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40-521: [REDACTED] Coat of arms of noble Catargiu family The House of Catargiu ( Romanian pronunciation: [katarˈd͡ʒi.u] ) is the name of an old and influential Moldavian noble family of the Tupilați region, whose members played important political role in the history of Wallachia , Moldavia and Romania . Notable members [ edit ] Alexandru Ștefan Catargiu (1825 – 1897),

80-888: A "noble" and to mean simply "large landowner". Cuza's Constitution (known as the Statut ) of 1864 deprived the boyars from the legal privileges and the ranks officially disappeared, but, through their wealth, they retained their economic and political influence, particularly through the electoral system of census suffrage . Some of the lower boyars joined the bourgeoisie involved in commerce and industry. A number of 2000 large landowners held over 3 million hectares or about 38% of all arable land. Most of these boyars no longer took any part in managing their estates, but rather lived in Bucharest or in Western Europe (particularly France, Italy and Switzerland). They leased their estates for

120-635: A Romanian politician Barbu Catargiu (1807 – 1862), a conservative Romanian journalist and politician Eva Callimachi-Catargi (1855 –1913), Parisian heiress and subject of two paintings by Henri Fantin-Latour . Lascăr Catargiu (1823 – 1899), a Romanian conservative statesman from Moldavia Nicolae Calimachi-Catargiu (1830 – 1882), a conservative Romanian politician Elena Maria Catargiu-Obrenović ( Serbian : Елена Марија Катарџи-Обреновић ; 1831 – 1879), mother of King Milan I of Serbia See also [ edit ] Catargiu River ,

160-616: A different class existed of landlords without a boyar title, called cneji or judeci in Wallachia and nemeși in Moldavia. They were however not tax-exempt like the boyars. The upper boyars (known as vlastelin in Wallachia) had to supply the hospodar with a number of warriors proportional to the number of villages they owned. Some boyars were court officials , the office being called dregătorie , while others were boyars without

200-434: A fixed sum to arendași (leaseholders). Many of the boyars found themselves in financial difficulties; many of their estates had been mortgaged. The lack of interest in agriculture and their domains led to a dissolution of the boyar class. The Boyars of Wallachia and Moldavia were divided into three primary classes, the most prestigious of which was the first rank. Vitally important to boyar identity and class stratification

240-449: A function. Important offices at the court that were held by boyars included vistier ( treasurer ), stolnic (pantler), vornic ( concierge ) and logofăt ( chancellor ). While early the court officials were not important and often they were not even boyars, with time, boyars started to desire the functions, in order to participate in the government of the country, but also to get the incomes that were afferent to each function. While

280-474: A rent to the boyar who owned the land. The boyars were generally excepted from any taxes and rents to be paid to the Hospodar. The boyars were entitled to a rent that was a percentage of the peasants' produce (initially one-tenth, hence its name, dijmă ) in addition to a number of days of unpaid labour ( corvée , locally known as clacă or robotă ). However, not all landlords who owned villages were boyars,

320-657: A tributary of the Jijioara River in Romania References [ edit ] ^ A History of Modern Political Thought in East Central Europe . Oxford University Press. 2016. ISBN   978-0-19-873714-8 . [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with the surname Catargiu . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding

360-520: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Boyars of Moldavia and Wallachia As such, until the 19th century, the system oscillated between an oligarchy and an autocracy with power concentrated in the Hospodar's hands. During the Middle Ages, Romanians lived in autonomous communities called obște which mixed private and common ownership , employing an open field system . The private ownership of land gained ground In

400-526: The Sămănătorul magazine lamented the disappearance of the boyar class, while not arguing for their return. Historian Nicolae Iorga saw the system not as a selfish exploitation of the peasants by the boyars, but rather as a rudimentary democracy. On the other side of the political spectrum, Marxist thinker Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea thought that the reforms didn't go far enough, arguing that

440-649: The Ayalas and Manny Pangilinan , corporate figures allied with Duterte, including Dennis Uy of Udenna Corporation , benefitted during his administration. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the subsequent privatization of state-owned assets, a class of Russian oligarchs emerged. These oligarchs gained control of significant portions of the economy, especially in the energy, metals, and natural resources sectors. Many of these individuals maintained close ties with government officials, particularly

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480-605: The Great Ban and the Great Logofăt . Great Boyars were the only class entitled to wear beards, and wore sable gugiuman hats with red tops (white tops were reserved for the Prince). After reforms made by Prince Constantine Mavrocordatos , descendants of Great Boyars were known as neamuri and descendants of small boyars were known as mazili . Boyars of the second rank, much more numerous than Great Boyars, occupied posts in

520-466: The Turkish nobility , with the difference that instead of the turban , most of them wore a very large işlic . Female members of the boyar class also wore Turkish inspired costume. Many boyars used large sums of money for conspicuous consumption , particularly luxurious clothing, but also carriages, jewelry and furniture. The luxury of the boyars' lives contrasted strongly not only with the squalor of

