Misplaced Pages

#728271

41-503: The King of Portugal had by ordination, in the entire kingdom , the right to send important authorities, in his name, to correct the acts at all levels of the local administration and judiciary. To this end, since he was unable to participate directly, he established the post of Corregedor . The first Corregedor with jurisdiction over the Azores, Dr. Afonso de Matos, was nominated by King Manuel I of Portugal in 1503. Part of his obligation

82-440: A complex 16-year period in the history of Portugal , between the end of the period of constitutional monarchy marked by the 5 October 1910 revolution and the 28 May 1926 coup d'état . The latter movement instituted a military dictatorship known as Ditadura Nacional (national dictatorship) that would be followed by the corporatist Estado Novo (new state) regime of António de Oliveira Salazar . The sixteen years of

123-445: A law legalizing divorce was passed as well as laws to recognize the legitimacy of children born outside wedlock, authorize cremation, secularize cemeteries, suppress religious teaching in the schools and prohibit the wearing of the cassock . In addition, the ringing of church bells to signal times of worship was subjected to certain restraints, and the public celebration of religious feasts was suppressed. The government also interfered in

164-543: A specific working division and, the island of Terceira alone. In special circumstances, the Corregedor could visit each island for longer stays. The Corregedor in the Azores was the most important judicial magistrate, judging at the second tier, providing appeals and conflicts between presiding judges and ouvidors (the counsels, of the Captains-General). The royal edict of 1767 established the predominance of

205-633: The 1383–85 Crisis , after which the monarchy passed to the House of Aviz . During the 15th and 16th century, Portuguese exploration established a vast colonial empire . From 1580 to 1640, the Kingdom of Portugal was in personal union with Habsburg Spain . After the Portuguese Restoration War of 1640–1668, the kingdom passed to the House of Braganza and thereafter to the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha . From this time,

246-817: The 5 October 1910 revolution , sending Manuel into exile in the United Kingdom and giving way to the Portuguese First Republic . On 19 January 1919, the Monarchy of the North was proclaimed in Oporto . The monarchy would be deposed a month later and no other monarchist counterrevolution in Portugal has happened since. After the republican revolution in October 1910, the remaining colonies of

287-713: The Holy See that had been restored by Sidónio Pais , were preserved. The president used his new power to resolve the government crisis of May 1921, appointing the Liberal Party (the result of the postwar merger between the Evolutionists and the Unionists) to prepare for the next election. The Portuguese Republican Party won again by an absolute majority, but discontent with this situation did not disappear. There were many accusations of political corruption, and

328-558: The Portuguese Revolution of 1926 took place, a coup d'état by the armed forces supported by almost all the political parties that had given up on their plans to establish a stable government and conferred that mission on the army. As had happened with the coup d'état of Sidónio Pais in 1917, the population of Lisbon did not try to protect the Republic, and the left parties themselves and their unions refused to resist

369-572: The President-King . Sidonism , also called Dezembrism (Spanish Diciembrism ), contained certain elements of modernization, but said regime preached some of the political solutions that would be used by the dictatorships totalitarians and fascists of the 1920s and 1930s. Sidónio Pais tried to rescue traditional values, especially the Pátria and tried to govern in a charismatic way. Attempts were made to abolish traditional parties and alter

410-533: The Spanish Constitution of 1931 . On 24 May 1911, Pope Pius X issued the encyclical Iamdudum which condemned the anticlericalism of the new republic for its deprivation of religious civil liberties and the "incredible series of excesses and crimes which has been enacted in Portugal for the oppression of the Church." The Republic repelled a royalist attack on Chaves in 1912. In the mid-1920s

451-430: The 1920s. José Miguel Sardica in 2011 summarized the consensus of historians: "… within a few years, large parts of the key economic forces, intellectuals, opinion-makers and middle classes changed from left to right, trading the unfulfilled utopia of a developing and civic republicanism for notions of "order," "stability" and "security." For many who had helped, supported or simply cheered the Republic in 1910, hoping that

SECTION 10

#1732783165729

492-592: The Corregedor, recognizing his power to judge appeals, something that the Corregedors on the continent were not permitted to do. In this role, the Corregedor could suspend the jurisdiction or their powers to judge, during his visit. Similarly, the Corregedor was responsible for inspecting the functioning of the Municipal authorities ( Portuguese : Câmaras Municipais ) and audit the books of the public finances. Kingdom of Portugal The Kingdom of Portugal

533-530: The First Republic saw eight presidents and 45 ministries , and were altogether more of a transition between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Estado Novo than they were a coherent period of governance. After the republican uprising of 5 October 1910 that overthrew King Manuel II , a republican constitution was approved in 1911, inaugurating a parliamentary regime with little power in the hands of

574-816: The Portuguese state was the County of Portugal , established in the 9th century as part of the Reconquista , by Vímara Peres , a vassal of the King of Asturias . The county became part of the Kingdom of León in 1097, and the Counts of Portugal established themselves as rulers of an independent kingdom in the 12th century, following the battle of São Mamede . The kingdom was ruled by the Afonsine Dynasty until

