95-779: Hetman of Zaporizhian Cossacks is a historical term that has multiple meanings. Officially the post was known as Hetman of the Zaporizhian Host ( Ukrainian : Гетьман Війська Запорозького , Hetman Viiska Zaporozkoho ). Hetman of Zaporizhian Cossacks as a title was not officially recognized internationally until the creation of the Cossack Hetmanate . With the creation of Registered Cossacks units their leaders were officially referred to as Senior of His Royal Grace Zaporozhian Host ( Ukrainian : старший його Королівської Милості Війська Запорозького , Starshyi Yoho Korolivskoi Mylosti Viiska Zaporozkoho ). Before 1648 and
190-421: A Slavicised Khazar ancestry . There were also groups of people who fled into these wild steppes from the cultivated lands of Kyivan Rus' in order to escape oppression or criminal pursuit. Their lifestyle largely resembled that of the people now called Cossacks. They survived chiefly from hunting and fishing and raiding Asiatic tribes for horses and food, but they also mixed with these nomads as well adopting
285-768: A Jewish man, violating Ottoman law which forbade sexual relations between Christian or Jewish men and Muslim women. Mehmed IV witnessed the double execution: he offered the man conversion to Islam so as to avoid being stoned to death (he was beheaded instead). After the Second Battle of Mohács in 1687, the Ottoman Empire fell into deep crisis. There was a mutiny among the Ottoman troops. The commander and Grand Vizier, Sarı Süleyman Pasha , became frightened that he would be killed by his own troops and fled from his command, first to Belgrade and then to Istanbul. When
380-729: A conspiracy was formed with a group of 50 Cossacks to go fishing in the river Inhul next to the Southern Bug in Ottoman provinces. The pretext was enough to allow the Russians to let the Cossacks out of the siege, who were joined by five thousand others. The fleeing Cossacks traveled to the Danube Delta , where they formed the new Danubian Sich , under the protectorate of the Ottoman Empire . When Tekeli became aware of
475-455: A gabled cap on a head, in kaftan with buttons on a chest, with a sabre ( shablya ), powder flask on a side, and a self-made rifle ( samopal ) on the left shoulder. Around the seal was an inscription «Печать славного Війська Запорізького Низового» ("Seal of the glorious Zaporozhian Host"). Palanka's and kurin's seals were either round or rectangular with images of lions, deers, horses, moon, stars, crowns, lances, sabers, and bows. Khoruhva
570-491: A lot of their cultural traits. In the 16th century, a great organizer, Dmytro Vyshnevetsky , a Ukrainian noble, united these different groups into a strong military organization. The Zaporozhian Cossacks had various social and ethnic origins but were predominantly made up of escaped serfs who preferred the dangerous freedom of the wild steppes, rather than life under the rule of Polish aristocrats. However, townspeople, lesser noblemen and even Crimean Tatars also became part of
665-499: A military osavul ; the badges were given to all the 38 kurins in possession to the assigned badge comrades. All kleinody items (except for the kettledrum sticks) were stored in the Sich's Pokrova church treasury and were taken out only on a special order of kish otaman. The kettledrum sticks were kept in the kurin with the assigned dovbysh. Sometimes, part of kleidony was considered a great silver inkwell ( kalamar ), an attribute of
760-738: A military scribe ( pysar ) of the Zaporozhian Host. Similar kleinods had the officership of the Cossack Hetmanate , cossacks of Kuban, Danube, and other cossack societies. Upon the destruction of the Sich and liquidation of Ukrainian Cossacks the kleinody were gathered and given away for storage in Hermitage and Transfiguration Cathedral in Saint Petersburg , Kremlin Armoury in Moscow as well as other places of storage. By
855-573: A military-political establishment developed based upon unique traditions and customs called the Cossack Code, which was formed mostly among the cossacks of Zaporozhian Host over decades. The host had its own military and territorially administrative division: 38 kurins ( sotnia ) and five to eight palanka s (territorial districts) as well as an original system of administration with three levels: military leaders, military officials, leaders of march and palankas. All officership (military starshyna)
950-683: A parliamentary system of government. During the course of the 16th, 17th and well into the 18th century, the Zaporozhian Cossacks were a strong political and military force that challenged the authority of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Tsardom of Russia , and the Crimean Khanate . The host went through a series of conflicts and alliances involving the three powers, including supporting an uprising in
1045-632: A title of Kish Otaman . As from 1572, hetman was the unofficial title of commanders of the Registered Cossack Army of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . From the 1648 Bohdan Khmelnytsky uprising, Hetman was the title of the head of the Cossack state, the Cossack Hetmanate . Cossack hetmans had very broad powers and acted as supreme military commanders and executive leaders (by issuing administrative decrees). After
