29-529: Sister: Platyrrhini The parvorder Catarrhini / k æ t ə ˈ r aɪ n aɪ / (known commonly as catarrhine monkeys , Old World anthropoids , or Old World monkeys ) consists of the Cercopithecoidea and apes (Hominoidea). In 1812, Geoffroy grouped those two groups together and established the name Catarrhini, "Old World monkeys", (" singes de l'Ancien Monde " in French ). Its sister in
58-694: A dental formula of 2.1.2.3 2.1.2.3 , indicating 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, and 3 molars on each side of the upper and lower jaws. Most catarrhine species show considerable sexual dimorphism and do not form a pair bond . Most, but not all, species live in social groups. Like the platyrrhines, the catarrhines are generally diurnal , and have grasping hands and (with the exception of bipedal humans) grasping feet. The apes – in both traditional and phylogenic nomenclature – are exclusively catarrhine species. In traditional usage, ape describes any tailless, larger, and more typically ground-dwelling species of catarrhine. "Ape" may be found as part of
87-427: A dental formula of 2.1.3.3 2.1.3.3 or 2.1.3.2 2.1.3.2 (consisting of 2 incisors, 1 canine, 3 premolars, and 2 or 3 molars). This is in contrast with Old World Anthropoids, including gorillas , chimpanzees , bonobos , siamangs , gibbons , orangutans , and most humans , which share a dental formula of 2.1.2.3 2.1.2.3 . Many New World monkeys are small and almost all are arboreal , so knowledge of them
116-569: A single gene on the X-chromosome to produce pigments that absorb medium and long wavelength light, which contrasts with short wavelength light. As a result, males rely on a single medium/long pigment gene and are dichromatic , as are homozygous females. Heterozygous females may possess two alleles with different sensitivities within this range, and so can display trichromatic vision. Platyrrhines also differ from Old World monkeys in that they have twelve premolars instead of eight; having
145-471: A third transatlantic dispersal event comes from a fossil molar belonging to Ashaninkacebus simpsoni , which has strong affinities with stem anthropoid primates of South Asian origin, the Eosimiidae . The chromosomal content of the ancestor species appears to have been 2n = 54. In extant species, the 2n value varies from 16 in the titi monkey to 62 in the woolly monkey . A Bayesian estimate of
174-483: Is a glycoside hydrolase enzyme that catalyses the following reaction: It catalyzes many catabolic processes, including cleavage of glycoproteins, glycolipids, and polysaccharides. The enzyme is encoded by the GLA gene. This enzyme is a homodimeric glycoprotein that hydrolyses the terminal α-galactosyl moieties from glycolipids and glycoproteins. It predominantly hydrolyzes ceramide trihexoside, and it can catalyze
203-534: Is less comprehensive than that of the more easily observed Old World monkeys. Unlike most Old World monkeys, many New World monkeys form monogamous pair bonds , and show substantial paternal care of young. They eat fruits, nuts, insects, flowers, bird eggs, spiders, and small mammals. Unlike humans and most Old World monkeys, their thumbs are not opposable (except for some cebids ). Alpha-galactosidase α-Galactosidase ( EC 3.2.1.22, α-GAL, α-GAL A ; systematic name α- D -galactoside galactohydrolase )
232-539: Is the feature used most commonly to distinguish between the two groups. The clade for New World monkeys, Platyrrhini, means "flat nosed". The noses of New World monkeys are flatter than the narrow noses of Old World monkeys, and have side-facing nostrils. New World monkeys are the only monkeys with prehensile tails —in comparison with the shorter, non-grasping tails of the anthropoids of the Old World. Prehensility has evolved at least two distinct times in platyrrhines, in
261-939: Is used to describe all simians, both with and without tails, including apes. Below is a cladogram with extinct species in which the crown Catharrhini, which emerged in the Propliopithecoidea . Also, Saadanioidea is sister of the Cercopithecoidea rather than of the Crown Catarrhini here. It is indicated how many million years ago (Mya) the clades diverged into newer clades. Platyrrhini Oligopithecidae (†34 Mya) Taqah Propliopithecid (†31) Propliopithecus (†30) Aegyptopithecus (†30) Kamoyapithecus (†25) Pliopithecoidea (†6) Micropithecus (†17) Hominoidea Saadanioidea (†28) Victoriapithecinae (†19) Crown Cercopithecoidea The Platyrrhini may have emerged in e.g.
