun Consolata Betrone who would repeat her reported conversations with Jesus to her confessor Lorenzo Sales . After her death, Sales wrote

750-526: A celebration of Corpus Christi to be held in the diocese each year thereafter on the Thursday after Trinity Sunday. The first such celebration occurred at St Martin's Church in the city that same year. Hugh of St-Cher travelled to Liège as Cardinal-Legate in 1251 and, finding that the feast was not being observed, reinstated it. In the following year, he established the feast for his whole jurisdiction (Germany, Dacia, Bohemia, and Moravia), to be celebrated on

875-521: A decision on her stigmata. The Franciscan Italian priest Pio of Pietrelcina reported visions of both Jesus and Mary as early as 1910. For a number of years he claimed to have experienced deep ecstasy along with his visions. In 1918, while praying in the Church of Saint Mary of Graces he reported ecstasy and visions which this time left him with permanent and visible stigmata, the five wounds of Christ. The stigmata remained visible on his hands and feet for

1000-647: A feast focused solely on the Holy Eucharist, emphasizing the joy of the Eucharist being the Body and Blood, Soul and Divinity of Jesus Christ . Having recognized in 1264 the authenticity of the Eucharistic Miracle of Bolsena , on input of Aquinas, the pontiff, then living in Orvieto , established the feast of Corpus Christi as a Solemnity and extended it to the whole Roman Catholic Church. The feast

1125-550: A great desire to suffer in union with the crucified Jesus for the conversion of sinners. Shortly after that time she reported a series of vision of Jesus and the Virgin Mary that lasted a number of years. She reported a vision of Christ bearing his cross and of the chalice symbolizing the Passion of Christ . On Good Friday 1697 she received the five wounds of Christ as stigmata. Mary is traditionally said to have appeared to

1250-616: A medal with the Holy Face. In 1958, Pope Pius XII confirmed the Feast of the Holy Face of Jesus as Shrove Tuesday (the Tuesday before Ash Wednesday) for all Roman Catholics. Maria Pierina De Micheli was beatified by Pope Benedict XVI in 2009. From 1944 to 1947 the bed ridden Italian writer and mystic Maria Valtorta produced 15,000 handwritten pages of text that she said recorded the visions of her conversations with Jesus about his life and

1375-736: A modern language, but the authoritative text, published in the Acta Apostolicae Sedis , is usually in Latin. Some texts may be published initially in a modern language and be later revised, according to a Latin version (or "editio typica"), after this Latin version is published. For example, the Catechism of the Catholic Church was drafted and published, in 1992, in French. The Latin text appeared five years later, in 1997, and

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1500-487: A predominantly Catholic population including, among others, Argentina , Austria, Bolivia , parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina , Brazil , Colombia , Croatia , Dominican Republic , East Timor , Equatorial Guinea , parts of Germany, Grenada , Haiti , Jerusalem in Israel , Liechtenstein , Monaco , Paraguay , Peru , Poland, Portugal, Saint Lucia , San Marino , Spain, parts of Switzerland, Trinidad and Tobago , parts of

1625-776: A separate Feast of the Most Precious Blood of Our Lord Jesus Christ was assigned originally to the first Sunday in July, later to the first day of the month. This feast was removed from the General Roman Calendar in 1969, "because the Most Precious Blood of Christ the Redeemer is already venerated in the solemnities of the Passion, of Corpus Christi and of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and in the feast of

1750-680: A series of books called “True Life in God” and have been translated into over 40 languages by volunteers worldwide. In a 1995 notification the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith , while recognizing some positive aspects of Ryden's activities, declared that their negative effects meant that dioceses should not provide opportunities for spreading her ideas and that Catholics should not consider her writings to be supernatural. A further letter from

1875-575: A solemn feast for the Blessed Sacrament as the Body of Christ . When she eventually reported her visions to her confessor, the information was relayed to the bishop. Years later, in 1264, in the papal bull Transiturus de hoc mundo Pope Urban IV (who was formerly the Archdeacon of Liege) formally declared the feast of Corpus Christi as the first papally sanctioned universal feast for

2000-477: A vision in which an image of Jesus purportedly spoke to him: " Francis, Francis, go and repair My house which, as you can see, is falling into ruins. " This vision led Francis to renounce his merchant family, embrace poverty and form the Franciscan order . Starting in 1208, Juliana of Liege had visions of Christ which she kept a secret for almost 20 years. In these visions she was reportedly told to institute

2125-476: A vision in which she was commanded to abandon her life of solitude and to make an impact on the world. She corresponded with Pope Gregory XI and other people in authority, begging for peace and for the reformation of the clergy, writing over 300 letters. Her arguments, and her trip to Avignon, eventually became instrumental in the decision of Pope Gregory XI to return the Avignon Papacy to Rome where she

2250-538: A vision of Jesus after which she experienced recurring stigmata. She reported the vision as follows: “At that moment Jesus appeared with all his wounds open, but from these wounds there no longer came forth blood, but flames of fire. In an instant these flames came to touch my hands, my feet and my heart.” Thereafter she reported receiving the stigmata every week from Thursday night to Saturday morning, during which time she also reported further conversations with Jesus. The Congregation of Rites has so far refrained from making

2375-531: A vowel is generally pronounced /tsi/ (unless preceded by ⟨s⟩ , ⟨d⟩ or ⟨t⟩ ). Such speakers pronounce consonantal ⟨v⟩ (not written as ⟨u⟩ ) as /v/ as in English, not as Classical /w/ . Like in Classical Latin, double consonants are pronounced with gemination . The distinction in Classical Latin between long and short vowels

2500-457: Is a moveable feast , celebrated on the Thursday after Trinity Sunday , 60 days after Easter , or, in countries where it is not a holy day of obligation , on the following Sunday. The earliest possible Thursday celebration falls on May 21 (as in 1818 and 2285), the latest on June 24 (as in 1943 and 2038). The Sunday celebration of the feast, introduced in the second half of the 20th century, occurs three days later, between May 24 at earliest (for