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#17327722688911140-584: Is a word that also in Turkic language means a "free man" which shares its etymology with the ethnic name " Kazakh ". It later became a Ukrainian and Russian word for " freebooter ." The steppes to the north of the Black Sea were inhabited by nomadic tribes such as the Cumans , Pechenegs and Khazars . The role of these tribes in the ethnogenesis of the Cossacks is disputed, although later Cossack sources claimed
1235-539: Is known as avcı (translated as "the Hunter"). In 1687, Mehmed was overthrown by soldiers disenchanted by the course of the ongoing War of the Holy League . He subsequently retired to Edirne , where he resided and died of natural causes in 1693. Born at Topkapı Palace , Constantinople , in 1642, Mehmed was the son of Sultan Ibrahim (r. 1640–48) by Turhan Sultan , a concubine of Russian origin, and grandson of
1330-575: The 500th anniversary of the Zaporozhian Sich . Zaporozhian attire, songs, and music found their way into official state dance and music ensembles, and influenced the image of Ukraine in the years to come. Since the Independence of Ukraine in 1991 , attempts at restoring the Cossack lifestyle have concentrated on politics, horsemanship and cultural endeavours. In November, 2016, Cossack's songs of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast were inscribed on
1425-467: The Dnieper Rapids . Along with Registered Cossacks and Sloboda Cossacks , Zaporozhian Cossacks played an important role in the history of Ukraine and the ethnogenesis of Ukrainians . The Zaporozhian Sich grew rapidly in the 15th century from serfs fleeing the more controlled parts of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . It became established as a well-respected political entity with
1520-618: The Eastern Orthodox Church put them at odds with the Catholic -dominated Commonwealth. Tensions increased when Commonwealth policies turned from relative tolerance to the suppression of the Orthodox church, making the Cossacks strongly anti-Catholic, which at that time was synonymous with anti-Polish. The waning loyalty of the Cossacks and the szlachta's arrogance towards them resulted in several Cossack uprisings against
1615-475: The Eastern Orthodox Church was preferred and was a part of the national identity. In times of peace, Cossacks were engaged in their occupations, living with their families, studying strategy, languages and educating recruits. As opposed to other armies, Cossacks were free to choose their preferred weapon. Wealthy Cossacks preferred to wear heavy armour , while infantrymen preferred to wear simple clothes, although they also occasionally wore mail . At that time,
1710-591: The Grand Vizier Köprülü Mehmed and his son Fazıl Ahmed . They regained the Aegean islands from Venice , and Crete, during the Cretan War (1645–1669) . They also fought successful campaigns against Transylvania (1660) and Poland (1670–1674). When Mehmed IV accepted the vassalage of Petro Doroshenko , Ottoman rule extended into Podolia and Right-bank Ukraine . This event would lead
1805-689: The Greek-born Kösem Sultan . Soon after his birth, his father and mother quarrelled, and Ibrahim was so enraged that he tore Mehmed from his mother's arms and flung the infant into a cistern . Mehmed was rescued by the harem servants. However, this left Mehmed with a lifelong scar on his head. Mehmed ascended to the throne in 1648 at the age of six, during a very volatile time for the Ottoman dynasty . On 21 October 1649, Mehmed along with his brothers Suleiman and Ahmed were circumcised. Kösem Sultan , Mehmed's grandmother and regent,
1900-465: The Habsburg monarchy sometimes covertly employed Cossack raiders to ease Ottoman pressure on their own borders. Many Cossacks and Tatars shared an animosity towards each other due to the damage done by raids from both sides. Cossack raids followed by Tatar retaliation, or Tatar raids followed by Cossack retaliation, were an almost regular occurrence. The ensuing chaos and string of conflicts often turned
1995-675: The Revolution of 1917 , corps of Free Cossacks were organized in Ukraine to defend the newly proclaimed Ukrainian People's Republic . During the Soviet era, the nationalist aspect was officially discouraged in order to quell the rise of nationalist sentiment and Zaporozhian Cossacks' historical role of defending Muscovy from Turks was celebrated instead. In 1990, the Soviet government and Ukrainian independence movement cooperated to celebrate
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#17327722688912090-745: The Tsars . The name Zaporozhtsi comes from the location of their fortress, the Sich , in Zaporizhzhia "land beyond the rapids", from Ukrainian za "beyond" and poróhy " rapids ". It is not clear when the first Cossack communities on the Lower Dnieper began to form. There are signs and stories of similar people living in the Eurasian Steppe as early as the 12th century. At that time they were not called Cossacks, since cossack
2185-611: The UNESCO List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding. Currently the Zaporozhian Cossack stronghold Khortytsia is perceived to be a symbol of Ukrainian statehood. Mehmed IV Mehmed IV ( Ottoman Turkish : محمد رابع , romanized : Meḥmed-i rābi ; Turkish : IV. Mehmed ; 2 January 1642 – 6 January 1693), also known as Mehmed the Hunter ( Turkish : Avcı Mehmed ),