615-553: The Third Portuguese Republic would be established and democracy established in the country. The First Portuguese Republic was an unstable period in the History of Portugal. In a period of 16 years (1910–1926) Portugal had 8 Presidents of the Republic , 1 Provisional Government, 45 Prime Ministers and 1 Constitutional Junta : Most historians have emphasized the failure and collapse of the republican dream by

656-480: The coup, allowing authority to pass into the hands of the army. With this began a military dictatorship that would maintain the formal structure of the Republic, but whose authoritarianism would slowly lead to the autocratic regime known as Estado Novo in the year 1932. The Estado Novo would remain in power without interruptions until 1974, when it would be overthrown by the Carnation Revolution and

697-1353: The empire became overseas provinces of the Portuguese Republic until the late 20th century, when the last overseas territories of Portugal were handed over. Most notably in Portuguese Africa which included the overseas provinces of Angola and Mozambique of which the handover took place in 1975, and finally in Asia the handover of Macau in 1999. 15th century 16th century 15th century 16th century 17th century 18th century 19th century 16th century 17th century 15th century 16th century Portuguese India 17th century Portuguese India 18th century Portuguese India 16th century 17th century 19th century Portuguese Macau 20th century Portuguese Macau 15th century [Atlantic islands] 16th century [Canada] 16th century 17th century 18th century 19th century First Portuguese Republic The First Portuguese Republic ( Portuguese : Primeira República Portuguesa ; officially: República Portuguesa , Portuguese Republic ) spans

738-494: The existing model of national representation in parliament (which was said to exacerbate divisions within the Homeland), through the creation of a corporatist senate and a single party, the "National Republican Party", as well as the attribution of functions to its leader. The state carried out an economic policy interventionist persecuting unions and labor movements. Sidónio Pais also attempted to restore public order, turning

779-470: The immobility that had characterized the House of Braganza . The Democratic Party (officially Portuguese Republican Party ) saw in the beginning of the First World War a unique opportunity to achieve its objectives: an end to the threat of an invasion by Spain and foreign occupation of the colonies, and within the internal level, creating a national consensus around the regime and even around

820-564: The influence of Portugal declined, but it remained a major power due to its most valuable colony, Brazil . After the independence of Brazil , Portugal sought to establish itself in Africa , but was ultimately forced to halt its expansion due to the 1890 British Ultimatum , eventually leading to the collapse of the monarchy in the 5 October 1910 revolution and the establishment of the First Portuguese Republic . Portugal

861-883: The influential press. However a minority with regard to the rest of the country, this height of republicanism would benefit politically from the Lisbon Regicide on 1 February 1908. While returning from the Ducal Palace at Vila Viçosa , King Charles and the Prince Royal Luís Filipe were assassinated in the Terreiro do Paço , in Lisbon . With the death of the King and his heir, Charles I's second son would become monarch as King Manuel II . Manuel's reign, however, would be short-lived, ending by force with

SECTION 20

#1732783165729

902-420: The lasting effects of the republican experiment: "Despite its overall failure, the First Republic endowed twentieth-century Portugal with an insurpassable and enduring legacy—a renewed civil law, the basis for an educational revolution, the principle of separation between State and Church, the overseas empire (only brought to an end in 1975), and a strong symbolic culture whose materializations (the national flag,

943-408: The military themselves warned that they were not ready to fight, they were approaching the conservative forces, considering the reactionary military as "the last bastion" of order against the chaos that was developing throughout the country. There were links between conservative politicians and military officials, who added their political and corporate demands to the situation. Finally, on 28 May 1926

984-480: The national and international political scene was favorable to the emergence of an authoritarian solution, through which a strengthened government could impose public order and restore the political situation. The armed forces, whose political interest had increased due to the First World War and whose leaders had not forgotten that the Portuguese Republican Party had sent them to fight when

1025-434: The new political situation would repair the monarchy’s flaws (government instability, financial crisis, economic backwardness and civic anomie), the conclusion to be drawn, in the 1920s, was that the remedy for national maladies called for much more than the simple removal of the king … The First Republic collapsed and died as a result of the confrontation between raised hopes and meager deeds." Sardica, however, also points up

1066-518: The opposition's attacks increased. At the same time, all political parties suffered from infighting, especially the ruling party. The party system was discredited because the government of the Portuguese Republican Party that had emerged from the polls was not really stable. The presidents' opposition to single-party governments that disagreed with the Portuguese Republican Party and everyone's desire to monopolize power caused

1107-426: The party. These domestic objectives were not achieved, since participation in the conflict decreed in 1917 was not subject to national consensus and it was not possible to mobilize the population, even more so there was hostility towards entering the war when Portugal had to send a contingent of almost 12,000 soldiers to France and colonial troops from Germany invaded the Portuguese colony of Mozambique . What happened