2625-520: Is a national holiday and non-working day in Croatia since 2001. Around churches and in the city centers processions are held, headed with priests carrying Blessed Altair Sacrament. They are usually followed by four men carrying a canopy above the Sacrament and children in white who throw flower petals (usually rose) along the way. In medieval times in many parts of Europe, Corpus Christi was a time for

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2750-533: Is also used on Maundy Thursday during the procession of the Blessed Sacrament to the altar of repose . The last two verses of Pange Lingua are also used as a separate hymn, Tantum Ergo , which is sung at Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament . O Salutaris Hostia , another hymn sung at Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament, comprises the last two verses of Verbum Supernum Prodiens , Aquinas' hymn for Lauds of Corpus Christi. Aquinas also composed

2875-531: Is ignored, and instead of the ' macron ' or ' apex ', lines to mark the long vowel, an acute accent is used for stress. The first syllable of two-syllable words is stressed; in longer words, an acute accent is placed over the stressed vowel: adorémus 'let us adore'; Dómini 'of the Lord'. The complete text of the Bible in Latin, the revised Vulgate, appears at Nova Vulgata – Bibliorum Sacrorum Editio. New Advent gives

3000-578: Is liturgically celebrated on the Thursday after Trinity Sunday or, "where the Solemnity of The Most Holy Body and Blood of Christ is not a holy day of obligation , it is assigned to the Sunday after the Most Holy Trinity as its proper day". At the end of Holy Mass , there is often a procession of the Blessed Sacrament , generally displayed in a monstrance . The procession is followed by

3125-520: Is now officially celebrated as the first Sunday after Easter. On the first Friday in Lent 1936, Maria Pierina De Micheli , a nun born near Milan in Italy, reported a vision in which Jesus told her: “ I will that My Face, which reflects the intimate pains of My Spirit, the suffering and the love of My Heart, be more honored. He who meditates upon Me, consoles Me ”. Further visions reportedly urged her to make

3250-465: Is said to have appeared 49 times in Dozulé to Madeleine Aumont, a mother of five children, in the presence of her parish priest Victor L’Horset and other faithful people, and is believed to have dictated a series of messages, containing teachings and of warnings for all people, according to those who believe in them. Among them is the daily «Prayer of Dozulé» . The messages are seen as an annunciation of

3375-532: Is the doubting Thomas conversation (John 20:24–29) between Jesus and Thomas the Apostle after his death. Author Michael Freze argues that Catholic practices such as Eucharistic adoration , rosary devotions and contemplative meditation with a focus on interior life facilitate visions and apparitions. In recent centuries, people reporting visions of Jesus and Mary have been of diverse backgrounds: laity and clergy, young and old, Catholics and Protestants,

3500-416: Is the consequences of its use as a language for translating, since it has borrowed and assimilated constructions and vocabulary from the koine Greek , while adapting the meanings of some Latin words to those of the koine Greek originals, which are sometimes themselves translations of Hebrew originals. At first there was no distinction between Latin and the actual Romance vernacular, the former being just

3625-663: Is the language of liturgical rites in the Latin Church , as well as the Western Rite of the Eastern Orthodox Church . It is occasionally used in Anglican Church and Lutheran Church liturgies as well. Today, ecclesiastical Latin is primarily used in official documents of the Catholic Church, in the Tridentine Mass , and it is still learned by clergy. The Ecclesiastical Latin that

3750-457: Is the most shameful festival. At no festival are God and his Christ more blasphemed, than on this day, and particularly by the procession. For then people are treating the Blessed Sacrament with such ignominy that it becomes only play-acting and is just vain idolatry. With its cosmetics and false holiness it conflicts with Christ's order and establishment. Because He never commanded us to carry on like this. Therefore, beware of such worship! However,

3875-717: Is used in theological works, liturgical rites and dogmatic proclamations varies in style: syntactically simple in the Vulgate Bible , hieratic (very restrained) in the Roman Canon of the Mass , terse and technical in Thomas Aquinas 's Summa Theologica , and Ciceronian (syntactically complex) in Pope John Paul II 's encyclical letter Fides et Ratio . The use of Latin in the Church started in

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4000-1124: The Ave Maria , and the Credo in Latin." In the Anglican Church , the Book of Common Prayer was published in Latin, alongside English. John Wesley , the founder of the Methodist churches , "used Latin text in doctrinal writings", as Martin Luther and John Calvin did in their era. In the training of Protestant clergy in Württemberg , as well as in the Rhineland , universities instructed divinity students in Latin and their examinations were conducted in this language. The University of Montauban, under Reformed auspices, required that seminarians complete two theses, with one being in Latin; thus Reformed ministers were "Latinist by training", comparable to Catholic seminarians. Ecclesiastical Latin continues to be

4125-808: The Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe , in Mexico City, was the most visited Catholic shrine in the world in 1999, now followed by the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima , in Cova da Iria , Portugal, with between 6 and 8 million pilgrims per year. The Padre Pio of Pietrelcina 's sanctuary in San Giovanni Rotondo , in Italy, and the Basilica of Our Lady of Aparecida in Brazil, received each about 6 to 7 million pilgrims per year, followed by

4250-757: The Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament . A notable Eucharistic procession is that presided over by the Pope each year in Rome, where it begins at the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran and passes to the Basilica of Saint Mary Major , where it concludes with the aforementioned Benediction. Corpus Christi wreaths, which are made of flowers, are hung on the doors and windows of the Christian faithful, in addition to being erected in gardens and fields. The celebration of

4375-639: The Catalan city of Berga ( Barcelona ) during Corpus Christi. It consists of a series of "dances" ( balls ) by townspeople dressed as mystical and symbolical figures. The balls are marked by their solemnity and their ample use of fire and pyrotechnics . It was declared a Traditional Festival of National Interest by the Generalitat de Catalunya in 1983, and as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO in 2005. Corpus Christi