560-575: The president , leading some to characterize modern Russia as an oligarchy intertwined with the state. The Islamic Republic of Iran , established after the 1979 Iranian Revolution , is sometimes described as a clerical oligarchy. Its ruling system, known as Velayat-e-Faqih (Governance of the Jurist), places power in the hands of a small group of high-ranking Shia clerics, led by the Supreme Leader . This group holds significant influence over

600-694: The 14th and 15th centuries, leading to differences within the obște towards a stratification of the members of the community. The creation of the feudal domain in which the landlords were known as boyars , was mostly through danii ("donations") system: the Hospodars gave away whole villages to military servants, usurping the right of property of the obște. By the 16th century, the few remaining still-free villages were forcefully taken over by boyars, while some people were forced to agree to become serfs (see Serfdom in Moldavia and Wallachia ) due to hunger, invasions, high taxes, debts, which further deteriorated

640-483: The 1840s. The opening towards Western Europe meant that the boyars adopted the Western mores and the luxury expenses increased. While the greater boyars were able to afford these expenses through the intensification of the exploitation of their domains (and the peasants working on them), many smaller boyars were ruined by them. Starting with the middle of the 19th century, the word "boyar" began to lose its meaning as

680-716: The 2010 Citizens United v. FEC Supreme Court decision, which removed limits on donations to political campaigns. In 2014, a study by political scientists Martin Gilens of Princeton University and Benjamin Page of Northwestern University argued that the United States' political system does not primarily reflect the preferences of its average citizens. Their analysis of policy outcomes between 1981 and 2002 suggested that wealthy individuals and business groups held substantial influence over political decisions, often sidelining

720-644: The Danubian Principalities as retainers of the Phanariots . These families are identified by some scholars as Greco-Levantine owing to the varied ethnic origins of the families (including Greek , Venetian Slav , Albanian , and Bulgarian ) and their self-identification and religious and cultural association with the Fanar , and their preference for speaking Greek . Tensions frequently mounted between native boyars and their Greek counterparts, but

760-816: The Romanian villages, but also with the general appearance of the capitals, this contrast striking the foreigners who visited the Principalities. In the first decade of the 19th-century, female members of the boyar class started to adopt Western fashion: in July 1806, the wife of the Hospodar in Iași , Safta Ipsilanti , received the wife of the French consul dressed according to the French fashion. Male boyars, however, did not reform their costume to Western fashion until around

800-659: The United States as oligarchies. During the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos from 1965 to 1986, several monopolies arose in the Philippines, primarily linked to the Marcos family and their close associates. Analysts have described this period, and even subsequent decades, as an era of oligarchy in the Philippines. President Rodrigo Duterte , elected in 2016, promised to dismantle the oligarchy during his presidency. However, corporate oligarchy persisted throughout his tenure. While Duterte criticized prominent tycoons such as

840-647: The administration such as Clucer , Paharnic , and Stolnic . Second and third rank boyars were not entitled to having beards, but wore mustaches instead. Small boyars wore smaller işlic hats than those of Great Boyars, and third rank boyars often had their hats adorned with large square cushions. These hats were not made of sable felt, but rather polecat, marten, fox, or lamb. In 1829, Great Boyars, second rank boyars, and third rank boyars occupied 59, 612, and 562 named administrative posts in Wallachia, respectively. Many boyar families did not originate in Romania and came to

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880-779: The condition of the peasants was a neo-serfdom . Oligarchy List of forms of government Oligarchy (from Ancient Greek ὀλιγαρχία ( oligarkhía )  'rule by few'; from ὀλίγος ( olígos )  'few' and ἄρχω ( árkhō )  'to rule, command') is a form of power structure in which power rests with a small number of people. These people may or may not be distinguished by one or several characteristics, such as nobility , fame , wealth , education , or corporate , religious , political , or military control. Throughout history, power structures considered to be oligarchies have often been viewed as coercive, relying on public obedience or oppression to exist. Aristotle pioneered

920-411: The country's legislative, military, and economic affairs, and critics argue that this system concentrates power in a religious elite, marginalizing other voices within society. Since Ukraine's independence in 1991, a powerful class of business elites, known as Ukrainian oligarchs , has played a significant role in the country's politics and economy. These oligarchs gained control of state assets during

960-420: The economic standing of the free peasants. Apart from the court boyars and the military elite, some boyars ("countryside boyars") arose from within the villages, when a leader of the obște (usually called knyaz ) swore fealty to the hospodar and becoming the landlord of the village. The Hospodar was considered the supreme ruler of the land and he received a land rent from the peasants, who also had to pay

1000-502: The era is often called "feudal" in the Romanian historiography, there were some major differences between the status of the Western feudal lords and the status of the Romanian boyars. While a hierarchy existed in Wallachia and Moldavia just like in the West, the power balance was tilted towards the Hospodar, who had everyone as subjects and who had the power to demote even the richest boyar, to confiscate his wealth or even behead him. However,

1040-604: The ethnic admixture of both groups was complex. Many boyar families considered native had Greek or distant Greek origins, such as the Cantacuzino family , and both groups were primarily Grecophone. In 1821, native Wallachian families were among the many boyars of the so-called 'Greek party' who went into exile in Kronstadt . Conversely, many families which constituted the 'native' boyar nobility that remained in Wallachia were of Greco-Levantine descent. The movement surrounding

