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110-600: Cat Ba (historically called Cac Ba) Island means "Women’s Island" (Cac meaning 'all' and 'Ba' meaning women). Legend has it that many centuries ago, three women of the Tran Dynasty were killed and their bodies floated all the way to Cat Ba Island. Each body washed up on a different beach and all three were found by local fishermen. The residents of Cat Ba built a temple for each woman, and the island soon became known as Cat Ba. Archaeological evidence suggests that people have lived on Cat Ba Island for almost 6,000 years, with

220-577: A Mongol-appointed darughachi . In 1283, Khubilai Khan sent word to the Trần that he intended to send Yuan armies through Trần territory to attack the kingdom of Champa, with demands for provisions and other support to the Yuan army. In the twelfth lunar month of 1284, the second Yuan invasion of Đại Việt was launched under the command of Kublai Khan's prince Toghon . Đại Việt was attacked from two directions, with Toghan himself conducting an infantry invasion from

330-613: A chance to see old bunkers and helicopter landing stations as well as views of Cat Ba Island, its coast, and the limestone karsts in Lan Ha Bay offshore. In 1979, the third Indo-China War broke out between China and Vietnam in response to Vietnam's invasion of Cambodia that ended the reign of the Khmer Rouge . Relations between China and Vietnam collapsed, leading to the Vietnamese government evicting around 30,000 ... of

440-562: A defamation campaign against the Emperor which ultimately made Nghệ Tông decide to replace him by Trần Thuận Tông and downgrade Phế Đế to Prince Linh Đức in December 1388. Trần Nghệ Tông died on the 15th day of the twelfth lunar month, 1394 at the age of 73 leaving the imperial court in the total control of Hồ Quý Ly. He began to reform the administrative and examination systems of the Trần dynasty and eventually obliged Thuận Tông to change

550-473: A disastrous defeat of the Yuan navy at the Battle of Bạch Đằng on the eighth day of the third lunar month, 1288. Besides Trần Quốc Tuấn, other notable generals of the Trần dynasty during this time were Prince Nhân Huệ Trần Khánh Dư , who destroyed the logistics convoy of the Yuan navy at the Battle of Vân Đồn , and general Phạm Ngũ Lão , who took charge of ambushing prince Toghan's retreating troops. After

660-597: A land tax in measures of rice that was calculated by land classification. One historical book reveals that the Trần dynasty taxed everything from fish and fruits to betel . Taxpayers were divided into three categories: minors ( tiểu hoàng nam , from 18 to 20), adults ( đại hoàng nam , from 20 to 60), and seniors ( lão hạng , over 60). Manufactured items such as handicrafts, cotton, silk and brocades saw rapid development in this period. Some of these items were exported to China while silver, gold, tin and lead mining increased jewelry-making. State-minted copper coins were set up by

770-493: A large fountain which only plays after dark; it is backed by a strip of cheap hotels and bars, but dominated by the wooded limestone hills behind. The island is a national park of Vietnam and was recognized by UNESCO in December 2004 as a Biosphere reserve of the world. Hai Phong's people committee, as well as the Vietnam Government, have cooperated with many organizations to educate local citizens to help protect

880-671: A marriage with the Vietnamese princess Huyền Trân . Anh Tông accepted this offer, then took and renamed Ô prefecture and Lý prefecture as Thuận prefecture and Hóa prefecture. These two prefectures soon began to be referred to collectively as the Thuận Hóa region. Only one year into the marriage, Chế Mân died and, in line with the royal tradition of Champa, Huyền Trân was to be cremated with her husband . Facing this urgent condition, Anh Tông sent his mandarin Trần Khắc Chung to Champa to save Huyền Trân from an imminent death. Finally Huyền Trân

990-427: A month, with "plenty of goods", and a market was situated every five miles on the state highway. Inns were also established by the state during the period. During the reign of Trần Thánh Tông members of the Trần clan and imperial family were required by the Emperor to take full advantage of their land grants by hiring the poor to cultivate them. Đại Việt's cultivated land was annually ruined by river floods, so for

1100-504: A more stable agriculture, in 1244 Trần Thái Tông ordered his subordinates to construct a new system of levees along the Red River . Farmers who had to sacrifice their land for the diking were compensated with the value of the land. The Emperor also appointed a separate official to control the system. Towards the end of the Trần dynasty, Hồ Quý Ly held absolute power in the imperial court, and he began to carry out his ideas for reforming

1210-617: A new dynasty, the Hồ dynasty . Being Hồ Quý Ly's own grandson, Thiếu Đế was downgraded to Prince Bảo Ninh instead of being killed like his father. Hồ Quý Ly claimed descent from Duke Hu of Chen (Trần Hồ công, 陳胡公), whose Hồ clan originated in State of Chen (modern day Zhejiang , China ) around the 940s. After the Ming dynasty conquered the Hồ dynasty in 1407, Prince Trần Ngỗi was declared emperor and led

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1320-656: A number of unique behaviors and adaptations, one of which is the ability to safely consume saltwater. In late 2024,the German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research in Göttingen and Leipzig Zoo published a study addressing potential genetic adaptations that provide a higher tolerance for salinity. Cat Ba island is the largest island within the Cat Ba archipelago, with 366 smaller islands and tidally exposed rocks surrounding it. As all members of

1430-438: A protection network that relies on the local population. These two approaches both take great effort and care to engage the residents of Cat Ba Island, which makes the programs more effective. The CBLCP also takes an active approach in raising levels of environmental awareness and education on Cat Ba Island; they also strive to create a connection between the citizens of Cat Ba Island and the natural environment. Other mammals in