1148-562: The position that Catholicism was the number one enemy of individualist middle-class radicalism and must be completely broken as a source of influence in Portugal." Under the leadership of Afonso Costa , the Minister of Justice, the revolution immediately targeted the Catholic Church; the provisional government began devoting its entire attention to an anti-religious policy, in spite of the disastrous economic situation. On 8 October

1189-671: The president and a bicameral system. The republic caused important fractures in Portuguese society, especially between the monarchical rural population, the unions and the Catholic Church. Even the Republican Party was divided. The most conservative sector separated to form the Evolutionist Party and the Republican Union Party . Despite those secessions, the Portuguese Republican Party (commonly known as Democratic Party after this split, unlike

1230-400: The previous Portuguese Republican Party to the proclamation of the Republic ), led by Afonso Costa remained the main political force of the Republic. The opposition forces began to use violence as a method to get closer to power, as there was no truly democratic political and parliamentary tradition, while almost all political factions were fighting for radical transformations that would end

1271-509: The religious orders in Portugal were expelled, and their property was confiscated. On 10 October – five days after the inauguration of the Republic – the new government decreed that all convents, monasteries and religious orders were to be suppressed. All residents of religious institutions were expelled and their goods were confiscated. The Jesuits were forced to forfeit their Portuguese citizenship. A series of anti-Catholic laws and decrees followed each other in rapid succession. On 3 November,

Corregedor - Misplaced Pages Continue

1312-420: The repression of the uprisings using military personnel loyal to the regime and armed civilians. After a series of confrontations with the monarchists, they were definitively defeated in Oporto on 13 February 1919. This military victory allowed the Portuguese Republican Party return to government and emerge triumphant in the elections that took place during that year, winning them by an absolute majority. It

1353-454: The republic into a more acceptable model for the monarchists and Catholics who still remained a political force. The power vacuum created after the assassination of Sidónio Pais on 14 December 1918 led the country into a brief civil war. In northern Portugal the restoration of the monarchy was proclaimed on 9 January 1919 and four days later a monarchical insurrection took place in Lisbon . A republican coalition, led by José Relvas coordinated

1394-505: The running of seminaries, reserving the right to appoint professors and determine curricula. This whole series of laws authored by Afonso Costa culminated in the law of Separation of Church and State, which was passed on 20 April 1911. The republicans were anticlerical and had a "hostile" approach to the issue of church and state separation , like that of the French Revolution , and the future Mexican Constitution of 1917 and

1435-461: The virtual absence of stability in the nation's government. Several different formulas were tried, including single-party governments, coalitions and presidential executives but none of them had any effect, causing the use of force to be considered "the only way" for the opposition to prevail if it wanted to enjoy the fruits of the can. The First Republic was intensely anti-clerical . Historian Stanley Payne points out, "The majority of Republicans took

1476-553: Was a monarchy in the western Iberian Peninsula and the predecessor of the modern Portuguese Republic . Existing to various extents between 1139 and 1910, it was also known as the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves after 1415, and as the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves between 1815 and 1822. The name is also often applied to the Portuguese Empire , the realm's overseas colonies. The nucleus of

1517-425: Was an absolute monarchy before 1822. It alternated between absolute and semi-constitutional monarchy from 1822 until 1834, when it would remain a semi-constitutional monarchy until its fall. The Kingdom of Portugal finds its origins in the County of Portugal (1096–1139). The Portuguese County was a semi-autonomous county of the Kingdom of León . Independence from León took place in three stages: Once Portugal

1558-401: Was during this republican restoration that a reform was attempted to provide the regime with greater stability. In August 1918 a conservative President was elected – António José de Almeida (whose Evolutionist Party had joined during the war with the Portuguese Republican Party , to form the "Sacred Union") – and his government was given the power to dissolve parliament. The relations with

1599-531: Was independent, D. Afonso I's descendants, members of the Portuguese House of Burgundy , would rule Portugal until 1383. Even after the change in royal houses, all the monarchs of Portugal were descended from Afonso I, one way or another, through both legitimate and illegitimate links. With the start of the 20th century, Republicanism grew in numbers and support in Lisbon among progressive politicians and

1640-417: Was that he was required to visit the Azores once per year, at the expense of the local authorities. After 1535, King John established a time frame for corrections to be made in each island of the Azores, and by each Captaincy . In that statement, a four-month plan was established specifically for the islands of São Jorge, Graciosa, Faial, Pico and Flores, the islands of Santa Maria and São Miguel established

1681-489: Was the opposite: Portugal's financial difficulties prevented it from forming an adequate contingent for the war, and the armed forces were not prepared for a fight on a European scale, which is why internal criticism of Portugal's entry into the war caused ideological differences to widen. The lack of consensus on Portugal's participation in the war made possible the emergence of two dictatorships, led by Pimenta de Castro (January – May 1915) and Sidónio Pais (1917–1918), called

Corregedor - Misplaced Pages Continue

#728271