4500-646: The Church of England since the 2000 edition of "Common Worship," "the Thursday after Trinity Sunday may be observed as The Day of Thanksgiving for the Institution of Holy Communion (Corpus Christi)" as one of the church's Festivals and with a special liturgy . The feast is also celebrated by Anglo-Catholic parishes, even in provinces of the Anglican Communion that do not officially include it in their calendars. McCausland's Order of Divine Service ,

4625-684: The Doctrine and Covenants . In 1843 Mary of Saint Peter , a Discalced Carmelite nun in Tours , France reported visions of conversations with Jesus and the Virgin Mary in which she was urged to spread the devotion to the Holy Name of Jesus and to the Holy Face of Jesus , in reparation for the many insults Jesus suffered in his Passion. This resulted in the Golden Arrow prayer . The devotion

4750-626: The Holy Face of Jesus and the Sacred Heart of Jesus. From 1673 to 1675, Marguerite Marie Alacoque recounted a series of visions of Christ speaking to her. This led her to promote Devotion of the Sacred Heart . She was declared a saint in 1920 and the Feast of the Sacred Heart is celebrated 19 days after Pentecost . Catherine of Siena was a Dominican tertiary who lived, fasted and prayed at home in Siena Italy. In 1370 she reported

4875-628: The Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn and reports of Our Lady of Surbiton claiming that Mary appeared every day under a pine tree in England were flatly rejected by the Vatican as a fraud. In December 1906, during the reign of Pope Pius X the former Polish nun Feliksa Kozlowska became the first woman in history to be excommunicated by name as a heretic. Some visions of Jesus have simply been classified as hallucinations by

5000-468: The Roman Catholic Diocese of Rochester Matthew H. Clark in 1999 unanimously found Leary's messages to be riddled with doctrinal errors and of human origin. Despite the expected controversies, post-Ascension visions of Jesus and the Virgin Mary have, in fact, played a key role in the direction of the Catholic Church, e.g. the formation of the Franciscan order and the devotions to the Holy Rosary ,

5125-446: The Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes , in France, with 5 million visitors per year. The Bible includes primarily pre-Ascension visions of Jesus, except for the vision of Christ by Saint Stephen in Acts 7:55, and the conversation between Jesus and Ananias in Damascus in which Ananias is ordered to heal Paul (Acts 9:10–18). In 1205, while praying in the Church of San Damiano just outside Assisi , Francis of Assisi reported

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5250-402: The propers for the Mass of Corpus Christi, including the sequence Lauda Sion Salvatorem . The epistle reading for the Mass was taken from Paul's First Epistle to the Corinthians ( 1 Corinthians 11:23–29 ), and the Gospel reading was taken from the Gospel of John ( John 6:56–59 ). When Pope Pius V revised the General Roman Calendar (see Tridentine calendar ), Corpus Christi

5375-457: The Augustinian nuns at the convent and leprosarium of Mont-Cornillon, where Juliana developed a special veneration for the Blessed Sacrament . She always longed for a feast day outside of Lent in its honour. Her vita reports that this desire was enhanced by a vision of the church under the appearance of the full moon having one dark spot, which signified the absence of such a solemnity. In 1208, she reported her first vision of Christ in which she

5500-447: The Catholic Church eventually being recognized as one of only three female Doctors of the Church . One of her visions is the subject of Bernini 's famous work The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa in the basilica of Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome . In the early 17th century, María de Jesús de Ágreda reported a number of mystical experiences, visions and conversations with Mary. She stated that Mary had inspired and dictated passages in

5625-578: The Congregation written on January 25, 2007, by the new Prefect Cardinal William Levada and this time sent worldwide to all the Catholic episcopal conferences, confirmed the 1995 negative doctrinal evaluation of the writings of which it spoke; stated that, in view of the clarifications offered, a case by case judgement should be passed on the possibility for Catholics to read her writings "presented not as divine revelations but rather as her personal meditations"; and declared it inappropriate for Catholics to participate in her prayer groups. Among recent visions,

5750-451: The English Carmelite priest Simon Stock in 1251, and given him the Carmelite habit, the Brown Scapular . "The question then, from a historical perspective, is not whether Mary appeared to Simon Stock and gave him the scapular, but rather did Simon Stock perceive the Mother of God bestowing this sign of her protection on him and his brothers in Carmel." Anne Catherine Emmerich was a German Augustinian nun who lived from 1774 to 1824. She

5875-423: The Exaltation of the Holy Cross. But the Mass of the Most Precious Blood of Our Lord Jesus Christ is placed among the votive Masses". The feast of Corpus Christi is one of five occasions in the year on which a diocesan bishop is not to be away from his diocese unless for a grave and urgent reason. In many countries, the day is a holy day of obligation to participate in the celebration of Mass and takes place on

6000-454: The Father"". In John 20:27 Jesus ordered Thomas the Apostle: "Put your hand into My side". But the Bible does not mention if Thomas followed that command. Some visionaries produce artifacts based on their reported visions, although this is rare. In 1531, Juan Diego reported an early morning vision of Mary, in which he was instructed to build an abbey on the Hill of Tepeyac in Mexico. The local prelate did not believe his account and asked for

6125-454: The Feast Day of Our Lady of Fátima in May 1981. He donated the bullet that wounded him on that day to the Roman Catholic Sanctuary of Fátima, in Portugal . Every year on May 13 and October 13, the significant dates of Fátima apparitions, pilgrims fill the country road that leads to the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima with crowds that approach one million on each day. In the 1930s, several apparitions and messages given by Jesus and Mary, under

6250-530: The Feast: Brašančevo (after hypocorism brašance of the noun brašno , meaning " flour "; dating from 18th century and used in Požega area, Otok , Varoš, Sikirevci and southern Baranja , Luč , as well among Croats of Vojvodina and Herzegovina ) with variations ( Brošančevo , Brešančevo ), Korosante (from Latin Corpo Sancto ; used in Dubrovnik area and Pelješac ), Božji dan ( Božji don ; literally "Lord's Day") and Božji blagdan (lit. "Lord's/God's Feast"). Feast (officially known as Tijelovo )