1540-502: A time. The Amatina will boast "seven resorts with over 800 villas, three marinas, one international convention palace, six five-star hotels and one four-star hotel" (VITC). The scale of this project is gigantic and will basically create a mini-city on Cat Ba and will attract tourists from around the world. Cat Ba Island has become the adventure-tourism capital of Vietnam, and many of the activities advertised are nature-based. Visitors can kayak and take boat cruises through Ha Long Bay and

1650-454: A wealthy landowner in the area. Trần Lý's grandson, Trần Cảnh , later established the Trần dynasty. From Trần Lý onwards, the Trần clan became related to the Lý clan by intermarriages with several members of the imperial Lý dynasty . During the troubled time of many regional rebellions under the reign of emperor Lý Cao Tông , the imperial crown prince, Lý Sảm sought refuge in the territory of

1760-576: A year. Currently, over 150 hotels are listed in Cat Ba Island's tourist directory pamphlet, from cheap budget hotels to flashier upscale resorts, and construction is underway on many more. Right now, construction is under way on the colossal Cat Ba Amatina, an enormous project that will transform the southern coast of the island. The Amatina compound will be "a world-class integrated marina, casino, resort and theme park" spanning 171.57 hectares and (VITC) will be able to host almost 6,000 residents at

1870-601: Is a strictly protected sanctuary, a peninsula on the eastern coast of Cat Ba Island, in the National Park and supports about 40% of the population. Fixed boundaries were set with blocking buoys and prohibition signs. Another step taken was to increase the number of rangers in the area. Local citizens, especially fishermen, were informed and rangers were given permission to remove people and take away any poaching equipment they found. Any existing and potential caves and hunter trails are registered, regulated, and controlled. At

1980-496: Is conservation, and the park is primarily committed to protecting the nature and wildlife in the archipelago. The second purpose is scientific research, and the third purpose is to promote eco-tourism and environmental education. A fourth priority is to increase the economic development of the small communities living in the buffer zones of the national park through eco-tourism and conservation programs, that balance both conservation and economic goals. Besides its natural environment,

2090-521: Is considered superior to Lý literature in both quality and quantity. Initially, most members of the Trần clan were fishermen without any depth of knowledge. For example, Trần Thủ Độ, the founder of the Trần dynasty, was described in Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư as a man of superficial learning. However, after their usurpation of power from the Lý dynasty, Trần emperors and other princes and marquises always attached special importance to culture, especially literature. Two important schools of literature during

2200-650: Is considered to be one of " The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates and is assumed to have declined by 80% over the last three generations. It is estimated that there are less than 70 of these langurs left in the world. In November 2000, Münster Zoo and ZSCSP, the Zoological Society for the Conservation of Species and Populations, started the Cat Ba Langur Conservation Project. The Cat Ba langur's distribution range

2310-547: Is dark brown; head and shoulder are bright golden to yellowish-white. The tail is very long (ca. 85 cm (33 in)) compared with the body size (ca. 50 cm (20 in)). Babies are colored golden-orange; the pelage starts to change its color from about the fourth month on. Males and females look alike. Two adult females captured during translocation in 2012 weighted slightly more than 9 kilograms (20 lb) each. The Cat Ba langur, which lives on Cat Ba Island in Vietnam,

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2420-553: Is derived from the erosion of the native limestone bedrock, and organic detritus from the vegetation. The Cat Ba langurs live in groups, usually one male with several females and their offspring. Each group has its own territory, defended by the adult male who also initiates the location of the group. The females usually give birth to a single baby every 2–3 years, which becomes mature at 4–6 years old. Langurs have an average life expectancy of 25 years. The environment provides an arborous and terrestrial habitat for langurs as well as meeting

2530-565: Is found on the Island. The UNESCO designation divides the archipelago into three distinct areas, each with certain functions and restrictions that regulate development and conservation measures on the Island: The core area needs to be legally established and is not subject to human activity, except research and monitoring, and as the case may be, to traditional extractive uses by local communities. Cat Ba National Park more or less constitutes

2640-399: Is less than $ 350. Since it is so hard to find the langurs, the poachers do not go out with the intent on capturing one, but often capture them by chance when hunting other animals in the area. Between 1970 and 1986, an estimated 500 to 800 langurs were killed. The hunters of the langurs have been known to attack people who get in their way. As part of a conservation effort, "body guards" for

2750-421: Is one of the 25 most endangered primates. Conservation efforts are helping to prevent this, however, and have greatly increased their population since 2003, when there were only 40. Until recently, the Cat Ba langur was not considered a species but rather a subspecies of one of two other Trachypithecus species. Cat Ba langurs are diurnal creatures and travel in groups of about four to eighteen animals. They prefer

2860-549: Is slowly gaining popularity as an alternative to the crowded Ha Long Bay Town. With its scenery, its association with Ha Long Bay, its proximity to cities like Haiphong (50 km) and Hanoi (150 km), and even China (many regional visitors come to the Island in the summer, the busy season, to avoid the heat and pollution in the cities), and plenty to do, Cat Ba Island has become a major travel destination for foreign and Vietnamese visitors alike. Cat Ba tour organizer: Cat Ba Express, Kivo travel, Vietnam travel, Pys Travel... At

2970-678: The Trachypithecus francoisi species group, this social, diurnal monkey is found in limestone forests. Critically endangered , this langur resides near Ha Long Bay , specifically in Cat Ba Island, hence its common name "Cat Ba Langur". This landscape is known as a karst formation that has been invaded by the ocean. The topography is of limestone that has been worn away through erosion, which later formed ridges, towers, fissures, sinkholes and other types of landforms. The Cat Ba Langur are diurnal animals, adapted to living in limestone habitat. The sleeping caves, ledges, and overhangs used by