2280-647: The anathema on Mazepa and the election of Ivan Skoropadsky , Cossack Hetmanate was included into the Russian Government of Kiev in December 1708. Upon the death of Skoropadsky, the Hetman elections were disrupted and were awarded as a gift and a type of princely titles, first to Moldavian nobleman and later to the Russian Empress favorite. On 5 April 1710 the council of cossacks, veterans of
2375-554: The "anti-Mazepist" polkovniks. While advocating for the preservation for the Hetmanate autonomy and privileges of the starshina, Skoropadsky was careful to avoid open confrontation and remained loyal to the union with Russia. To accommodate Russian military needs, Skoropadsky allowed for stationing of ten Russian regiments in the territory of the Hetmanate. At the same time, Cossacks took part in construction, fortification and channel development projects in Saint Petersburg , as part of
2470-752: The 18th century. Their leader signed a treaty with the Russians. This group was forcibly disbanded in the late 18th century by the Russian Empire , with much of the population relocated to the Kuban region on the south edge of the Russian Empire, while others founded cities in southern Ukraine and eventually became state peasants. The Cossacks served a valuable role of conquering the Caucasian tribes and in return enjoyed considerable freedom granted by
2565-762: The 20th century. For Russians, the Treaty of Pereyaslav gave the Tsardom of Russia and later Russian Empire the impulse to take over the Ruthenian lands, claim rights as the sole successor of the Kievan Rus', and for the Russian Tsar to be declared the protector of all Russias, culminating in the Pan-Slavism movement of the 19th century. Today , most of the Kuban Cossacks, modern descendants of
2660-837: The Austrians and their Polish-Lithuanian allies under King John III Sobieski won the Battle of Vienna with a devastating flank attack led by Sobieski's Polish cavalry. The Turks retreated into Hungary ; however, this was only the beginning of the Great Turkish War , as the armies of the Holy League began their successful campaign to push the Ottomans back to the Balkans. In May 1675, Mehmed IV's sons Mustafa II and Ahmed III were circumcised and his daughter Hatice Sultan
2755-645: The Cossack host. They had to accept Eastern Orthodoxy as their religion and adopt its rituals and prayers. The nomadic hypothesis was that the Cossacks came from one or more nomadic peoples who at different times lived in the territory of the Northern Black Sea. According to this hypothesis the Cossacks' ancestors were the Scythians , Sarmatians , Khazars , Polovtsy (Cumans) , Circassians ( Adygs ), Tatars , and others. The nomadic hypothesis of
2850-520: The Cossacks submit to his authority. Consecutive treaties between the Ottoman Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth called for both parties to keep the Cossacks and Tatars in check, but enforcement was almost non-existent on both sides. In internal agreements, forced by the Poles , the Cossacks agreed to burn their boats and stop raiding . However, boats could be rebuilt quickly, and the Cossack lifestyle glorified raids and looting. During this time,
2945-594: The Cossacks were one of the finest military organizations in Europe , and were employed by Russian, Polish, and French empires. Beside the above-mentioned kurins there also was a great number of other kurins outside the Host. The most important items of the host were the Cossack Kleinody (always in plural; related to Imperial Regalia ) that consisted of valuable military distinctions, regalia, and attributes of
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3040-629: The Cossacks' once fairly strong loyalty towards the Commonwealth. Cossack ambitions to be recognised as equal to the szlachta were constantly rebuffed, and plans for transforming the Polish–Lithuanian Two-Nations Commonwealth into a Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth (with the Ukrainian Cossack people) made little progress, owing to the Cossacks' unpopularity. The Cossacks' strong historic allegiance to
3135-508: The Danube delta region of Ukraine and Romania , where they pursue the traditional Cossack lifestyle of hunting and fishing and are known as Rusnaks . Although in 1775 the Zaporozhian Host formally ceased to exist, it left a profound cultural, political and military legacy on Ukraine , Russia , Poland , Turkey and other states that came in contact with it. The shifting alliances of the Cossacks have generated controversy, especially during
3230-690: The Oleshky Sich on the lower Dnieper. Although some of the Zaporozhian cossacks returned to Moscow's protection, their popular leader Kost Hordiienko was resolute in his anti-Russian attitude and no rapprochement was possible until his death in 1733. Over the years the friction between the Cossacks and the Russian tsarist government lessened, and privileges were traded for a reduction in Cossack autonomy. The Ukrainian Cossacks who did not side with Mazepa elected as Hetman Ivan Skoropadsky , one of
3325-544: The Ottomans into the Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681) . His next vizier, Köprülü Mehmed's adopted son Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa , led campaigns against Russia, besieging Chyhyryn in 1678 with 70,000 men. He next supported the 1683 Hungarian uprising of Imre Thököly against Austrian rule, marching a vast army through Hungary and besieged Vienna . At the Battle of Vienna on the Kahlenberg Heights,