290-567: The Ceboidea ( / s ə ˈ b ɔɪ d i . ə / ), the only extant superfamily in the parvorder Platyrrhini ( / p l æ t ɪ ˈ r aɪ n aɪ / ). Platyrrhini is derived from the Greek for "broad nosed", and their noses are flatter than those of other simians, with sideways-facing nostrils. Monkeys in the family Atelidae, such as the spider monkey , are the only primates to have prehensile tails . New World monkeys' closest relatives are
319-708: The Isthmus of Panama had not yet formed, so ocean currents , unlike today, favoured westward dispersal, the climate was quite different, and the width of the Atlantic Ocean was less than the present 2,800 km (1,700 mi) width by about a third (possibly 1,000 km (600 mi) less, based on the current estimate of the Atlantic mid-ocean ridge formation processes spreading rate of 25 millimetres per year (1 in/year)). The non-platyrrhini Ucayalipithecus of Amazonian Peru who might have rafted across
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#1732779484307348-530: The New World platyrrhines and Old World catarrhines is the shape of their noses. The platyrrhines (from Ancient Greek platy- , "flat", and rhin- , "nose") have nostrils which face sideways. The catarrhines (from Ancient Greek katà- , "down", and rhin- , "nose") have nostrils that face downwards. Catarrhines also never have prehensile tails, and have flat fingernails and toenails, a tubular ectotympanic (ear bone), and eight, not 12, premolars, giving them
377-407: The pygmy marmoset (the world's smallest monkey), at 14 to 16 cm (5.5 to 6.5 in) and a weight of 120 to 190 g (4.2 to 6.7 oz), to the southern muriqui , at 55 to 70 cm (22 to 28 in) and a weight of 12 to 15 kg (26 to 33 lb). New World monkeys differ slightly from Old World monkeys in several aspects. The most prominent phenotypic distinction is the nose, which
406-741: The tarsiers and the New World monkeys, in a single genus " Simia " (sans Homo ). The Catarrhini are all native to Africa and Asia . Members of this parvorder are called catarrhines . The Catarrhini are the sister group to the New World monkeys, the Platyrrhini . Some six million years before the ape - Cercopithecoidea bifurcation, the Platyrrhini emerged within "monkeys" by migration to South America from Afro-Arabia (the Old World), likely by ocean. The technical distinction between
435-520: The African continent. Platyrrhini are currently conjectured to have dispersed to South America on a raft of vegetation across the Atlantic Ocean during the Eocene epoch, possibly via several intermediate now submerged islands. Several other groups of animals made the same journey across the Atlantic, notably including caviomorph rodents. At the time the New World monkeys dispersed to South America,
464-471: The Atelidae family (spider monkeys, woolly spider monkeys, howler monkeys, and woolly monkeys), and in capuchin monkeys ( Cebus ). Although prehensility is present in all of these primate species, skeletal and muscular-based morphological differences between these two groups indicate that the trait evolved separately through convergent evolution. The fully prehensile tails that have evolved in Atelidae allow
493-401: The Atlantic between ~35–32 million years ago, are nested within the extinct Parapithecoidea from the Eocene of Afro-Arabia, suggesting that there were at least two separate dispersal events of primates to South America, Parvimico and Perupithecus from Peru appear to be at the base of the Platyrrhini, as are Szalatavus , Lagonimico , and Canaanimico . Possible evidence for
522-649: The Oligopithecidae. The Saadanioidea may be sister to the Propliopithecoidea s.s., and Micropithecus may be sister to the Taqah Propliopithecids. Platyrrhini Incertae sedis New World monkeys are the five families of primates that are found in the tropical regions of Mexico , Central and South America : Callitrichidae , Cebidae , Aotidae , Pitheciidae , and Atelidae . The five families are ranked together as
551-586: The catarrhines, including apes and extinct species such as Aegyptopithecus , in which case the apes, Cercopithecoidea and Aegyptopithecus emerged within the Old World Monkeys. Although the colloquial usage of terms like ape and monkey in English reflects a misconception about their true biological relationship, this is not the case in some other languages; for example, in Russian, the same term
580-626: The common name of such species, such as the Barbary ape . In phylogenic usage, the term ape applies only to the superfamily Hominoidea . This grouping comprises the two families: Hylobatidae , the lesser apes or gibbons; and Hominidae , the great apes, including orangutans , gorillas , chimpanzees , humans , and related extinct genera, such as the prehuman australopithecines and the giant orangutan relative Gigantopithecus . According to Schrago & Russo, New World monkeys split from their Old World kin about 35 million years ago (Mya). They use