3080-527: The Battle of Đồ Bàn , when the Emperor himself, along with many high-ranking mandarins and generals of the Trần dynasty, were killed by the Cham forces. The successor of Duệ Tông, Trần Phế Đế , and the retired Emperor Nghệ Tông, were unable to drive back any invasion of Chế Bồng Nga in Đại Việt. As a result, Nghệ Tông even decided to hide money in Lạng Sơn , fearing that Chế Bồng Nga's troops might assault and destroy

3190-476: The golden-headed langur , is a critically endangered species of langur endemic to Cát Bà Island , Vietnam . It is among the rarest primates in the world, and possibly the rarest primate in Asia, with population size estimated at less than 70 individuals. The Cat Ba langur was considered a subspecies of François' langur ( T. francoisi ) until 1995. The white-headed langur ( T. leucocephalus ) of China

3300-602: The Cai Beo people may be an intermediary link between the population strata at the end of the Neolithic Age, some 4,000 years ago." In more recent history, Cat Ba Island was inhabited mostly by Viet-Chinese fisherman and was largely influenced by both the French and American wars. The island was a strategic look-out point and bombing during the wars often forced local residents to hide among the Island's many caves. Today,

3410-539: The Cat Ba Archipelago, hike through the national park, mountain bike around the Island, spend time hiking and swimming on Monkey Island just offshore, tourist can stay at Monkey Island Resort for real relax time on private beach, explore the Island's many caves, swim on Cat Co 1, 2, or 3 (three sandy beaches a short walk from Cat Ba town), or even go rock climbing and deep water soloing on the limestone karsts in Lan Ha Bay. With so many things to do, Cat Ba Island

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3520-403: The Cat Ba langur used to be common. The primary reason for hunting was to supply the traditional medicine industry. Cat Ba langurs were used to make a "monkey balm" believed to help with erectile dysfunction and other health issues. Since the langurs are so few, hunting takes two to four weeks. A hunter can earn up to $ 50 from a single langur, which is a lot when the average annual per capita income

3630-402: The Emperor was still served by many efficient mandarins like Trần Nhật Duật, Đoàn Nhữ Hài , Phạm Ngũ Lão, Trương Hán Siêu , Mạc Đĩnh Chi , and Nguyễn Trung Ngạn . Anh Tông was very strict in suppressing gambling and corruption, but he also generously rewarded those who served him well. In 1306, the king of Champa , Chế Mân , offered Vietnam two Cham prefectures, Ô and Lý, in exchange for

3740-505: The Emperor when she had been pregnant with Trần Quốc Khang for three months. After the marriage, Thuận Thiên was entitled the new empress of the Trần dynasty, while Chiêu Thánh was downgraded to princess. Furious at losing his pregnant wife to his brother, Trần Liễu rose in revolt against the imperial family. Meanwhile, Thái Tông felt remorse about the situation and decided to become a monk at Yên Tử Mountain in Quảng Ninh in order to avoid

3850-485: The Empress Regnant seemed to have affection towards him, the leader of the Trần clan immediately decided to take this chance to carry out his plot to overthrow the Lý dynasty and establish a new dynasty ruled by his own clan. First Trần Thủ Độ moved the whole Trần clan to the imperial palace and arranged a secret marriage between Lý Chiêu Hoàng and Trần Cảnh there, without the appearance of any mandarin or member of

3960-499: The Island who are part of the international illegal wildlife trade. Another major threat facing the langurs is habitat fractionalization, due to increases in human development. Currently, the langur population is fragmented into seven isolated sub-populations at five different locations on Cat Ba Island, with most of the langur groups being very small in number with some populations longer functional in terms of reproduction (only three groups are currently reproducing). The fragmentation of

4070-435: The Lý imperial family. After that, he announced the fait accompli to the imperial court and made Lý Chiêu Hoàng cede the throne to her new husband on the grounds that she was incapable of holding office. Thus Trần Cảnh was chosen as her successor. As a result, the 216-year reign of the Lý dynasty was ended, and the new Trần dynasty was created on the first day of the twelfth lunar month ( Gregorian : December 31) 1225. After

4180-457: The Mongol invasions, king Trần Nhân Tông led an attack into modern-day Laos in the winter of 1289–1290 against the advice of his advisors with the goal of preventing raids from the inhabitants of the highlands. Famines and starvations ravaged the country from 1290 to 1292. There were no records of what caused the crop failures, but possible factors included neglect of the water control system due to

4290-480: The Mongol troops. The elephant-mounted troops were routed by sharpshooters targeting the elephants. In comparison with the previous Ly dynasty, the Tran had strengthened their armed forces and were able to deter the Mongol attacks. At the beginning of the war, the Đại Việt army suffered several defeats at the hands of an overwhelming force that had already conquered a vast area in Asia. Several high-ranking officials of

4400-515: The Park include civet cats and oriental giant squirrels . Cat Ba Island faces numerous environmental problems. Increases in tourism and recent developments threaten the ecological integrity and biodiversity of the island, reducing and fragmenting the natural habitat for Cat Ba's numerous species. Illegal hunting and poaching, overfishing, and water pollution in Ha Long Bay continue to threaten

4510-470: The Tran authorities, so were weapons workshops, court attire workshops and utilities for bronze smelting. Education and literature were largely aided from improvements in the technology of printing and engraved wooden plates. The shipbuilding industry expanded where large 100-oar junks were produced. Thang Long then became the state's commercial center with numerous markets established. A 13th-century Mongolian ambassador mentioned that markets were held twice