6375-646: The French text was corrected to match the Latin version, which is regarded as the official text. The Latin-language department of the Vatican Secretariat of State (formerly the Secretaria brevium ad principes et epistolarum latinarum ) is charged with the preparation in Latin of papal and curial documents. Sometimes, the official text is published in a modern language, e.g., the well-known edict Tra le sollecitudini (1903) by Pope Pius X (in Italian) and Mit brennender Sorge (1937) by Pope Pius XI (in German). There are not many differences between Classical Latin and Church Latin. One can understand Church Latin knowing

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6500-405: The Fátima messages as supernatural. John Paul I met with Sister Lúcia on July 11, 1977 while he was still Cardinal Patriarch of Venice. He reported being deeply moved by the experience, and vowed to perform the Consecration of Russia as Lucia said Mary had asked. Pope John Paul II was particularly attached to Fátima and credited Our Lady of Fátima with saving his life after he was shot in Rome on

6625-619: The Holy Mother Mary" and authorizes "throughout the entire diocese, the veneration of the Holy Mother of Akita, while awaiting that the Holy See publishes definitive judgment on this matter." In the 1998 book Visions of Jesus Phillip Wiebe chronicled the stories of 30 people from truly diverse backgrounds who claim to have had recent conversations with Jesus. Wiebe analyzed these claims from multiple perspectives, including hallucinations, dreams and real visions. Some visionaries merely report conversations and images while others also produce large amounts of handwritten notes. Julian of Norwich wrote

6750-489: The Holy See in May 2008, making them the first Marian apparitions and visions of Jesus to be approved in the 21st century. According to the priest Salvatore M. Perrella of the Marianum Pontifical Institute in Rome, this is the 12th Marian apparition approved by the Holy See from a total of 295 that have been studied through the centuries. Over the years, a number of people, for the sake of monetary gain, have claimed to converse with Jesus and been exposed. A well-known example

6875-435: The Latin Rite. In 1372, the English anchorite and saint, Julian of Norwich was on her deathbed and had been given her last rites when she reported a series of visions of Jesus, followed by a sudden recovery. Almost twenty years later she wrote about these visions in her book " Revelations of Divine Love ” perhaps the first book in the English language written by a woman. Her book mentions her illness, her recovery as she saw

7000-818: The Latin of classical texts, as the main differences between the two are in pronunciation and spelling, as well as vocabulary. In many countries, those who speak Latin for liturgical or other ecclesiastical purposes use the pronunciation that has become traditional in Rome by giving the letters the value they have in modern Italian but without distinguishing between open and close ⟨e⟩ and ⟨o⟩ . ⟨ae⟩ and ⟨oe⟩ coalesce with ⟨e⟩ . ⟨c⟩ and ⟨g⟩ before ⟨ae⟩ , ⟨oe⟩ , ⟨e⟩ , ⟨y⟩ and ⟨i⟩ are pronounced /t͡ʃ/ (English ⟨ch⟩ ) and /d͡ʒ/ (English ⟨j⟩ ), respectively. ⟨ti⟩ before

7125-409: The Thursday after Trinity Sunday . On that day or on the following Sunday, which is the feast day where it is not a holy day of obligation, it is traditional to hold in the streets of a town or in an individual parish a procession with prayers and singing to honor the Blessed Sacrament . During the procession, the consecrated host is displayed in a monstrance held aloft by a member of the clergy. At

7250-407: The Thursday after the Octave of Trinity (one week later than had been indicated for Liège), but with a certain elasticity, for he granted an indulgence for all who confessed their sins and attended church "on a date and in a place where [the feast] was celebrated". Jacques Pantaléon of Troyes was also won over to the cause of the Feast of Corpus Christi during his ministry as Archdeacon in Liège under

7375-446: The United States (including parts of Puerto Rico ), and Venezuela . Ecclesiastical Latin Its pronunciation was partly standardized in the late 8th century during the Carolingian Renaissance as part of Charlemagne 's educational reforms, and this new letter-by-letter pronunciation, used in France and England, was adopted in Iberia and Italy a couple of centuries afterwards. As time passed, pronunciation diverged depending on

7500-427: The Virgin Mary in subsequent visions. In the first vision she was asked to return again and she had 18 visions overall. Eventually, a number of chapels and churches were built at Lourdes as the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes – which is now a major Catholic pilgrimage site. One of these churches, the Basilica of St. Pius X can accommodate 25 thousand people and was dedicated by the future Pope John XXIII when he

7625-406: The Virgin of Remedies, the Virgin of the Nativity, the Purified Virgin, the Virgin of Bethlehem, and the Virgin of the Immaculate Conception. The saints remain in the Cusco Cathedral for eight days, where they are believed to "debate" the city's future and the behavior of the faithful. Afterward, they have a farewell procession around the Plaza de Armas and return to their respective temples over

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7750-435: The authenticity of the discovery yet, but in 1896 Pope Leo XIII visited it and in 1951 Pope Pius XII initially declared the house a Holy Place. Pope John XXIII later made the declaration permanent. Pope Paul VI in 1967, Pope John Paul II in 1979 and Pope Benedict XVI in 2006 visited the house. In 1820, Joseph Smith, Jr. , founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, reported that God the Father and Jesus appeared to him in

7875-443: The authenticity of these visions have often invited controversy. The Catholic Church endorses a fraction of these claims, and various visionaries it accepts have achieved beatification , or even sainthood . The first reported visions of Christ, and personal conversations with him, after his resurrection and prior to his ascension are found in the New Testament . One of the most widely recalled resurrection appearances of Jesus

8000-419: The book Mystical City of God as a biography of the Virgin Mary. However, the book (which makes a number of somewhat unusual claims) has remained controversial within the Roman Catholic church , having been banned and restored a number of times, and her process of beatification (started in 1673) has not been completed. At her profession as a Capuchin Poor Clare nun in 1678, Veronica Giuliani expressed