3420-612: The Ottomans suffered a catastrophic rout by Polish-Lithuanian forces famously led by King John III Sobieski (1674–1696), and his allies, notably the Imperial army. In 1672 and 1673, the sultan, who embarked on two Polish-Lithuanian campaigns with serdar-ı ekrem and Grand Vizier Fazıl Ahmed Pasha, and the acquisition of the Kamaniçi Castle, returned to Edirne after the signing of the Bucaş Treaty. The fire of 4–5 July 1660
3515-522: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth by signing the Treaty of Hadiach (1658). The treaty was ratified by the Sejm but was rejected at the Hermanivka Rada by the Cossack rank and file, who would not accept a union with Catholic Poland, which they perceived as an oppressor of Orthodox Christianity. The angered cossacks executed Polkovniks Prokip Vereshchaka and Stepan Sulyma, Vyhovsky's associates at
3610-675: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the early 17th century. Finally, the King's adamant refusal to bow to the Cossacks' demand to expand the Cossack Registry was the last straw that prompted the largest and most successful of these: the Khmelnytsky Uprising , which started in 1648. The uprising became one of a series of catastrophic events known as the Deluge , which greatly weakened the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and set
3705-399: The Povoloch Regiment Uprising in 1663, followed by bigger number of unrest in the modern region of Kirovohrad Oblast as well as Polesie (all in the Right-bank Ukraine ). Moreover, the political crisis that followed the Pushkar–Barabash Uprising divided the Cossack Hetmanate completely on both bank of Dnieper River . Coincidentally, on 10 January 1663, the Tsardom of Muscovy created
3800-418: The Russian hussar and dragoon regiments. The destruction of the Sich created difficulties for the Russian Empire. Supporting the increase in the privileges gained by the higher ranking leadership put a strain in the budget, whilst the stricter regulations of the regular Russian Army prevented many other Cossacks from integrating. The existence of the Danubian Sich , which would support the Ottoman Empire in
3895-414: The Russian infantry would destroy them after they were surrounded. To trick the Cossacks, a rumour was spread that the army was crossing Cossack lands en route to guard the borders. The surprise encirclement was a devastating blow to the morale of the Cossacks. Petro Kalnyshevsky was given two hours to decide on the Empress's ultimatum . Under the guidance of a starshyna Lyakh, behind Kalnyshevky's back
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3990-463: The Russian one titled Hetman of His Tsar's Mercy of Zaporizhian Host . Eventually the official state powers of Cossack Hetmans were gradually diminished in the 18th century, and finally abolished by Catherine II of Russia in 1764. Historians such as Mykola Arkas question legitimacy of the Teteria's elections accusing the later in corruption. Also some sources claim election of Teteria being taken place in January 1663. The election of Teteria led to
4085-474: The Sejm, and Vyhovsky himself narrowly escaped death. The Zaporozhians maintained a largely separate government from the Hetmanate . The Zaporozhians elected their own leaders, known as Kish otaman , for one-year terms. In this period, friction between the cossacks of the Hetmanate and the Zaporozhians escalated. The Cossacks had fought in the past for independence from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and they were later involved in several uprisings against
4180-399: The Sich. With the death of Mazepa in Bessarabia in 1709, his council elected his former general chancellor, Pylyp Orlyk , as his successor. Orlyk issued the project of the Constitution , where he promised to limit the authority of the Hetman, preserve the privileged position of the Zaporozhians, take measures towards achieving social equality among them, and steps towards the separation of
4275-648: The Ukrainian Cossacks and were used until the 19th century. Kleinody were awarded to Zaporozhian Cossacks by the Polish king Stephen Báthory on 20 August 1576 to Bohdan Ruzhynsky, among which were khoruhva, bunchuk , bulawa "mace" and a seal with a coat of arms on which was depicted a cossack with a samopal "rifle". The kleinody were assigned to hetman's assistants for safekeeping, thus there have appeared such ranks as chorąży ("flag-bearer"), bunchuzhny ("staff-keeper"), etc. Later part of Cossack kleinody became pernaches , timpani ( lytavry ), kurin banners (badges), batons, and others. The highest symbol of power
4370-401: The Zaporizhian Host from the Russian State—should he manage to obtain power in the Cossack Hetmanate. With the support of Charles XII, Orlyk made an alliance with the Crimean Tatars and Ottomans against Russia, but following the early successes of their 1711 attack on Russia, their campaign was defeated, and Orlyk returned into exile. The Zaporozhians built a new Sich under Ottoman protection,
4465-412: The Zaporozhian Cossacks were mostly, if tentatively, regarded by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as their subjects. Registered Cossacks were a part of the Commonwealth army until 1699. Around the end of the 16th century, relations between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire , which were not cordial to begin with, were further strained by increasing Cossack aggression. From