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4620-615: The Tran dynasty, the Daoist cleric Xu Zongdao originated from Fujian. He recorded the Mongol invasion and referred to the Mongols as "Northern bandits". Nguyễn Trung Ngạn , head of an envoy mission to the Yuan court in 1314, referred to the Yuan dynasty as Hồ (胡), meaning barbarians, in his poem Bắc sứ túc Khâu Ôn dịch (北使宿丘溫驛): 江山有限分南北， The land is divided into North and South 胡越同風各弟兄。 "Hồ" and Viet are brothers with same customs Later on, Wu Bozong 吳伯宗 (b. 1334-d. 1384)

4730-411: The Trần clan, headed by Trần Lý. During this time, the crown prince decided to marry Trấn Lý's daughter Trần Thị Dung in 1209. Afterward, it was the Trần clan who helped emperor Lý Cao Tông and crown prince Lý Sảm to restore their power and return to capital Thăng Long . As a result, the emperor appointed several members of the Trần clan to key positions in the imperial court, such as Tô Trung Từ , who

4840-462: The Trần dynasty were so fearful that Prince Trần Nhật Hiệu , the younger brother of Thái Tông, even suggested to the Emperor that they might escape from Đại Việt to the Song dynasty . Trần Thái Tông submitted to the Mongols after the loss of a prince and the capital. In 1258, the Trần commenced regular diplomatic relations and a tributary relationship with the Mongol court, treating them as equals to

4950-506: The Trần dynasty, Confucianist education began to spread across the country. The principal curricula during this time were the Four Books and Five Classics , and Northern history , which were at the beginning taught only at Buddhist pagodas and gradually brought to pupils in private classes organized by retired officials or Confucian scholars. Cat Ba langur The Cat Ba langur ( Trachypithecus poliocephalus ), also known as

5060-564: The Trần loyalists forces against the Chinese. His base was first centered in Ninh Bình Province . He defeated the Ming forces in 1408 but failed to retake Đông Quan (Hanoi). Due to internal purges, his offensive eventually failed and he had to retreat to Nghệ An . A new emperor, Trùng Quang Đế , was installed by the generals in 1409. The Later Trần held the southern provinces before being defeated by Ming forces in 1413. To restore

5170-458: The archipelago. The Cat Ba langur ( Trachypithecus poliocephalus ), or golden-headed langur , is endemic to Cat Ba Island and is one of the most endangered primates in the world. The langurs' population numbers, which used to be between 2,400 and 2,700, dwindled to as low as only 53 langurs in 2000 due to poaching for traditional medicine and habitat fragmentation caused by human development. Today, there are approximately 68 langurs left in

5280-460: The best reminders of the two wars have been turned into tourist attractions. Hospital Cave, which was a secret, bomb-proof hospital during the American War and as a safe house for VC leaders. This three-storey feat of engineering was in use until 1975 is only 10 km north of Cat Ba town. The second attraction, the newly built Cannon Fort, sits on a peak 177 meters high, offering visitors

5390-463: The capital from Thăng Long to Thanh Hóa in January 1397. On the full moon of the third lunar month, 1398, under pressure from Hồ Quý Ly, Thuận Tông, had to cede the throne to his three-year-old son Trần An , now Trần Thiếu Đế , and held the title Retired Emperor at the age of only 20. Only one year after his resignation, Thuận Tông was killed on the orders of Hồ Quý Ly. Hồ Quý Ly also authorised

5500-496: The capital of Đại Việt. The Trần army could not withstand this attack and the Trần imperial court had to escape from Thăng Long, creating an opportunity for Chế Bồng Nga to violently loot the capital before withdrawing. In the twelfth lunar month of 1376 the Emperor Trần Duệ Tông decided to personally command a military campaign against Champa. Eventually, the campaign was ended by a disastrous defeat of Đại Việt's army at

5610-466: The collapse of the Lý Dynasty, Trần Thủ Độ was still afraid that the newly established Trần Dynasty might be overthrown by its political opponents. He therefore continued to eliminate members of the Lý imperial family: first the former emperor Lý Huệ Tông was coerced into suicide in the tenth lunar month of 1226, then other members of the Lý imperial family were massacred by the order of Trần Thủ Độ in

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5720-484: The collection Quốc ngữ thi tập ( Collection of national language poems ) or Hồ Quý Ly who wrote Quốc ngữ thi nghĩa to explain Shi Jing in the Vietnamese language. The achievement of Vietnamese language literature during the Trần era was the essential basis for the development of this language and the subsequent literature of Vietnam. The Trần dynasty was considered a golden age for music and culture. Although it

5830-784: The core zone of the Cat Ba Archipelago Biosphere Reserve. (8,500 hectares, of which 2,000 are marine) The buffer zone must surround or be contiguous to the core area. Activities are organized here so that they do not hinder the conservation objectives of the core area but rather help to protect it. It can be an area for experimental research and it may accommodate education, tourism, and recreational facilities. (7,741 hectares, of which 2,800 are marine) To provide support for research, monitoring, education, and information exchange related to local, national, and global issues of conservation and development. (10,000 hectares, of which 4,400 are marine) The first purpose

5940-580: The country's economy, which had been heavily damaged during the turbulent time at the end of the Lý dynasty, Emperor Trần Thái Tông decided to reform the nation's system of taxation by introducing a new personal tax ( thuế thân ), which was levied on each person according to the area of cultivated land owned. For example, a farmer who owned one or two mẫu , equal to 3,600 to 7,200 square metres (39,000 to 78,000 sq ft), had to pay one quan per year, while another with up to four mẫus had to pay two quan . Besides personal taxes, farmers were obliged to pay

6050-472: The destruction of the Mongol navy, both the Đại Việt and Champa decided to accept the nominal supremacy of the Yuan dynasty and serve as tributary states in order to avoid further conflicts. Professor Liam Kelley noted that people from Song dynasty China, such as Zhao Zhong and Xu Zongdao , fled to the Tran dynasty after the Mongol invasion of the Song and helped the Tran fight against the Mongol invasion. Like