8125-519: The book "Jesus Appeals to the World" based on her reported messages. There have been other mystics who have produced large volumes of text, but considered them meditations rather than visions or interior locutions. For instance, Concepcion Cabrera de Armida 's over 60,000 pages of text were never represented as visions, but as her own meditations, often in the presence of the Blessed Sacrament, during Eucharistic Adoration. Some visionaries report receiving physical signs on their bodies. Francis of Assisi

8250-429: The book appear on a page of the Vatican website. The Latinitas Foundation was superseded by the Pontifical Academy for Latin ( Latin : Pontificia Academia Latinitatis ) in 2012. Latin remains an oft-used language of the Holy See and the Latin liturgical rites of the Catholic Church. Until the 1960s and still later in Roman colleges like the Gregorian, Catholic priests studied theology using Latin textbooks and

8375-445: The church, while in a few cases the church has chosen to remain silent on the authenticity of claimed visions. Some of the reported visions of Jesus simply fade away by virtue of predictions that fail to materialize. Messages from Jesus reported by John Leary in Rochester, New York, in 1999 had predicted that Pope John Paul II would be forced out of Rome and sent into exile amid chaos. A commission appointed by Bishop Matthew Clark of

8500-582: The devout and the previously non-believing. Visions should be differentiated from interior locutions such as those purportedly experienced by Consolata Betrone , in which inner voices are reported, but no visual or physical contact is claimed. The Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith at the Vatican has published a detailed set of steps for "Judging Alleged Apparitions and Revelations" that claim supernatural origin. The reported visions of Jesus and Mary by Benoîte Rencurel in Saint-Étienne-le-Laus in France from 1664 to 1718 were only recognized by

8625-404: The diocesan bishop Robert of Thourotte . It was he who, having become Pope as Urban IV in 1264, instituted the Solemnity of Corpus Christi on the Thursday after Pentecost as a feast for the entire Latin Church , by the papal bull Transiturus de hoc mundo . The legend that this act was inspired by a procession to Orvieto in 1263, after a priest Peter of Prague and his congregation witnessed

8750-474: The early church. These pages became the basis of her book The Poem of the Man God . The Catholic Church placed it on the Index of Forbidden Books. While the Index no longer exists, the then-Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger stated in a letter of January 31, 1995 that the condemnation still "retains its moral force", and the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith declared that the visions "cannot be considered supernatural in origin." Between 1972 and 1978, Jesus Christ

8875-410: The end of the procession, Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament is imparted. A notable procession in the Philippines is that of the Archdiocese of Manila . The archbishop celebrates a mid-afternoon Mass at the Shrine of the Blessed Sacrament in Santa Cruz before presiding over a procession to the Manila Cathedral . The celebration of Corpus Christi was abolished in England in 1548. However, in

9000-913: The entire Bible, in the Douay version, verse by verse, accompanied by the Vulgate Latin of each verse. In 1976, the Latinitas Foundation ( Opus Fundatum Latinitas in Latin) was established by Pope Paul VI to promote the study and use of Latin. Its headquarters are in Vatican City . The foundation publishes an eponymous quarterly in Latin. The foundation also published a 15,000-word Italian-Latin Lexicon Recentis Latinitatis ( Dictionary of Recent Latin ), which provides Latin coinages for modern concepts, such as

9125-615: The feast day, with exception of certain Lutheran churches and the Church of England , the latter of which abolished it in 1548 as the English Reformation progressed, but later reintroduced it. Some Anglican churches now observe Corpus Christi, sometimes under the name Thanksgiving for Holy Communion . The institution of Corpus Christi as a feast in the Christian calendar resulted from approximately forty years of work on

9250-525: The feast was retained in the calendars of the Lutheran Church until about 1600. Like Lutherans , followers of the Reformed tradition do not observe the feast. On the eve of the Feast of Corpus Christi, clergy bless Corpus Christi wreaths that are made of flowers. Corpus Christi wreaths and bouquets are often "attached to flags and banners, to houses, and to the arches of green boughs that span

9375-580: The feast was suppressed in Protestant churches during the Reformation for theological reasons, because it celebrated transubstantiation. Outside of Lutheranism, which maintained the confession of the Real Presence, most Protestants denied the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist other than as a merely symbolic or spiritual presence. Today, most Protestant denominations do not recognize

9500-646: The feast, upon which there is wide scholarly agreement: the version in BNF 1143 is a revision of an earlier version found in Prague, Abbey of Strahov MS D.E.I. 7, and represents the work of Thomas Aquinas following or during his residency at Orvieto from 1259 to 1265. The office can also be found in the 1343 codex Regimen Animarum . This liturgy may be used as a votive Mass of the Blessed Sacrament on weekdays in ordinary time. The hymn Aquinas composed for Vespers of Corpus Christi, Pange Lingua or another eucharistic hymn,

9625-532: The first time in 2285) and June 27 at latest (for the first time in 2038). For Western Rite Orthodox Christians, since they use the Julian calendar , at least for all Feast Days dependent on the date of Pascha , their date of the celebration of Corpus Christi, translates to, in the Gregorian calendar, from June 3 at the earliest, to July 7, at the latest. Corpus Christi is a public holiday in some countries with

9750-495: The following week. The festival also features the consumption of " chiriuchu ," a traditional dish. In Spycimierz in central Poland ( Gmina Uniejów ), parishioners arrange a carpet of live flowers about one kilometre long. A solemn procession passes over it at 5 pm. Long carpets of flowers are also laid in four parishes in the Opole Voivodeship in southern Poland. Flower carpets tradition for Corpus Christi processions

9875-486: The host is surrounded by a Corpus Christi wreath of flowers. During the procession, church bells are rung and "the faithful kneel in front of their homes to adore the Eucharistic Lord." Along the route in which the procession occurs, Christian homes "are decorated with little birch trees and green boughs", with candles being lit in the windows. Oftentimes, stops are made at various points called "stations" during