4560-436: The Zaporozhian Sich as a "cossack republic", as the highest power in it belonged to the assembly of all its members, and because its leaders ( starshina ) were elected. Officially the leader of Zaporozhian Host never carried the title of hetman , while all leaders of cossacks formations were unofficially referred to as one. The highest body of administration in the Zaporozhian Host was the Sich Rada (council). The council
4655-434: The Zaporozhians, remain loyal towards Russia. Many fought in the local conflicts following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and today, just like before the revolution when they made up the private guard of the Emperor, the majority of the Kremlin Presidential Regiment is made up of Kuban Cossacks. For the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Khmelnytsky Uprising and the fall of the Zaporozhian Cossacks effectively marked
4750-406: The anger of Russian Empress Catherine II . As a result, by 1775 the number of runaway serfs from the Hetmanate and Polish-ruled Ukraine to Zaporizhiya rose to 100,000. The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (1774) annexed the Crimean Khanate into Russia, so the need for further southern frontier defence (which the Zaporozhians carried out) no longer existed. Colonisation of Novorossiya began; one of
4845-500: The battle at Poltava, elected Pylyp Orlyk as the Hetman of Ukraine in exile. Orlyk waged a guerrilla warfare at the southern borders of the Russian Empire with the support from Ottoman and Swedish empires. The Appointed Hetman Mykhailo Khanenko was elected the Hetman of Ukraine by a council of Sukhoviy's Cossacks in Uman to depose Doroshenko. In 1675 John III Sobieski awarded the title to some Ostap Hohol (died in 1679). Same thing happened in 1683 when John III Sobieski awarded
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#17327722688914940-439: The beginning of its end with the Deluge , which led to the gradual demise of the Commonwealth ending with the Partitions of Poland in the late 18th century. A similar fate awaited both the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire; having endured numerous raids and attacks from them both, the Zaporozhian Cossacks aided the Russian Army in ending Turkey's ambitions of expanding into northern and Central Europe , and like Poland, after
5035-402: The colonies, located just next to the lands of the Zaporozhian Sich, was New Serbia . This escalated conflicts over land ownership with the Cossacks, which often turned violent. The decision to disband the Sich was adopted at the court council of Catherine the Great on 7 May 1775. General Peter Tekeli received orders to occupy and liquidate the main Zaporozhian fortress, the Sich. The plan
5130-432: The command of a Russian Army stationed in Kiev . A new sich ( Nova Sich ) was built to replace the one that had been destroyed by Peter the Great. Concerned about the possibility of Russian interference in Zaporozhia's internal affairs, the Cossacks began to settle their lands with Ukrainian peasants fleeing serfdom in Poland and Russia proper. By 1762, 33,700 Cossacks and over 150,000 peasants populated Zaporozhia. By
5225-440: The effort by Peter the Great to establish the new Russian capital. Many did not return, and it is often stated that St. Peterburg "was built on bones". In 1734, as Russia was preparing for a new war against the Ottoman Empire , an agreement was made between Russia and the Zaporozhian cossacks, the Treaty of Lubny. The Zaporozhian Cossacks regained all of their former lands, privileges, laws and customs in exchange for serving under
5320-429: The end of 19th century the Hermitage stored 17 kurin banners and one khoruhva, the Transfiguration Cathedral contained 20 kurin banners, three bunchuks, one silver bulawa, and one silver gold-covered baton. Today the fate of those national treasures of Ukrainian people is unknown. After the February Revolution in 1917 the Russian Provisional Government adopted the decisions of returning them to Ukraine, however, due to
5415-432: The entire south-eastern Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth border into a low-intensity war zone and led to an escalation of Commonwealth–Ottoman warfare, from the Moldavian Magnate Wars to the Battle of Cecora (1620) and wars in 1633–34. Cossack numbers expanded, with Ukrainian peasants running from serfdom in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Attempts by the szlachta to turn the Zaporozhian Cossacks into serfs eroded
5510-525: The escape, there was little left to do for the remaining 12,000 Cossacks. The Sich was razed to the ground. The Cossacks were disarmed in a mostly bloodless operation, while their treasury and archives were confiscated. Kalnyshevsky was arrested and exiled to the Solovki , where he lived in confinement to 112 years of age. Most upper level Cossack Council members, such as Pavlo Holovaty and Ivan Hloba, were repressed and exiled as well, although lower level commanders and rank and file Cossacks were allowed to join
5605-838: The establishment of the Cossack Hetmanate there were numerous regional hetmans across the Dnieper -banks, who usually were starostas or voivodes. The first widely recognized hetman of Zaporizhia was Dmytro Vyshnevetsky , after that several Polish starostas were added to the Hetman registry such as Lanckoroński and Daszkiewicz who also led their own Cossack formations. According to Mykhailo Hrushevsky they were not really considered as hetmans, at least by their contemporaries. Among others such starostas were Karpo Maslo from Cherkasy , Yatsko Bilous ( Pereiaslav ), Andrushko ( Bratslav ), and many others. Even Princes Konstanty Ostrogski and Bohdan Hlinski were conducting Cossack raids on Tatar uluses (districts). The commanders of Zaporozhian Host (the Kish) often considered as hetmans in fact carried