1080-400: The following criteria: George Bernard Shaw coined the concept of an intellectual oligarchy in his play Major Barbara (1907). In the play, Shaw criticizes the control of society by intellectual elites and expresses a desire for the empowerment of the common people: I now want to give the common man weapons against the intellectual man. I love the common people. I want to arm them against

1120-521: The function would often give large incomes in return. While the official functions were often given to both Romanians and Greeks, there was an exception: throughout the Phanariote era, the treasurers were mostly local boyars because they were more competent in collecting taxes. When the descendants of a boyar were not able to obtain even the lowest function, they became "fallen boyars" ( mazili ), who nevertheless, kept some fiscal privileges. Many of

1160-450: The lawyer, the doctor, the priest, the literary man, the professor, the artist, and the politician, who, once in authority, is the most dangerous, disastrous, and tyrannical of all the fools, rascals, and impostors. I want a democratic power strong enough to force the intellectual oligarchy to use its genius for the general good or else perish. Jeffrey A. Winters and Benjamin I. Page have described Colombia, Indonesia, Russia, Singapore and

1200-447: The list of top (political party) donors. Economist Simon Johnson argued that the rise of an American financial oligarchy became particularly prominent following the 2008 financial crisis. This financial elite has been described as wielding significant power over both the economy and political decisions. Former President Jimmy Carter in 2015 characterized the United States as an "oligarchy with unlimited political bribery" following

1240-534: The majority of Americans. While the United States maintains democratic features such as regular elections, freedom of speech, and widespread suffrage, the study noted that policy decisions are disproportionately influenced by economic elites. However, the study received criticism from other scholars, who argued that the influence of average citizens should not be discounted and that the conclusions about oligarchic tendencies were overstated. Gilens and Page defended their research, reiterating that while they do not label

Catargiu - Misplaced Pages Continue

1280-514: The new Phanariote Hospodars came with a Greek retinue who were given the most important official jobs; many of these Greeks married into local boyar families. In order to consolidate their position within the Wallachian and Moldavian boyar class, the officials were allowed to keep their boyar title after the end of their term. The official functions, which traditionally were given for a year, were often bought with money as an investment, since

1320-497: The newly bestowed local boyars were wealthy merchants who paid in order to become boyars, in some cases they were even forced by the Hospodar to become boyars (and thus pay the Hospodar a sum). The princely courts of Bucharest and Iași kept title registers, which included a list of all the boyars (known as Arhondologia ). Since the Hospodar wanted to maximize his income, it was in his interest to create as many boyars as possible (and receive money from each), leading to an inflation in

1360-500: The number of boyars. The economic basis of the boyar's class was land ownership: by the 18th century, more than half of the land of Wallachia and Moldavia being owned by them. For instance, according to the 1803 Moldavian census, out of the 1711 villages and market towns, the boyars owned 927 of them. The process that began during the feudal era, of boyars seizing properties from the free peasants, continued and accelerated during this period. The boyars wore costumes similar to those of

1400-410: The person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catargiu&oldid=1255571161 " Categories : Surnames Moldavian families Romanian families Romanian-language surnames Hidden categories: Pages with Romanian IPA Articles containing Serbian-language text Articles with short description Short description

1440-542: The power for the election of the hospodar was held by the great boyar families, who would form groups and alliances, often leading to disorder and instability. After the Phanariote regime was instated in Moldavia (1711) and Wallachia (1716), many of the boyar class was made out of Constantinople Greeks who belonged to the Phanariote clients , who became officials and were assimilated to the boyar class or locals who bought their titles. When coming to Bucharest or Iași,

1480-414: The rapid privatization that followed the collapse of the Soviet Union. By 2021, Ukraine passed a law aimed at curbing oligarchic influence on politics and the economy. Several commentators and scholars have suggested that the United States demonstrates characteristics of an oligarchy, particularly in relation to the concentration of wealth and political influence among a small elite, as exemplified by

1520-477: The use of the term as meaning rule by the rich, contrasting it with aristocracy , arguing that oligarchy was the perverted form of aristocracy. The consolidation of power by a dominant religious or ethnic minority can be considered a form of oligarchy. Examples include South Africa during apartheid , Liberia under Americo-Liberians , the Sultanate of Zanzibar , and Rhodesia . In these cases, oligarchic rule

1560-446: Was costume. Boyars wore richly embroidered and expensive oriental costumes with many expensive furs, complemented by tall işlic hats of varying sizes and shapes. The quality, type, and color of material used in boyar costumes and headwear was indicative of one's rank in the social hierarchy. Members of the first rank were called Great Boyars and occupied the most important posts of the Wallachian and Moldavian administrations, including

1600-412: Was often tied to the legacy of colonialism. In the early 20th century, Robert Michels expanded on this idea in his Iron Law of Oligarchy He argued that even democracies, like all large organizations, tend to become oligarchic due to the necessity of dividing labor, which ultimately results in a ruling class focused on maintaining its power. Business groups may be considered oligarchies if they meet

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