10000-466: The image of Christ and her understanding that Christ still dwells in the souls of those who love him. She is celebrated in the Anglican Church. On St. Peter's Day in 1559, Teresa of Avila (Teresa de Jesús) reported a vision of Jesus present to her in bodily form. For almost two years thereafter she reported similar visions. Teresa's visions transformed her life and she became a key figure in

10125-534: The institution of the Eucharist at the Last Supper is observed on Maundy Thursday in a sombre atmosphere leading to Good Friday . The liturgy on that day also commemorates Christ's washing of the disciples' feet, the institution of the priesthood, and the agony in the Garden of Gethsemane. The feast of Corpus Christi was proposed by Thomas Aquinas , Doctor of the Church , to Pope Urban IV , in order to create

10250-495: The language of instruction in many seminaries was also Latin, which was seen as the language of the Church Fathers. The use of Latin in pedagogy and in theological research, however, has since declined. Nevertheless, canon law requires for seminary formation to provide for a thorough training in Latin, though "the use of Latin in seminaries and pontifical universities has now dwindled to the point of extinction." Latin

10375-695: The late fourth century with the split of the Roman Empire after Emperor Theodosius in 395. Before this split, Greek was the primary language of the Church (the New Testament was written in Greek and the Septuagint – a Greek translation of the Hebrew bible – was in widespread use among both Christians and Hellenized Jews ) as well as the language of the eastern half of the Roman Empire . Following

10500-470: The liturgy on that day also commemorates Christ's washing of the disciples' feet , the institution of the priesthood and the agony in the Garden of Gethsemane . So many other functions took place on this day that the principal event was almost lost sight of. This is mentioned in the Bull Transiturus as the chief reason for the introduction of the new feast. Hence, the feast of Corpus Christi

10625-507: The local vernacular language, giving rise to even highly divergent forms such as the traditional English pronunciation of Latin , which has now been largely abandoned for reading Latin texts. Within the Catholic Church and in certain Protestant churches, such as the Anglican Church , a pronunciation based on modern Italian phonology , known as Italianate Latin , has become common since the late 19th century. Ecclesiastical Latin

10750-506: The main event, the Virgin of Bethlehem and Saint Joseph are taken in procession to the Church of Santa Clara. On the main day, the Eucharist is celebrated with a special mass and a procession around the main square , followed by a procession of saint images, including Saint Jerome, Saint Sebastian, Saint Anne, Saint Barbara, Saint James, Saint Blaise, Saint Anthony the Abbot, Saint Christopher,

10875-460: The main festivals in Toledo, Spain . In the village of Castrillo de Murcia near Burgos , the celebration includes the practice of El Colacho (baby jumping). In Catalonia , Corpus Christi is celebrated with the tradition of the dancing egg . There is evidence this tradition dates from the 16th century. The Patum de Berga is a popular and traditional festival that is celebrated each year in

11000-737: The most commonly used ordo in the Anglican Church of Canada , provides lections for the day. Corpus Christi is also celebrated by the Old Catholic Church , the Liberal Catholic Church and by some Western Rite Orthodox Christians. It is commemorated in the liturgical calendars of the more Latinized Eastern Catholic Churches . Martin Luther spoke out against processing with the consecrated elements, which he viewed as "only play-acting" and "just vain idolatry". In one of his postils (homilies), he wrote I am to no festival more hostile … than this one. Because it

11125-476: The most prolific American women of the nineteenth century, while founding numerous schools, hospitals, medical centers and universities. The Smithsonian Magazine has named her as one of the most significant Americans of all time. In 1858 Bernadette Soubirous was a 14-year-old shepherd girl who lived near the town of Lourdes in France. One day she reported a vision of a miraculous Lady who identified Herself as

11250-576: The next fifty years. In 1916, during World War I , Claire Ferchaud – a religious Sister Claire of Jesus Crucified – lived in the Convent of the ‘Rinfilières’ at Loublande, France. At that time, she claimed to have been given a vision of Christ himself showing his heart "slashed by the sins of mankind" and crossed by a deeper wound still, atheism. On 12 March 1920, however, a decree of the Holy Office disavowed her revelations and stated that belief in

11375-400: The nuns in the remote area of Yuzawadai, near the city of Akita . In 1973 she reported messages from the Virgin Mary, as well as stigmata. These purported visions are known as Our Lady of Akita . On April 22, 1984, after eight years of investigations, Rev. John Shojiro Ito, Bishop of Niigata, Japan, recognized "the supernatural character of a series of mysterious events concerning the statue of

11500-483: The official language of the Catholic Church. The Second Vatican Council (1962–1965) decreed that the Mass would be translated into vernacular languages. The Church produces liturgical texts in Latin, which provide a single clear point of reference for translations into all other languages. The same holds for the texts of canon law . Pope Benedict XVI gave his unexpected resignation speech in Latin. The Holy See has for some centuries usually drafted documents in

11625-451: The part of Juliana of Liège , a 13th-century Norbertine canoness , also known as Juliana de Cornillon, born in 1191 or 1192 in Liège , Belgium, a city where there were groups of women dedicated to Eucharistic worship. Guided by exemplary priests, they lived together, devoted to prayer and to charitable works. Orphaned at the age of five, she and her sister Agnes were entrusted to the care of

11750-706: The performance of mystery plays . The plays in York, England , were performed on Corpus Christi Day for some 200 years until their suppression in the sixteenth century during the Protestant Reformation. In the southern highlands of the Cusco Region of Peru , the festival of Quyllurit'i is held near Corpus Christi in the Sinaqara Valley. As many as 10,000 pilgrims come from neighboring areas. Culminating on Trinity Sunday, this festival marks

11875-404: The power of God come upon her and was soon lost to her surroundings. She experienced over one hundred visions which she published as broadside, letters, or incorporated into her religious writings. The Seventh-day Adventist Church, which by 2020 had 21 million modern world-wide followers, is based largely on her interpretations of Christian subjects found in her numerous writings. She was one of