5700-402: The events of the October Revolution of the same year the decision was not executed. With the proclamation of independence, the Ukrainian government has raised the issue of returning the national cultural valuables before the leadership of Russia ; no specific agreements have ever been reached, however. After the Treaty of Pereyaslav in 1654, the Zaporozhian Host became a suzerainty under
5795-438: The heart of the Ottoman Empire, which were just two days away by boat from the mouth of the Dnieper River . By 1615 and 1625, Cossacks had managed to raze townships on the outskirts of Constantinople , forcing the Ottoman Sultan Murad IV to flee his palace. His nephew, Sultan Mehmed IV , fared little better as the recipient of the legendary Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks , a ribald response to Mehmed's insistence that
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#17327722688915890-439: The late 18th century, much of the Cossack officer class in Ukraine was incorporated into the Russian nobility, but many of the rank and file Cossacks, including a substantial portion of the old Zaporozhians, were reduced to peasant status. They were able to maintain their freedom and continued to provide refuge for those fleeing serfdom in Russia and Poland, including followers of the Russian Cossack Yemelyan Pugachev , which aroused
5985-426: The loss of Crimea, the Ottoman Empire began to decline. The historical legacy of the Zaporozhian Cossacks shaped and influenced the idea of Ukrainian nationalism in the latter half of the 19th century. Ukrainian historians, such as Adrian Kashchenko (1858–1921), Olena Apanovich and others suggest that the final abolishment of the Zaporozhian Sich in 1775 was the demise of a historic Ukrainian stronghold. After
6080-417: The new Little Russian Office ( Prikaz ) within its Ambassadorial Office. Vouched by Charles Marie François Olier, marquis de Nointel , Yuriy Khmelnytsky was freed from the Ottoman captivity, appointed and along with Pasha Ibragim was sent to Ukraine fight the Moscow forces of Samoilovych and Romadanovsky. In 1681 Mehmed IV appointed George Ducas the Hetman of Ukraine, replacing Khmelnytsky. Following
6175-423: The news of the defeat and the mutiny arrived in Istanbul in early September, Abaza Siyavuş Pasha was appointed as the commander and soon afterward as the Grand Vizier. However, before he could take over his command, the whole Ottoman Army had disintegrated and the Ottoman household troops ( Janissaries and sipahis ) started to return to their base in Istanbul under their own lower-rank officers. Sarı Suleiman Pasha
6270-403: The next war, was also troublesome for the Russians. In 1784 Potemkin formed the Host of the Loyal Zaporozhians (Войско верных Запорожцев) and settled them between the Southern Bug and Dniester rivers. For their invaluable service during the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792), they were rewarded with the Kuban land and migrated there in 1792. In 1828, the Danubian Sich ceased to exist after it
6365-414: The origin of the Cossacks was formed under the influence of the Polish historical school of the 16th-17th centuries and was connected with the theory of the Sarmatian origin of the gentry. According to the tradition of deriving the origin of the state or people from a certain people of antiquity, the Cossack chroniclers of the 18th century advocated the Khazar origin of the Cossacks . With the expansion of
6460-402: The otaman; the khoruhva - to the whole host although carried by a khorunzhy; the bunchuk also was given to otaman, but carried by a bunchuzhny or bunchuk comrade; the seal was preserved by a military judge, while the seals of the kurin - to the kurin otaman, and the seals of the palanka - to the colonel of a certain palanka; the kettledrums were in possession of a dovbysh (drummer); the staffs - to
6555-430: The protection of the tsar of Russia , although for a considerable period of time it enjoyed nearly complete autonomy . After the death of Bohdan Khmelnytsky in 1657, his successor Ivan Vyhovsky initiated a turn towards Poland, alarmed by the growing Russian interference in the affairs of the Hetmanate. An attempt was made to return to the three-constituent Commonwealth of nations with the Zaporozhian cossacks joining
6650-427: The revival of the empire's fortunes associated with the Köprülü era . Mehmed IV was known by contemporaries as a particularly pious ruler, and was referred to as gazi , or "holy warrior" for his role in the many conquests carried out during his long reign. Under Mehmed IV's reign, the empire reached the height of its territorial expansion in Europe. From a young age he developed a keen interest in hunting, for which he
6745-498: The second part of the 16th century, the Cossacks started raiding Ottoman territories. The Polish government could not control the fiercely independent Cossacks but, since they were nominally subjects of the Commonwealth, it was held responsible for raids by their victims. Reciprocally, the Tatars living under the Ottoman rule launched raids in the Commonwealth, mostly in the sparsely inhabited south-east territories of Ukraine. Cossacks, however, were raiding wealthy merchant port cities in