609-577: The first catarrhines appearing in Africa and Arabia, and not appearing in Eurasia (outside Arabia) until 18-17 Mya. Catarrhini lost the enzyme Alpha-galactosidase , present in all other mammal lineages, sometime after the split from platyrrhini. It is hypothesized that an ancient pathogen containing Alpha-galactosidase may be responsible, as only individuals with mutations that "turned off" the gene for Alpha-galactosidase would have produced antibodies against
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#1732779484307638-614: The hydrolysis of melibiose into galactose and glucose. α-Galactosidase from Aspergillus niger is the active ingredient in Beano , a dietary supplement for bloating and flatulence. Recombinant α-Galactosidase made by baker's yeast is approved in Europe as a feed additive intended to make poultry food more digestible. This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine , which
667-526: The infraorder Simiiformes is the parvorder Platyrrhini (New World monkeys). There has been some resistance to directly designate apes (and thus humans) as monkeys despite the scientific evidence, so "Old World monkey" may be taken to mean the Cercopithecoidea or the Catarrhini. That apes are monkeys was already realized by Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in the 18th century. Linnaeus placed this group in 1758 together with what we now recognise as
696-400: The major catarrhine division between cercopithecoids and hominoids of about 25 Mya (which they argue is strongly supported by the fossil evidence), as a calibration point, and from this also calculate the gibbons separating from the great apes (including humans) about 15-19 Mya. According to Begun and Harrison, the Catarrhini split from their New World monkey kin about 44 - 40 Mya, with
725-551: The most recent common ancestor of the extant species has a 95% credible interval of 27 million years ago - 31 million years ago . The following is the listing of the various platyrrhine families, as defined by Rylands & Mittermeier (2009), and their position in the Order Primates: The arrangement of the New World monkey families, indeed the listing of which groups consist of families and which consist of lower taxonomic groupings, has changed over
754-519: The other simians , the Catarrhini ("down-nosed"), comprising Old World monkeys and apes . New World monkeys descend from African simians that colonized South America, a line that split off about 40 million years ago. About 40 million years ago, the Simiiformes infraorder split into the parvorders Platyrrhini (New World monkeys) and Catarrhini (apes and Old World monkeys ) somewhere on
783-502: The pathogen and survived. The distinction between apes and monkeys is complicated by the traditional paraphyly of monkeys : apes emerged as a sister group of Old World monkeys in the catarrhines, which are a sister group of New World monkeys. Therefore, cladistically , apes, catarrhines and related contemporary extinct groups such as Parapithecidae are monkeys as well, for any consistent definition of "monkey". "Old World Monkey" may also legitimately be taken to be meant to include all
812-524: The primates to suspend their entire body weight by only their tails, with arms and legs free for other foraging and locomotive activities. Semi-prehensile tails in Cebus can be used for balance by wrapping the tail around branches and supporting a large portion of their weight. New World monkeys (except for the howler monkeys of genus Alouatta ) also typically lack the trichromatic vision of Old World monkeys. Colour vision in New World primates relies on
841-810: The years. McKenna & Bell (1997) used two families: Callitrichidae and Atelidae, with Atelidae divided into Cebinae, Pitheciinae, and Atelinae. Rosenberger (2002 following Horowitz 1999) demoted Callitrichidae to a subfamily, putting it under the newly raised Cebidae family. Groves (2005) used four families, but as a flat structure. One possible arrangement of the five families and their subfamilies of Rylands & Mittermeier can be seen in Silvestro et al. (2017): titis sakis and uakaris howler monkeys spider, woolly spider, and woolly monkeys capuchins squirrel monkeys marmosets and lion tamarins tamarins and saddle-back tamarins night monkeys New World monkeys are small to mid-sized primates, ranging from
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