12000-703: The procession and "the Blessed Sacrament is put on an altar table" while a Gospel passage is read and hymns are sung, along with prayer being made. Corpus Christi is not only a high festival of the Catholic church year in Austria, but also a public holiday. This is always celebrated on the Thursday after Trinity, which means it can take place between May 21 and June 24. Street carpets for the Feast of Corpus Christi ( Tapetes de Corpus Christi ) are made of different materials such as coffee grounds, flowers, sand, and salt. In Croatian language , there are various names for

12125-699: The reported apparitions of the Virgin Mary to six children in Medjugorje in 1981 have received the widest amount of attention. The messages of Our Lady of Medjugorje have a very strong following among Catholics worldwide. The Holy See has never officially either approved or disapproved of the messages of Međugorje, although both critical and supportive documents about the messages have been published by various Catholic figures. For several decades, Agnes Katsuko Sasagawa had encountered many health problems but her health reportedly improved after drinking water from Lourdes. After going totally deaf, she went to live with

12250-408: The requested consecration a few days after the death of Sister Mary and called it "the greatest act of my pontificate". Churches and sanctuaries built based on reported visions of Jesus and Mary attract many millions of pilgrims each year. According to Bishop Francesco Giogia the majority of the most visited Catholic shrines in the world are vision based , in that with about 10 million pilgrims,

12375-567: The return in the sky of the Pleiades constellation, known in the Quechua language as Qullqa , or "storehouse", as it is associated with the upcoming harvest and New Year. The festival precedes the official feast of Corpus Christi, held the Thursday following Trinity Sunday, but it is closely associated with it. The official feast on Thursday is a baroque display of religious syncretism between Catholicism and Incan traditions . Ten days before

12500-543: The return of Christ . The followers of the messages of Dozulé believe also that they are the continuation of the Three Secrets of Fátima and that they ask, for the conversion of humanity to avoid a material and spiritual catastrophe. On August 19, 1982, some teenagers in Kibeho , Rwanda reported visions of Mary and Jesus, as Our Lady of Kibeho . The teenagers reported truly gruesome sights such as rivers of blood and

12625-615: The split, early theologians like Jerome translated Greek and Hebrew texts into Latin, the dominant language of the Western Roman Empire . The loss of Greek in the Western half of the Roman Empire, and the loss of Latin in the Eastern half of the Roman Empire were not immediate, but changed the culture of language as well as the development of the Church. What especially differentiates Ecclesiastical Latin from Classical Latin

12750-457: The standards of Latin writing in France, prescribed a pronunciation based on a fairly literal interpretation of Latin spelling. For example, in a radical break from the traditional system, a word such as ⟨ viridiarium ⟩ 'orchard' now had to be read aloud precisely as it was spelled rather than */verdʒjær/ (later spelled as Old French vergier ). The Carolingian reforms soon brought the new Church Latin from France to other lands where Romance

12875-509: The streets." In Christian homes, these Corpus Christi wreaths are suspended on walls or displayed on doors and in windows. Corpus Christi wreaths are also "put up in gardens, fields, and pastures, with a prayer for protection and blessing upon the growing harvest." Throughout Christendom, "the custom developed of carrying the Blessed Sacrament in a splendid procession through the town after the Mass on Corpus Christi Day." The monstrance which holds

13000-535: The title of Our Lady of Tears , were reported in the city of Campinas , Brazil . In that same decade, the local bishop gave his approval to these same apparitions, messages and devotions – the Medal and the Chaplet of Our Lady of Tears – derived from them. The Holy See has, at times, reversed its position on some visions. In 1931 Faustina Kowalska reported visions of a conversation with Jesus when she

13125-568: The traditional written form of the latter. For instance, in ninth-century Spain ⟨ saeculum ⟩ was simply the correct way to spell [sjeɡlo] , meaning 'century'. The writer would not have actually read it aloud as /sɛkulum/ any more than an English speaker today would pronounce ⟨knight⟩ as */knɪxt/ . The spoken version of Ecclesiastical Latin was created later during the Carolingian Renaissance . The English scholar Alcuin , tasked by Charlemagne with improving

13250-479: The vernacular has predominated since the liturgical reforms that followed the Second Vatican Council: liturgical law for the Latin Church states that Mass may be celebrated either in Latin or another language in which the liturgical texts, translated from Latin, have been legitimately approved. The permission granted for continued use of the Tridentine Mass in its 1962 form authorizes use of

13375-909: The vernacular language in proclaiming the Scripture readings after they are first read in Latin. In historic Protestant churches, such as the Anglican Communion and Lutheran churches , Ecclesiastical Latin is occasionally employed in sung celebrations of the Mass . until 75 BC Old Latin 75 BC – 200 AD Classical Latin 200–700 Late Latin 700–1500 Medieval Latin 1300–1500 Renaissance Latin 1300– present Neo-Latin 1900– present Contemporary Latin Visions of Jesus and Mary A number of people have claimed to have had visions of Jesus Christ and personal conversations with him. Some people make similar claims regarding his mother, Mary . Discussions about

13500-574: The visions of Loublande could not be approved. The Archbishop of Paris , Cardinal Léon-Adolphe Amette declared that regretfully he was unable to discover a supernatural inspiration in her statements. The visions of the Virgin Mary appearing to three shepherd children at Fátima, Portugal , in 1917 were declared "worthy of belief" by the Catholic Church in 1930 but Catholics at large are not formally required to believe them. However, seven popes – Pius XII , John XXIII , Paul VI , John Paul I , John Paul II , Benedict XVI and Francis – have supported

13625-720: The visions were accompanied by intense reactions: crying, tremors, and comas. Some today regard the visions as an ominous prediction of the Rwandan genocide of 1994, and particularly in that specific location in 1995 in which some of the teenagers died a decade after their vision. The apparitions were approved by the local Roman Catholic bishop and later by the Holy See . As recently as 1985 people such as Vassula Rydén have reported conversations of theirs with Jesus in their books, resulting in interest, discussion and controversy. Rydén's reported conversations with Jesus are published in