6840-512: The senior clerics of the empire planned to reinstate Mehmed on the throne in response to the ill health and imminent death of his successor, Suleiman II. Mehmed's favourite harem girl was Gülnuş Sultan , a slave girl and later his wife. She was taken prisoner at Rethymno (Turkish Resmo) on the island of Crete . Their two sons, Mustafa II and Ahmed III , became Ottoman Sultans during 1695–1703 and 1703–1730, respectively. Mehmed IV had an Haseki Sultan and several secondary concubines. However,
6935-475: The source base and the formation of historical science, nomadic hypotheses were rejected by official historiography. For the first time, Alexander Rigelman pointed out the imperfection of the hypothesis. In the 20th century, the Russian scientist Gumilyov was an apologist for the Polovtsian origin of the Cossacks. In the 16th century, with the dominance of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth extending south,
7030-577: The split of Ukrainian territory along the Dnieper River by the Polish - Russian Treaty of Andrusovo 1667, there was an introduction of dual leadership for each bank, or for each Ukraine of Dnieper (left and right). After the Treaty of Andrusovo there existed two different Cossack Hetmanates with two Hetmans the one in Poland being called Nakazny Hetman of His Royal Mercy of Zaporizhian Host and
7125-459: The stage for its disintegration one hundred years later. Even though Poland probably had the best cavalry in Europe, their infantry was inferior. However, Ukrainian Cossacks possessed the best infantry during the middle 17th century. Since Poland recruited most of its infantry from Ukraine, once this became free from Polish rule, the army of the Commonwealth suffered greatly. The Zaporozhian Host as
7220-654: The title to Stefan Kunicki and in 1684 to Andriy Mohyla . Those awards were given during the Great Turkish War . In 1669 Petro Doroshenko received a title of Sanjak-bey from Mehmed IV . Title existed in 1669 to 1683. The title existed in 1710–1760. Zaporizhian Cossacks The Zaporozhian Cossacks , Zaporozhian Cossack Army , Zaporozhian Host , ( Ukrainian : Військо Запорозьке , romanized : Viisko Zaporozke , or Військо Запорізьке , Viisko Zaporizke ) or simply Zaporozhians ( Ukrainian : Запорожці , romanized : Zaporozhtsi ) were Cossacks who lived beyond (that is, downstream from)
7315-459: The tsar, in fear of losing their privileges and autonomy. In 1709, for example, the Zaporozhian Host led by Kost Hordiienko joined Hetman Ivan Mazepa against Russia. Mazepa was previously a trusted adviser and close friend to Tsar Peter the Great but allied himself with Charles XII of Sweden against Peter I. After the defeat at the Battle of Poltava Peter ordered a retaliatory destruction of
7410-479: The will of our Imperial Majesty. In May 1775, General Tekeli's forces went from the Fortress of St. Elizabeth , at that time it was the main headquarters of the Russian army in Ukraine, and on 5 June 1775 divided into five detachments and surrounded the Sich with artillery and infantry. The lack of southern borders and enemies in the past years had a profound effect on the combat-ability of the Cossacks, who realised
7505-481: The worst crimes etc. The Zaporozhian Host, while being closely associated with the Cossack Hetmanate , had its own administration and orders. For military operations, cossacks of the host organized into Kish . Kish is an old term for a reinforced camp that was used in the 11th-16th centuries and later adopted by cossacks. Kish was the central body of government in Sich under jurisdiction of which were administrative, military, financial, legal, and other affairs. Kish
7600-702: Was deposed by the combined forces of Janissaries and Sekbans commanded by Osman Pasha . Mehmed was then imprisoned in Topkapı Palace . However, he was permitted to leave the Palace from time to time, as he died in Edirne Palace in 1693. He was buried in Turhan Sultan's tomb , near his mother's mosque in Constantinople . In 1691, a couple of years before his death, a plot was discovered in which
7695-483: Was elected by the General Military Council for a year on January 1. Based on the same customs and traditions the rights and duties of officers were explicitly codified. The Zaporozhian Host developed an original judicial system, at the base of which lay the customary Cossack Code. The norms of the code were affirmed by those social relations that have developed among cossacks. Some sources refer to
7790-653: Was elected on annual bases at the Sich Rada (Black Rada). Black Rada was a council of all cossacks. Kish election were taken place either on 1 January, 1 October ( Intercession of the Theotokos holiday - Pokrova), or on the 2nd-3rd day of Easter. There was a cossack military court, which severely punished violence and stealing among compatriots, bringing women to the Sich, consumption of alcohol in periods of conflict, etc. There were also churches and schools , providing religious services and basic education . Principally,
7885-530: Was executed, and Sultan Mehmed IV appointed the commander of Istanbul Straits, Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha , as the Grand Vizier's regent in Istanbul. Fazıl Mustafa made consultations with the leaders of the army that existed and the other leading Ottoman statesmen. After these, on 8 November 1687, it was decided to depose Sultan Mehmed IV and to enthrone his brother Suleiman II as the new Sultan. Mehmed