6160-469: The earliest settlements being found on the southeastern tip of the Island close to the area where Ben Beo harbour sits today. In 1938, a group of French archaeologists discovered human remains belonging "to the Cai Beo people of the Ha Long culture, which lived between 4,000 and 6,500 years ago… considered to be perhaps the first population group occupying the northeastern territorial waters of Vietnam… [and]

6270-532: The early history of Vietnam. Trần literature had a special role in the history of Vietnamese literature for its introduction and development of the Vietnamese language (Quốc ngữ) written in chữ nôm . Before the Trần dynasty, Vietnamese was only used in oral history or proverbs. Under the rule of the Emperor Trần Nhân Tông, it was used for the first time as the second language in official scripts of

6380-541: The ecological health of the island. Many tour operators include an option of trekking in the National Park or canoeing on three-day tours; shorter tours generally only stay overnight in the small town of Cat Ba (population about 8,000) or on boats moored in Cai Beo bay, about 2 km away from Cat Ba town. Cat Ba itself is attractively situated around a bay teeming with small boats, many of which belong to pearl or shrimp farmers, and can become very busy at weekends and during public holidays. The promenade has illuminations and

6490-470: The economy of Đại Việt. The most significant change during this time was the replacement of copper coins with paper money in 1396. It was the first time in the history of Vietnam that paper money was used in trading. The Emperor set up trading posts at the coastal town of Vân Đồn , where Chinese merchants from Guangdong and Fujian would move in to engage in commerce. Ethnic Chinese are recorded in Tran and Ly dynasty records of officials. Trần literature

6600-539: The eighth lunar month of 1232. Trần Thái Tông was enthroned when he was only eight years old. There were several rebellions in Đại Việt at that time, so Trần Thủ Độ had to devote all of his efforts to consolidating the rule of Thái Tông in the imperial court and over the country. Right after the coronation of the Emperor in 1226, Nguyễn Nộn and Đoàn Thượng rose in revolt in the mountainous region of Bắc Giang and Hải Dương . By both military and diplomatic measures, such as sending an army and by awarding two leaders of

6710-426: The embattled Southern Song dynasty without renouncing their ties to the Song. Kublai Khan was dissatisfied with the arrangement at the end of the first invasion and requested greater tributary payments, including taxes to the Mongols in both money and labor, "incense, gold, silver, cinnabar, agarwood, sandalwood, ivory, tortoiseshell, pearls, rhinoceros horn, silk floss, and porcelain cups", and direct oversight from

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6820-666: The end of 2001, there was no more hunting of the Cat Ba Langur. Since the beginning of the conservation efforts, nine langurs have been born and only three have died of natural causes. The greatest populations of the Cat Ba Langur are expected to recover with the appropriate conservation of the limestone habitats. There are currently 3 Cat Ba Langurs held at the Endangered Primate Center in Cuc Phuong National Park , Vietnam. Hunting of

6930-483: The entire Cat Ba Archipelago. difficulties the project has faced in the past and will face going forward. The CBLCP is an in situ conservation project, meaning the project works to protect both the animal and its habitat (there are no plans to put the langurs in zoos). This means that by taking efforts to preserve the langurs, the CBLCP, by protecting the natural environment of the archipelago, really works to preserve all

7040-487: The environment. They also communicate with the tourism board to promote a variety of campaigns to make Cat Ba Island greener. 20°48′00″N 106°59′59″E  /  20.80000°N 106.99972°E  / 20.80000; 106.99972 Tran Dynasty 21°02′15″N 105°50′19″E  /  21.03750°N 105.83861°E  / 21.03750; 105.83861 The Trần dynasty , ( Vietnamese : Nhà Trần, chữ Nôm : 茹陳), officially Đại Việt ( Chữ Hán : 大越),

7150-421: The execution of over 370 persons who opposed his dominance in the imperial court, including several prominent mandarins and the Emperor's relatives together with their families, such as Trần Khát Chân, Trần Hãng , Phạm Khả Vĩnh and Lương Nguyên Bưu . The end of the Trần dynasty came on the 28th day of the second lunar month (Gregorian: March 23) 1400, when Hồ Quý Ly decided to overthrow Thiếu Đế and established

7260-409: The family feud. Finally Trần Thủ Độ forcefully yet successfully persuaded Thái Tông to return to the throne, and Trần Liễu had to surrender after judging that he could not stand with his fragile force. All soldiers who participated in this revolt were killed; Trần Thủ Độ even wanted to behead Trần Liễu, but was stopped by Thái Tông. In 1257, the first Mongol invasion of Đại Việt was launched with

7370-531: The fifth lunar month of 1285, Trần Quang Khải fought the decisive battle in the Chương Dương , where the Yuan navy was almost destroyed and the balance in the battlefield tilted definitively in favor of the Trần dynasty. Ten days later Sogetu was killed and the Trần Emperor Nhân Tông and Emperor Emeritus Thánh Tông returned to the capital, Thăng Long, on the sixth day of the sixth lunar month, 1285. In

7480-406: The fishermen, and most of the rest of the Chinese community from the greater Ha Long area. The development of infrastructure on Cat Ba in the 1990's greatly improved the island's accessibility. These developments include: the construction of bigger roads; the construction of dams to build harbors and to protect Cat Ba town from flooding; consistent electricity being brought to the island in 1997; and