13750-626: Was Protestant televangelist Peter Popoff who often claimed to receive messages from God to heal people on stage. Popoff was exposed in 1987 when intercepted messages from his wife to a small radio receiver hidden in his ear were replayed on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson . Messages from Jesus reported by Catalina Rivas were later found to correspond to exact pages of books previously written by other authors (e.g. José Prado Flores), and published instructional literature for Catholic seminarians. Reported Marian messages from Veronica Lueken were declared invalid by Bishop Francis Mugavero of

13875-582: Was a Polish nun. This resulted in the Chaplet of Divine Mercy as a prayer and later an institution which was condemned by the Holy See in 1958. However, further investigation resulted in her beatification in 1993 and canonization in 2000. Her conversations with Jesus are recorded in her diary, published as "Divine Mercy in My Soul" – passages from which are at times quoted by the Vatican. Divine Mercy Sunday

14000-650: Was adopted by a number of dioceses in Germany and by the Cistercians , and in 1295 was celebrated in Venice . It became a truly universal feast only after the bull of Urban IV was included in the collection of laws known as the Clementines, compiled under Pope Clement V , but promulgated only by his successor Pope John XXII in 1317. While the institution of the Eucharist is celebrated on Holy (Maundy) Thursday ,

14125-420: Was bedridden as of 1813 and is said to have had visible stigmata which would reopen on Good Friday . She reported that since childhood she had visions in which she talked with Jesus. In 1819 the poet Clemens Brentano was inspired to visit her and began to write her visions in his words, with her approval. In 1833, after her death, the book The Dolorous Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ was released by Brentano and

14250-406: Was established to create a feast focused solely on the Holy Eucharist. Three versions of the office for the feast of Corpus Christi in extant manuscripts provide evidence for the Liège origins and voice of Juliana in an original office, which was followed by two later versions of the office. A highly sophisticated and polished version can be found in BNF 1143, a musical manuscript devoted entirely to

14375-616: Was further spread from Tours partly by the efforts of Leo Dupont (also called the Apostle of the Holy Face ) and influenced Thérèse of Lisieux . In December 1844, Ellen Gould Harmon (later married name White ), co-founder of the Seventh Day Adventist movement, while kneeling at a prayer meeting at the house of Mrs. Haines on Ocean Street in South Portland, Maine, experienced a vision of Jesus Christ. Ellen felt

14500-685: Was inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2021. In Spain, Corpus Christi is celebrated in all dioceses. It has special relevance in Castilla-La Mancha, a community that marks this date as a holiday. The celebrations in Seville are depicted in a section of Iberia , the masterpiece of the composer Albéniz. Corpus Christi is one of

14625-432: Was instructed to plead for the institution of the feast of Corpus Christi. The vision was repeated for the next 20 years but she kept it a secret. When she eventually relayed it to her confessor, he relayed it to the bishop. Juliana also petitioned the learned Dominican Hugh of St-Cher , and Robert de Thorete , Bishop of Liège . At that time bishops could order feasts in their dioceses , so Bishop Robert ordered in 1246

14750-401: Was one of only two "feasts of devotion" that he kept, the other being Trinity Sunday. In that calendar, Corpus Christi was celebrated on the Thursday after Trinity Sunday. The feast had an octave until 1955, when Pope Pius XII suppressed all octaves, even in local calendars, except those of Christmas, Easter and Pentecost (see General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII ). From 1849 until 1969,

14875-506: Was one of the first reported cases of stigmata, but the best known recent example is a Capuchin friar , Padre Pio of Pietrelcina , one of several Franciscans in history with reported stigmata. Some visionaries have reported physical contact with Jesus. The Bible suggests that post-resurrection (yet pre-ascension) physical contact with Jesus is possible, for in John 21:17 Jesus told Mary Magdalene : "Don't touch Me for I have not yet ascended to

15000-522: Was spoken. The use of Latin in the Western Church continued into the Early modern period . One of Martin Luther 's tenets during the Reformation was to have services and religious texts in the common tongue , rather than Latin, a language that at the time, many did not understand. Protestants refrained from using Latin in services, however Protestant clergy had to learn and understand Latin as it

15125-598: Was still spoken in recent international gatherings of Catholic leaders, such as the Second Vatican Council , and it is still used at conclaves to elect a new Pope . The Tenth Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops in 2004 was the most recent to have a Latin-language group for discussions. Although Latin is the traditional liturgical language of the Western (Latin) Church , the liturgical use of

15250-563: Was summoned to live until her death. She is one of only three female Doctors of the Church . Reported messages from Jesus have also influenced papal actions and encyclicals. The 1899 consecration of the world to the Sacred Heart of Jesus by Pope Leo XIII in the encyclical Annum sacrum was due in part to the messages from Jesus reported by a Sister of the Good Shepherd , Mary of the Divine Heart . Pope Leo XIII performed

15375-800: Was the Papal Nuncio to France. In 1866 Marie Martha Chambon began to report visions of Jesus telling her to contemplate the Holy Wounds , although it is said that she had received her first vision when only five years old. She was a member of the Monastery of the Visitation Order who lived in Chambéry , France , and is in the process of canonization by the Roman Catholic Church. In 1899 Gemma Galgani reported

15500-655: Was the language of higher learning and theological thought until the 18th century. After the Reformation , in the Lutheran churches , Latin was retained as the language of the Mass for weekdays, although for the Sunday Sabbath, the Deutsche Messe was to be said. In Geneva , among the Reformed churches , "persons called before the consistory to prove their faith answered by reciting the Paternoster ,

15625-620: Was used in part by Mel Gibson for his movie The Passion of the Christ in 2004. In 1852 the book The Life of The Blessed Virgin Mary was published. Emmerich's visions allegedly led a French priest Julien Gouyet to discover a house near Ephesus in Turkey in 1881. This house is assumed by some Catholics and some Muslims to be the House of the Virgin Mary. The Holy See has taken no official position on

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