7980-417: Was given a direct order from Empress Catherine II, which she explained in her Decree of 8 August 1775: With this we would like to let our Empire and our faithful subjects be known that the Zaporozhian Sich is now destroyed and the name of Zaporozhian Cossacks is to be no more as well, mentioning of whom will be considered no less as an affront to our Imperial Majesty for their deeds and insolence for disobeying
8075-473: Was kept secret and regiments returning from the Russo-Turkish war, in which Cossacks also participated, were mobilized for the operation. They included 31 regiments (65,000 men in total). The attack took place on 15 May and continued until 8 June. The order was given by Grigory Potemkin , who had formally become an honorary Zaporozhian Cossack under the name of Hrytsko Nechesa a few years prior. Potemkin
8170-407: Was made out of tissue in two colors: yellow and blue. Kettledrums (lytavry) were large copper boilers that were fitted with a leather which served for transmission of various signals (calling cossacks to a council, raising an alarm etc.). Each item of kleinody was granted to a clearly assigned member of cossack starshina (officership). For example, in the Zaporozhian Host, the bulawa was given to
8265-549: Was married. The empire celebrated it with Famous Edirne Festival to mark the occasion. Silahdar Findikli Mehmed Aga described Mehmed as a medium-sized, stocky, white-skinned, sun-burnt face, with a sparse beard, leaning forward from the waist up because he rides a lot. 1680 witnessed the only known stoning to death of a woman convicted of adultery in Ottoman Istanbul. The unnamed woman was stoned to death on Istanbul's Hippodrome after allegedly being caught alone with
8360-415: Was mostly of a crimson color embroidered with coats of arms, saints, crosses, and others. It was always carried in front of the army next to the hetman or otaman. A badge ( znachok ) was a name for a kurin's or company's ( sotnia ) banners. There was a tradition when the newly elected colonel was required at his own expense prepare palanka's banner. One of the banners was preserved until 1845 in Kuban and
8455-848: Was pardoned by Emperor Nicholas I, and under amnesty its members settled on the shores of the Northern Azov between Berdyansk and Mariupol , forming the Azov Cossack Host . Finally in 1862 they too migrated to the Kuban and merged with the Kuban Cossacks . The Kuban Cossacks served Russia's interests right up to the October Revolution , and their descendants are now undergoing active regeneration both culturally and militarily. The 30,000 descendants of those Cossacks who refused to return to Russia in 1828 still live in
8550-713: Was suspected of supporting the rebels and plotting to poison the sultan and replace him with his younger half-brother, Suleiman . As a result, Mehmed agreed to sign his grandmother's death warrant in September 1651. The empire faced palace intrigues as well as uprisings in Anatolia, the defeat of the Ottoman navy by the Venetians outside the Dardanelles, and food shortages leading to riots in Constantinople. It
8645-423: Was the bulawa or mace carried by hetmans and kish-otamans. For example, Bohdan Khmelnytsky already from 1648 carried a silver gold-covered bulawa decorated with pearls and other valuable gem stones. The cossack colonels had pernachs ( shestoper s) - smaller ribbed bulawas which were carried behind a belt. The seal of the Zaporozhian Host was produced in a round form out of silver with a depiction of cossack in
8740-461: Was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1648 to 1687. He came to the throne at the age of six after his father was overthrown in a coup. Mehmed went on to become the second-longest-reigning sultan in Ottoman history after Suleiman the Magnificent . While the initial and final years of his reign were characterized by military defeat and political instability, during his middle years he oversaw
8835-409: Was the highest legislative, administrative, and judicial body of the Zaporozhian Host. Decisions of the council were considered the opinion of the whole host and obligated to its execution each member of the cossack comradeship. At Sich Rada were reviewed issues of internal and foreign policies, conducted elections of military starshina , division of assigned land, punishment of criminals who committed
8930-469: Was the worst conflagration Constantinople had experienced to date. It started in Eminönü and spread to most of the historic peninsula, burning much of the city. Even the minarets of Suleiman I's mosque burned. Two-thirds of Istanbul was turned to ash in the conflagration, and as many as forty thousand people were killed. Thousands died in the famine and plague which followed the fire. On 12 September 1683,
9025-470: Was under these circumstances that Mehmed's mother granted Köprülü Mehmed Pasha full executive powers as Grand Vizier. Köprülü took office on 14 September 1656. Mehmed IV presided over the Köprülü era , an exceptionally stable period of Ottoman history. Mehmed is known as Avcı , "the Hunter", as this outdoor exercise took up much of his time. Mehmed's reign is notable for a revival of Ottoman fortunes led by
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