7590-466: The governor of Nghe An. This critical situation for the Trần dynasty began to change after the Toghan made the decision to retreat with the forward troops their victory in the fourth lunar month of 1285 at the Battle of Hàm Tử , where the troops commanded by Trần Nhật Duật , Prince Chiêu Thành, Trần Quốc Toản , and Nguyễn Khoái were finally able to defeat the fleet of general Sogetu. On the tenth day of

7700-412: The heart of Cat Ba Island lies an ecologically diverse national park. In 1986, 9,800 [98 km] hectares (approximately one-third of the Island's total land mass) was annexed as Cát Bà National Park , the first decreed protected area in Vietnam to include a marine component (Dawkins 14). It had previously been the site of a timber company. In 2006, the boundaries of the national park were redefined, so

7810-417: The imperial court, besides Chinese . It was Hàn Thuyên , an official of Nhân Tông, who began to compose his literary works in the Vietnamese language, with the earliest recorded poem written in chữ Nôm in 1282. He was considered the pioneer who introduced chữ nôm in literature. After Hàn Thuyên, chữ Nôm was progressively used by Trần scholars in composing Vietnamese literature, such as Chu Văn An with

7920-484: The imperial court. This prompted the Prime Minister Trần Nguyên Trác and his son Trần Nguyên Tiết to plot the assassination of Nhật Lễ, but their conspiracy was discovered by the Emperor and they were killed afterwards. In the tenth lunar month of 1370, the Emperor's father-in-law, Trần Phủ , after receiving advice from several mandarins and members of the imperial family, decided to raise an army for

8030-400: The imperial family of the Trần dynasty defected to the Yuan side, including Thánh Tông's own brother, Prince Chiêu Quốc ( Trần Ích Tắc ), and Trần Kiện, who was the son of Prince Tĩnh Quốc ( Trần Quốc Khang ). To ensure the safety of Thánh Tông and Nhân Tông during their retreat, Princess An Tư was offered as a present and diversion for Prince Toghan, while Marquis Bảo Nghĩa ( Trần Bình Trọng )

8140-489: The imperial palace in Thăng Long. In 1389 general Trần Khát Chân was appointed by Nghệ Tông to take charge of stopping Champa. In the first lunar month of 1390, Trần Khát Chân had a decisive victory over Champa which resulted in the death of Chế Bồng Nga and stabilised situation in the southern part of Đại Việt. During the reign of Trần Nghệ Tông, Hồ Quý Ly , an official who had two aunts entitled as consorts of Minh Tông,

8250-435: The introduction of daily scheduled large ferries and barges, able to transport trucks and cars from the mainland. These developments lead to a rapid increase in tourism and development in Cat Ba town starting in 2001. Since then, a stop on Cat Ba Island has been included in the itinerary of many Ha Long Bay cruises and a strip of tall, thin, five-storey budget hotels line the seafront. Cat Ba Island receives over 350,000 visitors

8360-529: The introduction of vernacular Vietnamese into the court was established, alongside Literary Chinese . This laid the foundation for the further development and solidifying of the Vietnamese language and identity. The ancestor of the Trần clan, Trần Kinh, (陳京) migrated from the modern province of Fujian to Đại Việt during the early 12th century. He settled in Tức Mặc village (now Mỹ Lộc , Nam Định ) and lived by fishing. His grandson Trần Lý (陳李; 1151–1210) became

8470-421: The langur population reduces genetic variability, which is already a major problem due to the minute population numbers and makes it impossible for some groups of langurs to reproduce and replace aging group members. To fight this problem, the CBLCP focused their efforts on two approaches: increasing education and awareness levels about the decline of the langur population and other conservation issues and creating

8580-468: The langurs are thought to be used as protection from predators and extreme weather. Accessible caves were used as a hunting ground for humans to capture or kill langurs as they slept. The Cat Ba langur lives in a moist tropical rain forest on limestone hills, a type of habitat used by 6–7 other genera of the T. francoisi group found elsewhere in Vietnam. During the summer the weather is warm, and rainy with temperatures averaging 25 °C (77 °F). In

8690-406: The langurs have been put into place. These guards are unarmed, and on several occasions have been severely hurt by the hunters. Teeth have been knocked out and several have been stabbed. Because of the fear of being attacked, the guards do not want to do their job anymore. Cat Ba Island is in the process of creating a booming tourist industry. They are in the process of building luxury hotels around

8800-458: The needs of their folivorous diet. Food mainly consists of leaves, but also fresh shoots, flowers, bark, and some fruits. The leaves make up over 70% of the langur's diet. Despite its very small distribution and population, research indicates that this species persisted on Cat Ba Island since at least the latest Pleistocene , about 12,000 years ago, and never reached a population over 4,000 - 5,000 individuals even at its peak. The Cat Ba langur

8910-431: The northern border while the Yuan navy under general Sogetu advanced from the southern border through the territory of Champa . Initially, Trần Thánh Tông and Trần Nhân Tông had to order the army to retreat to avoid the pressure from the Yuan force when Prince Chiêu Minh Trần Quang Khải commanded his troops to stop Sogetu's fleet in the province of Nghệ An . Meanwhile, several high-ranking officials and members of

9020-408: The park contained 109 km of land area and an additional 52 km of inshore waters and mangrove-covered tidal zones (langur website). The park is staffed by 92 people, including over 60 park rangers. In 2004, Cat Ba Archipelago was declared a UNESCO Man and Biosphere Reserve Area in order to protect the multiple terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems as well the diverse plant and animal life that

9130-635: The park is home to a high number of species. There are 1,561 recorded species of flora found in the park, from 186 families, including 406 species of woody plants, 661 medicinal plants, and 196 edible plants. The fauna on the island consists of 279 species, including 53 mammal species from 18 families, and 23 Endangered and Critically Endangered species. There are 160 bird species, 66 species of reptiles and amphibians, and 274 species of insects from 79 different families. Aquatically, there are 900 sea fish, 178 species of coral, 7 species of sea snakes, 4 species of sea turtles, and 21 species of seaweed found throughout

9240-440: The proclamation Hịch tướng sĩ ( Call of Soldiers ), written by general Trần Quốc Tuấn, which was the most popular work of the hịch (appeal, call) form in Vietnamese literature. Besides members of the Trần clan, there were several mandarins and scholars who were well known for patriotic works such as Trương Hán Siêu , an eminent author of the phú form, or general Phạm Ngũ Lão with his famous poem Thuật hoài . As Buddhism

9350-526: The purpose of opening a southern front against the Song dynasty, whom they were fighting for more than two decades . The Mongols had already conquered parts of modern-day Sichuan and the Dali kingdom in modern-day Yunnan in order to besiege the Southern Song from the west. Trần Thái Tông opposed the encroachment of a foreign army across his territory and so dispatched soldiers on elephants to deter

9460-512: The purpose of overthrowing Nhật Lễ. After one month, his plan succeeded and Trần Phủ became the new emperor of Đại Việt, ruling as Trần Nghệ Tông, while Nhật Lễ was downgraded to Duke of Hôn Đức (Hôn Đức Công) and was killed afterwards by an order of Nghệ Tông. After the death of Hôn Đức Công, his mother fled to Champa and begged King Chế Bồng Nga to attack Đại Việt. Taking advantage of his neighbour's lack of political stability, Chế Bồng Nga commanded troops and directly assaulted Thăng Long ,

9570-416: The reign of the Trần dynasty were patriotic and Buddhist literature. To commemorate the victory of Đại Việt against the second Mongol invasion the grand chancellor Trần Quang Khải composed a poem, named Tụng giá hoàn kinh ( Return to the capital ), which was considered one of the finest examples of Vietnamese patriotic literature during the dynastic era. Patriotism in Trần literature was also represented by

9680-457: The relations between Đại Việt and Champa remained strained for a long time afterwards. After the death of the retired Emperor Trần Minh Tông in 1357, the Trần dynasty began to fall into chaos during the reign of Trần Dụ Tông . While being modest and diligent under the regency of Minh Tông, the reign of Emperor Dụ Tông saw extravagant spending on the building of several luxurious palaces and other indulgences. Dụ Tông introduced theatre, which

9790-686: The revolt the title of Prince ( Vương ), Trần Thủ Độ was able to put down these revolts in 1229. According to Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư , Thái Tông and his wife, the Empress Chiêu Thánh , did not have their first son for some time. This situation worried the grand chancellor Trần Thủ Độ because he had profited from similar circumstances with the Emperor Lý Huệ Tông in overthrowing the Lý dynasty. Therefore, in 1237 Trần Thủ Độ decided to force Prince Hoài Trần Liễu , Thái Tông's elder brother, to give up his wife, Princess Thuận Thiên, for

9900-445: The species found on the archipelago and to protect the overall health of the forest. The biggest reason for the steep decline in langur population numbers was illegal poaching and trapping of the langurs for traditional medicinal purposes. This is a difficult trend to reverse, as the langur was being poached by local people who relied on the forest for subsistence and sold langurs to support their meagre income, and from poachers outside

10010-473: The steep limestone cliffs that make up most of Cat Ba Island. Most of the places that they are found are not accessible to humans by foot. Cat Ba langurs spend around 66% of their time resting and the rest moving, foraging, and socializing, with the distribution changing between summer and winter. They eat less and rest more in the winter and the opposite in the summer. Due to the limited amount of resources available on Cat Ba Island, Cat Ba langurs have developed

10120-464: The third lunar month of 1287, the Yuan dynasty launched their third invasion of Đại Việt. This time, unlike the second invasion, commander-in-chief Prince Hưng Đạo (Trần Quốc Tuấn) assured the Emperor that Đại Việt's army could easily break the Yuan military campaign. After occupying and looting the capital, Toghan decided to retreat with the forward troops. This invasion was indeed ended one year later by

10230-502: The throne in 1400, at the age of five years old in favor of his maternal grandfather, Hồ Quý Ly . The Trần improved Chinese gunpowder , enabling them to expand southward to defeat and vassalize the Champa . They also started using paper money for the first time in Vietnam. The period was considered a golden age in Vietnamese language, arts, and culture. The first pieces of Chữ Nôm literature were written during this period, while

10340-516: The throne of the Lý dynasty to crown princess Lý Chiêu Hoàng in October of the lunar calendar, 1224. Ascending the throne at the age of only six, Lý Chiêu Hoàng ruled under the dominant influence of the commander of the imperial guard, Trần Thủ Độ. Even the Empress Regnant's servants were chosen by Trần Thủ Độ; one of them was his 7-year-old nephew Trần Cảnh . When Trần Cảnh informed Trần Thủ Độ that

10450-517: The war, the mobilization of men away from the rice fields, and floods or drought. There was a relatively long period of prosperity and peace during the reigns of Trần Anh Tông , Trần Minh Tông , and Trần Hiến Tông . Anh Tông was the first Trần emperor to reign without facing attacks from the Mongol Empire . Despite the deaths of the two most important generals of the early Trần dynasty, Trần Quang Khải in 1294 and Trần Quốc Tuấn in 1300,

10560-559: The wild. The langur population and its habitat is monitored by the Cat Ba Langur Conservation Project (CBLCP), a German-based NGO that works in close cooperation with the national park staff and the local governments on Cat Ba Island and in Hai Phong province, especially the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development in Hai Phong, to protect the langur, its habitat, and to help conserve the biodiversity and environmental integrity of

10670-433: The winter, it is usually cold with little rain and high temperatures averaging less than 20 °C (68 °F). Because there are no rivers and streams and no permanent freshwater ponds on the Cat Ba Island, the langurs take their moisture from rainwater caught in rock pockets and contained in vegetation. Temporary surface streams form briefly during rainy season, rapidly receding into caves and subterranean passages. The soil

10780-581: Was de facto the national religion of the Trần dynasty, there were many works of Trần literature that expressed the spirit of Buddhism and Zen , notably the works of the Emperor Trần Nhân Tông and other masters of Trúc Lâm School. `Besides the literature created by the upper classes, folk narratives of myths, legends, and ghost stories were also collected in Việt Điện U Linh Tập by Lý Tế Xuyên and Lĩnh Nam chích quái by Trần Thế Pháp . These two collections held great value not only for folk culture but also for

10890-410: Was a Vietnamese dynasty that ruled from 1225 to 1400. The dynasty was founded when emperor Trần Thái Tông ascended to the throne after his uncle Trần Thủ Độ orchestrated the overthrow of the Lý dynasty . The Trần dynasty defeated three Mongol invasions , most notably during the decisive Battle of Bạch Đằng River in 1288. The final emperor of the dynasty was Thiếu Đế , who was forced to abdicate

11000-410: Was able to return to Đại Việt, but Chế Chí , the successor of Chế Mân, no longer wished to abide by the peace treaty with Đại Việt. After that event, Anh Tông himself, along with the generals Trần Quốc Chân and Trần Khánh Dư, commanded three groups of Đại Việt military units to attack Champa in 1312. Chế Chí was defeated and captured in this invasion, and Anh Tông installed a hand-picked successor, but

11110-472: Was an uncle of Trần Thị Dung, and Trần Tự Khánh and Trần Thừa , who were all Trần Lý's sons. In 1211 the crown prince Lý Sảm was enthroned as Lý Huệ Tông after the death of Lý Cao Tông . By that time the Trần clan's position began to rise within the imperial court. After a period of political crisis, the Emperor Lý Huệ Tông , who had been mentally ill for a long time, ultimately decided to pass

11220-530: Was appointed to one of the highest positions in the imperial court. Despite his complicity in the death of the Emperor Duệ Tông, Hồ Quý Ly still had Nghệ Tông's confidence and came to hold more and more power at the imperial court. Facing the unstoppable rise of Hồ Quý Ly in the court, the Emperor Trần Phế Đế plotted with minister Trần Ngạc to reduce Hồ Quý Ly's power, but Hồ Quý Ly pre-empted this plot by

11330-462: Was born to a couple of hát tuồng performers. To celebrate the victory over the 1288 Mongol invasion, Trần Quang Khải and Trần Nhật Duật created the Múa bài bông ( dance of flowers ) for a major three-day festival in Thăng Long. This dance has been handed down to the present and is still performed at local festivals in the northern region. Although Buddhism was considered the national religion of

11440-410: Was captured and later killed in the Battle of Đà Mạc defending the two emperors. The mass defections were the result of the significant effect that recent Mongol conquest of the Southern Song had on contemporary observers, with a Mongol conquest of Vietnam appearing inevitable to many. At the southern border, Trần Quang Khải also had to retreat under the pressure of Sogetu's navy and the defection of

11550-510: Was considered at the time to be a shameful pleasure, into the imperial court. The Emperor died on the 25th day of the fifth lunar month, 1369, at the age of 28, after appointing his brother's son Dương Nhật Lễ despite the fact that his appointee was not from the Trần clan. Like his predecessor Dụ Tông, Nhật Lễ neglected his administrative duties and concentrated only on drinking, theatre, and wandering. He even wanted to change his family name back to Dương. Such activities disappointed everyone in

11660-403: Was declared a National Park in 1986, however that did not stop the poaching and decline of the population. About 30% of the population is located outside of the National Park until 2006. In 2006 Cat Ba National Park was expanded to include the entire Cat Ba langur population and Special Protection Zones were established to provide the most stringent protection available under Vietnamese law. There

11770-405: Was formerly considered a subspecies of T. poliocephalus until 2007. Both T. poliocephalus and T. leucocephalus are overall blackish, but the crown, cheeks and neck are yellowish in T. poliocephalus , while they are white in T. leucocephalus , as suggested by its scientific name . According to the Cat Ba Langur Conservation Project, the Cat Ba langur's skin is black and the pelage color

11880-476: Was sent as Ming ambassador to Vietnam. Wu wrote in the Rongjinji (榮進集) that when he asked the Tran monarch about Annam's affairs, the Tran ruler said that the kingdom still adhered to Tang dynasty and Han dynasty customs. 欲問安南事， Asking about Annam situation? 安南風俗淳。 Annam customs are traditional 衣冠唐制度， Clothing are Tang's standard 禮樂漢君臣 Music and Rites are similar to Han's court After

11990-428: Was still seen as a shameful pleasure at that time, theatre rapidly developed towards the end of the Trần dynasty with the role of Lý Nguyên Cát (Li Yuan Ki), a captured Chinese soldier who was granted a pardon for his talent in theatre. Lý Nguyên Cát imported many features of Chinese theatre (also see 话剧) in the performing arts of Đại Việt such as stories, costumes, roles, and acrobatics. For that reason, Lý Nguyên Cát

12100-402: Was traditionally considered the founder of the art of hát tuồng in Vietnam. However this is nowadays a challenged hypothesis because hát tuồng and Beijing opera differed in the way of using painted faces, costumes, or theatrical conventions. The art of theatre was introduced to the imperial court by Trần Dụ Tông and eventually the emperor even decided to cede the throne to Dương Nhật Lễ, who

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